Abstract This paper outlines the methodology and experiments associated with the reshaping of human intentions based on robot movements within Human-Robot Interactions (HRIs). Although studies on estimating human intentions are well studied in the literature, reshaping intentions through robot-initiated interactions is a new significant branching in the field of HRI. In this paper, we analyze how estimated human intentions can intentionally change through cooperation with mobile robots in real Human-Robot environments. This paper proposes an intention-reshaping system that includes either the Observable Operator Models (OOMs) or Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to estimate human intention and decide which moves a robot should perform to reshape previously estimated human intentions into desired ones. At the low level, the system needs to track the locations of all mobile agents using cameras. We test our system on videos taken in a real HRI environment that has been developed as our experimental setup. The results show that OOMs are faster than HMMs and both models give correct decisions for testing sequences.
{"title":"Reshaping human intention in Human-Robot Interactions by robot moves","authors":"Akif Durdu, A. Erkmen, A. Yilmaz","doi":"10.1075/is.18068.dur","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.18068.dur","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper outlines the methodology and experiments associated with the reshaping of human intentions based on robot movements within Human-Robot Interactions (HRIs). Although studies on estimating human intentions are well studied in the literature, reshaping intentions through robot-initiated interactions is a new significant branching in the field of HRI. In this paper, we analyze how estimated human intentions can intentionally change through cooperation with mobile robots in real Human-Robot environments. This paper proposes an intention-reshaping system that includes either the Observable Operator Models (OOMs) or Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to estimate human intention and decide which moves a robot should perform to reshape previously estimated human intentions into desired ones. At the low level, the system needs to track the locations of all mobile agents using cameras. We test our system on videos taken in a real HRI environment that has been developed as our experimental setup. The results show that OOMs are faster than HMMs and both models give correct decisions for testing sequences.","PeriodicalId":46494,"journal":{"name":"Interaction Studies","volume":"20 1","pages":"530-560"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41877696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Social robots as companions play an increasingly important role in our everyday life. However, reaching the full potential of social robots and the interaction between humans and robots requires permanent collection and processing of personal data of users, e.g. video and audio data for image and speech recognition. In order to foster user acceptance, trust and to address legal requirements as the General Data Protection Regulation of the EU, privacy needs to be integrated in the design process of social robots. The Privacy by Design approach by Cavoukian indicates the relevance of a privacy-respecting development and outlines seven abstract principle. In this paper two methods as a hands-on guideline to fulfill the principles are presented and discussed in the content of the Privacy by Design approach. Privacy risks of a typical robot scenario are identified, analyzed and solutions are proposed on the basis of the seven types of privacy and the privacy protection goals.
{"title":"Privacy-centered design for social robots","authors":"Tanja Heuer, Ina Schiering, R. Gerndt","doi":"10.1075/is.18063.heu","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.18063.heu","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Social robots as companions play an increasingly important role in our everyday life. However, reaching the full potential of social robots and the interaction between humans and robots requires permanent collection and processing of personal data of users, e.g. video and audio data for image and speech recognition. In order to foster user acceptance, trust and to address legal requirements as the General Data Protection Regulation of the EU, privacy needs to be integrated in the design process of social robots. The Privacy by Design approach by Cavoukian indicates the relevance of a privacy-respecting development and outlines seven abstract principle. In this paper two methods as a hands-on guideline to fulfill the principles are presented and discussed in the content of the Privacy by Design approach. Privacy risks of a typical robot scenario are identified, analyzed and solutions are proposed on the basis of the seven types of privacy and the privacy protection goals.","PeriodicalId":46494,"journal":{"name":"Interaction Studies","volume":"20 1","pages":"509-529"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42434282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Researchers have reported that companion robots have had positive effects on older adults with depression. However, there has been little quantitative analysis on the relationship between robot design and depression. To address this, we surveyed 191 older adults and investigated the impact of age, gender and depression level on design preferences for companion robots. We focused on toy-sized companion robots and evaluated three design elements: type, weight and material. The findings show that baby-type robots were the most preferred by older adults. They favoured the lightest weights and microfibre materials, regardless of the independent variables. Moreover, robot weight preferences varied significantly with the level of depression. Highly depressed older adults disliked heavy robots. These preliminary findings suggest that companion robots need to be designed with careful consideration of their physical characteristics and potential psychological effects.
