ABSTRACT:Q. Marcius Philippus (cos. I, 186; II, 169; cen. 164) is generally considered a duplicitous diplomat by both ancient and modern historians. This paper re-examines his diplomacy in the Third Macedonian War. It can be argued that Marcius was more interested in promoting his own political interest than in tricking and harming the Greeks. There was no novelty in Marcius' diplomacy. Instead, Scipio Africanus and Flamininus had provided precedents for his behavior. The paper also examines Polybius' and Livy's portrayals of Marcius and explores the roles played by Marcius in the historians' overall arrangements of the war narrative.
{"title":"Q. Marcius Philippus in the Third Macedonian War","authors":"Hongyu Sun","doi":"10.1353/clw.2023.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2023.0009","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Q. Marcius Philippus (cos. I, 186; II, 169; cen. 164) is generally considered a duplicitous diplomat by both ancient and modern historians. This paper re-examines his diplomacy in the Third Macedonian War. It can be argued that Marcius was more interested in promoting his own political interest than in tricking and harming the Greeks. There was no novelty in Marcius' diplomacy. Instead, Scipio Africanus and Flamininus had provided precedents for his behavior. The paper also examines Polybius' and Livy's portrayals of Marcius and explores the roles played by Marcius in the historians' overall arrangements of the war narrative.","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":"116 1","pages":"299 - 328"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46331517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:The present paper revisits the discussion concerning the authenticity of a crucial part in Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes: the highly controversial ending of the play. Much has been written on the subject by various scholars, and even though there is now a general consensus that at some point in antiquity the ending of the play was "touched" by an author other than Aeschylus, the problem still remains unresolved in its devilish details. The question is of critical importance for classicists and theatre practitioners but also for anyone interested in classical literature, since, if the ending in the manuscripts is in fact Aeschylean, then Aeschylus could have been the first dramatist—long before Sophocles—to put on stage a defiant Antigone, eager to bury her brother Polyneices despite the civic prohibition. If the ending is spurious, then this will decisively affect how the play in question is read, studied, and staged. To address the problem, we used various tried and tested computer authorship attribution methods: Common n-grams, Support Vector Machines, and n-gram tracing. Thus, this study sheds new, interdisciplinary light on an old and perplexing philological question.
{"title":"Authorship Analysis and the Ending of Seven Against Thebes: Aeschylus' Antigone or Updating Adaptation?","authors":"Nikos Manousakis, E. Stamatatos","doi":"10.1353/clw.2023.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2023.0007","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The present paper revisits the discussion concerning the authenticity of a crucial part in Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes: the highly controversial ending of the play. Much has been written on the subject by various scholars, and even though there is now a general consensus that at some point in antiquity the ending of the play was \"touched\" by an author other than Aeschylus, the problem still remains unresolved in its devilish details. The question is of critical importance for classicists and theatre practitioners but also for anyone interested in classical literature, since, if the ending in the manuscripts is in fact Aeschylean, then Aeschylus could have been the first dramatist—long before Sophocles—to put on stage a defiant Antigone, eager to bury her brother Polyneices despite the civic prohibition. If the ending is spurious, then this will decisively affect how the play in question is read, studied, and staged. To address the problem, we used various tried and tested computer authorship attribution methods: Common n-grams, Support Vector Machines, and n-gram tracing. Thus, this study sheds new, interdisciplinary light on an old and perplexing philological question.","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":"116 1","pages":"247 - 274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47458405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:One common thesis on the underworld of Tibullus 1.3 suggests that the elegist casts the prisoners of Tartarus as enemies of love. In this article, I argue that the residents of Hades correspond not to nebulous obstacles between Tibullus and Delia but rather to precise character types readers encounter throughout the elegies. I consider specific verbal correspondences in book 1 of Tibullus to highlight parallels between Tityos and the farmer–soldier, the Danaids and Delia, Cerberus and the custos, Tantalus and the rival pederast, Tisiphone and the lena, and Ixion and the dives amator.
{"title":"Quicumque Meos Violavit Amores: Romantic Roadblocks and the Inmates of Tartarus in Tibullus 1.3","authors":"Joshua Paul","doi":"10.1353/clw.2023.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2023.0008","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:One common thesis on the underworld of Tibullus 1.3 suggests that the elegist casts the prisoners of Tartarus as enemies of love. In this article, I argue that the residents of Hades correspond not to nebulous obstacles between Tibullus and Delia but rather to precise character types readers encounter throughout the elegies. I consider specific verbal correspondences in book 1 of Tibullus to highlight parallels between Tityos and the farmer–soldier, the Danaids and Delia, Cerberus and the custos, Tantalus and the rival pederast, Tisiphone and the lena, and Ixion and the dives amator.","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":"116 1","pages":"275 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46366240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:This article examines the opening lines of Pindar's Nemean 3, which present an interesting problem from the perspective of genre. Pindar characterizes the poem in question as a ὕμνος (11) to Zeus, contradicting the position that the singular purpose of epinician is the glorification of the victor. According to this view, it is impossible for one poem to be both an epinician to a man and a hymn to a deity. I argue that we can in fact understand Nemean 3 as, at least in part, a hymn to Zeus, since victory odes instantiate praise in relation to multiple audiences.
{"title":"The Contradiction of the \"Hymn to Zeus\" in Nemean 3","authors":"C. Waldo","doi":"10.1353/clw.2023.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2023.0006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:This article examines the opening lines of Pindar's Nemean 3, which present an interesting problem from the perspective of genre. Pindar characterizes the poem in question as a ὕμνος (11) to Zeus, contradicting the position that the singular purpose of epinician is the glorification of the victor. According to this view, it is impossible for one poem to be both an epinician to a man and a hymn to a deity. I argue that we can in fact understand Nemean 3 as, at least in part, a hymn to Zeus, since victory odes instantiate praise in relation to multiple audiences.","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":"116 1","pages":"231 - 246"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45748436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editor's Report on Book Reviews","authors":"","doi":"10.1353/clw.2023.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2023.0010","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41820976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eunice Kim, T. Lockwood, Federico di Pasqua, Mair E. Lloyd, J. Robson, David Levy
ABSTRACT:Contrary to the view that the Trojan Catalogue lacks artistry or sensitivity to the Iliad's larger drama, I argue that it interweaves motifs used of epic obituaries and raises the theme of the doomed Trojan leader to underscore Hector's fate at the end of the epic. Hector's doom is put into greater relief through the Trojan Catalogue's deliberate contrast to the preceding Catalogue of Ships, which alternatively presents the theme of the absent leader with a view towards Achilles' role. The juxtaposition of the two catalogues ultimately generates pathos for the tragic fates of the Trojans and their chief defender.
{"title":"The Art of the Trojan Catalogue (Iliad 2.816–877)","authors":"Eunice Kim, T. Lockwood, Federico di Pasqua, Mair E. Lloyd, J. Robson, David Levy","doi":"10.1353/clw.2023.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2023.0000","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Contrary to the view that the Trojan Catalogue lacks artistry or sensitivity to the Iliad's larger drama, I argue that it interweaves motifs used of epic obituaries and raises the theme of the doomed Trojan leader to underscore Hector's fate at the end of the epic. Hector's doom is put into greater relief through the Trojan Catalogue's deliberate contrast to the preceding Catalogue of Ships, which alternatively presents the theme of the absent leader with a view towards Achilles' role. The juxtaposition of the two catalogues ultimately generates pathos for the tragic fates of the Trojans and their chief defender.","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":"116 1","pages":"115 - 145 - 147 - 172 - 173 - 193 - 195 - 223 - 225 - 226 - 227 - 229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46236542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Numerous ancient sources attest that Artemisia of Halicarnassus, a fifth-century bce tyrant whose polis came under Persian rule in 524 bce, figures prominently in Xerxes' naval campaign against Greece. At least since Pompeius Trogus' first-century bce Philippic History, interpretations of Artemisia have juxtaposed her "virile courage" (uirilem audaciam) with Xerxes' "womanish fear" (muliebrem timorem) primarily as a means of belittling the effeminate non-Greeks. My paper argues that although Herodotus is aware of such interpretations of Artemisia, he depicts her primarily as an excellent counsel, a woman who is not only brave in battle, but who is a wonder primarily because of her intellectual excellences in deliberative rhetoric and "geo-political" strategy in the Greco-Persian world.