{"title":"Investigating the preferences of older adults concerning the design elements of a companion robot","authors":"Y. Oh, Jaewoong Kim, Da-Young Ju","doi":"10.1075/is.18070.oh","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.18070.oh","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Researchers have reported that companion robots have had positive effects on older adults with depression. However, there has been little quantitative analysis on the relationship between robot design and depression. To address this, we surveyed 191 older adults and investigated the impact of age, gender and depression level on design preferences for companion robots. We focused on toy-sized companion robots and evaluated three design elements: type, weight and material. The findings show that baby-type robots were the most preferred by older adults. They favoured the lightest weights and microfibre materials, regardless of the independent variables. Moreover, robot weight preferences varied significantly with the level of depression. Highly depressed older adults disliked heavy robots. These preliminary findings suggest that companion robots need to be designed with careful consideration of their physical characteristics and potential psychological effects.","PeriodicalId":46494,"journal":{"name":"Interaction Studies","volume":"20 1","pages":"426-454"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44212322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Social robots progressively enter children’s lives, but little is known about children’s acceptance of social robots and its antecedents. To fill this research gap, this narrative review surveyed 34 articles on child-robot interaction published between 2000 and 2017. We focused on robot, user, and interaction characteristics as potential antecedents of children’s intentional and behavioral social robot acceptance. In general, children readily accept robots. However, we found that social, adaptive robot behavior, children’s sex and age, as well as frequency of the interaction seem to affect acceptance. Additionally, we found various theoretical and methodological shortcomings in the field. The review concludes with recommendations and directions for future research on children’s acceptance of social robots.
{"title":"Children’s acceptance of social robots","authors":"C. D. Jong, J. Peter, R. Kühne, Àlex Barco","doi":"10.1075/is.18071.jon","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.18071.jon","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Social robots progressively enter children’s lives, but little is known about children’s acceptance of social\u0000 robots and its antecedents. To fill this research gap, this narrative review surveyed 34 articles on child-robot interaction\u0000 published between 2000 and 2017. We focused on robot, user, and interaction characteristics as potential antecedents of children’s\u0000 intentional and behavioral social robot acceptance. In general, children readily accept robots. However, we found that social,\u0000 adaptive robot behavior, children’s sex and age, as well as frequency of the interaction seem to affect acceptance. Additionally,\u0000 we found various theoretical and methodological shortcomings in the field. The review concludes with recommendations and\u0000 directions for future research on children’s acceptance of social robots.","PeriodicalId":46494,"journal":{"name":"Interaction Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43377660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Using artificial emotions helps in making human-robot interaction more personalised, natural, and so more likeable. In the case of humanoid robots with constrained facial expression, the literature concentrates on the expression of emotions by using other nonverbal interaction channels. When using multi-modal communication, indeed, it is important to understand the effect of the combination of such non-verbal cues, while the majority of the works addressed only the role of single channels in the human recognition performance. Here, we present an attempt to analyse the effect of the combination of different animations expressing the same emotion or different ones. Results show that when an emotion is successfully expressed using a single channel, the combination of this channel with other animations, that may have lower recognition rates, appears to be less communicative.
{"title":"Better alone than in bad company","authors":"Silvia Rossi, Martina Ruocco","doi":"10.1075/is.18066.ros","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.18066.ros","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using artificial emotions helps in making human-robot interaction more personalised, natural, and so more likeable. In the case of humanoid robots with constrained facial expression, the literature concentrates on the expression of emotions by using other nonverbal interaction channels. When using multi-modal communication, indeed, it is important to understand the effect of the combination of such non-verbal cues, while the majority of the works addressed only the role of single channels in the human recognition performance. Here, we present an attempt to analyse the effect of the combination of different animations expressing the same emotion or different ones. Results show that when an emotion is successfully expressed using a single channel, the combination of this channel with other animations, that may have lower recognition rates, appears to be less communicative.","PeriodicalId":46494,"journal":{"name":"Interaction Studies","volume":"20 1","pages":"487-508"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47053482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) reduce one’s ability to act appropriately in social situations. Increasing evidence indicates that children with ASD might ignore nonverbal social cues that usually aid social interaction because they do not recognize or understand them. We asked children with ASD to color an augmented reality coloring book (ARCB) to teach them how to recognize and understand some specific social signals and to ignore others. ARCB materials teach children to recognize and understand social signals in various ways. They can, for example, view 3D animations of the ARCB materials on a tablet computer. Thus, the ARCB can be used to help children with ASD focus their attention on the meaning and social value of nonverbal behaviors in specific social situations. The ARCB has multiple functions: it extends the social features of the story, and it restricts attention to the most important parts of the videos. Single-subject research with a multiple-baselines across-subject design was used in this study. After five weeks of ARCB training intervention, all 3 participants’ scores rose significantly and dramatically during the intervention phase (mean rate of correct answers improved from 14.24% to 47.33%), and remained significantly higher in the maintenance phase than at baseline. We conclude that coloring pictures of social situations may help children with ASD recognize and better understand these situations.