{"title":"Artemisia of Halicarnassus: Herodotus' Excellent Counsel","authors":"T. Lockwood","doi":"10.1353/clw.2023.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2023.0001","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Numerous ancient sources attest that Artemisia of Halicarnassus, a fifth-century bce tyrant whose polis came under Persian rule in 524 bce, figures prominently in Xerxes' naval campaign against Greece. At least since Pompeius Trogus' first-century bce Philippic History, interpretations of Artemisia have juxtaposed her \"virile courage\" (uirilem audaciam) with Xerxes' \"womanish fear\" (muliebrem timorem) primarily as a means of belittling the effeminate non-Greeks. My paper argues that although Herodotus is aware of such interpretations of Artemisia, he depicts her primarily as an excellent counsel, a woman who is not only brave in battle, but who is a wonder primarily because of her intellectual excellences in deliberative rhetoric and \"geo-political\" strategy in the Greco-Persian world.","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":"116 1","pages":"147 - 172"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44251306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Beginners' Latin courses play a crucial role in opening up the study of the ancient world to university students with little or no previous exposure to the language. Yet many learners struggle: in 2018, for example, 23% of undergraduates in UK universities either failed or withdrew from their beginners' Latin module. The current article reports on a series of semi-structured interviews dedicated to exploring with Latin students and their instructors the factors they perceive as contributing to success and failure, the overarching aim of the project being to identify potential strategies to improve student success.
{"title":"Battling for Latin: Instructors and Students on the Challenges of Teaching and Learning Beginners' Latin in UK Universities","authors":"Mair E. Lloyd, J. Robson","doi":"10.1353/clw.2023.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2023.0003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Beginners' Latin courses play a crucial role in opening up the study of the ancient world to university students with little or no previous exposure to the language. Yet many learners struggle: in 2018, for example, 23% of undergraduates in UK universities either failed or withdrew from their beginners' Latin module. The current article reports on a series of semi-structured interviews dedicated to exploring with Latin students and their instructors the factors they perceive as contributing to success and failure, the overarching aim of the project being to identify potential strategies to improve student success.","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":"116 1","pages":"195 - 223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42222770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Antiquity and Enlightenment Culture: New Approaches and Perspectives ed. by Felicity Loughlin and Alexandra Johnston (review)","authors":"David Levy","doi":"10.1353/clw.2023.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2023.0004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":"116 1","pages":"225 - 226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43160645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Tibullus 1.3 constructs a narrative that blends traditional and elegiac themes. This synthesis, instantiated in Delia's matronly virtue and the love poet's militaristic epitaph, constitutes the poem's narrative core, in which Tibullus establishes a traditional dimension for his amorous pursuits. Furthermore, by casting himself as a Roman Odysseus, the speaker asserts heroic status for himself, both as a litterateur and as an upright Roman male. 1.3, at the same time, highlights Tibullus' loyalty to his milieu, pledged on the poet's imaginary epitaph, thus embedding his erotic pursuits as a love poet within the traditional values (honos, pudicitia, pietas) of Rome's elite.
{"title":"A Lover not a Fighter? Poetic and Aristocratic Honor in Tibullus 1.3","authors":"Federico di Pasqua","doi":"10.1353/clw.2023.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/clw.2023.0002","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Tibullus 1.3 constructs a narrative that blends traditional and elegiac themes. This synthesis, instantiated in Delia's matronly virtue and the love poet's militaristic epitaph, constitutes the poem's narrative core, in which Tibullus establishes a traditional dimension for his amorous pursuits. Furthermore, by casting himself as a Roman Odysseus, the speaker asserts heroic status for himself, both as a litterateur and as an upright Roman male. 1.3, at the same time, highlights Tibullus' loyalty to his milieu, pledged on the poet's imaginary epitaph, thus embedding his erotic pursuits as a love poet within the traditional values (honos, pudicitia, pietas) of Rome's elite.","PeriodicalId":46369,"journal":{"name":"CLASSICAL WORLD","volume":"116 1","pages":"173 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.1,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43977210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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