{"title":"Augmented reality coloring book: An interactive strategy for teaching children with autism to focus on specific nonverbal social cues to promote their social skills","authors":"I.-Jui Lee","doi":"10.1075/is.18004.lee","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.18004.lee","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) reduce one’s ability to act appropriately in social situations. Increasing\u0000 evidence indicates that children with ASD might ignore nonverbal social cues that usually aid social interaction because they do\u0000 not recognize or understand them. We asked children with ASD to color an augmented reality coloring book (ARCB) to teach them how\u0000 to recognize and understand some specific social signals and to ignore others. ARCB materials teach children to recognize and\u0000 understand social signals in various ways. They can, for example, view 3D animations of the ARCB materials on a tablet computer.\u0000 Thus, the ARCB can be used to help children with ASD focus their attention on the meaning and social value of nonverbal behaviors\u0000 in specific social situations. The ARCB has multiple functions: it extends the social features of the story, and it restricts\u0000 attention to the most important parts of the videos. Single-subject research with a multiple-baselines across-subject design was\u0000 used in this study. After five weeks of ARCB training intervention, all 3 participants’ scores rose significantly and dramatically\u0000 during the intervention phase (mean rate of correct answers improved from 14.24% to 47.33%), and remained significantly higher in\u0000 the maintenance phase than at baseline. We conclude that coloring pictures of social situations may help children with ASD\u0000 recognize and better understand these situations.","PeriodicalId":46494,"journal":{"name":"Interaction Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44891087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Internet of things (IoT) affords people plenty of opportunities and a higher quality of life as well as drives a huge amount of data. By drawing on the concept of affordances, this study examines the user experience of personal informatics focusing on the technological and affective nature of affordance. A multi-mixed approach is used by combining qualitative methods and a quantitative survey. Results of the qualitative methods revealed a series of factors that related to the affordance of personal informatics, whereas results of the user model confirmed a significant role for connectivity, control, and synchronicity affordance regarding their underlying link to other variables, namely, expectation, confirmation, and satisfaction. The experiments showed that users’ affordances are greatly influenced by personal traits with interactivity tendency. The findings imply the embodied cognition process of personal informatics in which technological qualities are shaped by users’ perception, traits, and context. The results establish a foundation for wearable technologies through a heuristic quality assessment tool from a user embodied cognitive process. They confirm the validity and utility of applying affordances to the design of IoT as a useful concept, as well as prove that the optimum mix of affordances is crucial to the success or failure of IoT design.
{"title":"How do technological properties influence user affordance of wearable technologies?","authors":"Donghee Don Shin","doi":"10.1075/is.16024.shi","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.16024.shi","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The Internet of things (IoT) affords people plenty of opportunities and a higher quality of life as well as drives\u0000 a huge amount of data. By drawing on the concept of affordances, this study examines the user experience of personal informatics\u0000 focusing on the technological and affective nature of affordance. A multi-mixed approach is used by combining qualitative methods\u0000 and a quantitative survey. Results of the qualitative methods revealed a series of factors that related to the affordance of\u0000 personal informatics, whereas results of the user model confirmed a significant role for connectivity, control, and synchronicity\u0000 affordance regarding their underlying link to other variables, namely, expectation, confirmation, and satisfaction. The\u0000 experiments showed that users’ affordances are greatly influenced by personal traits with interactivity tendency. The findings\u0000 imply the embodied cognition process of personal informatics in which technological qualities are shaped by users’ perception,\u0000 traits, and context. The results establish a foundation for wearable technologies through a heuristic quality assessment tool from\u0000 a user embodied cognitive process. They confirm the validity and utility of applying affordances to the design of IoT as a useful\u0000 concept, as well as prove that the optimum mix of affordances is crucial to the success or failure of IoT design.","PeriodicalId":46494,"journal":{"name":"Interaction Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43830978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
F. Soares, S. Costa, C. Santos, A. P. Pereira, Antoine Hiolle, Vinícius Silva
The use of robots had already been proven to encourage the promotion of social interaction and skills lacking in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), who typically have difficulties in recognizing facial expressions and emotions. The main goal of this research is to study the influence of a humanoid robot to develop socio-emotional skills in children with ASD. The children’s performance in game scenarios aiming to develop facial expressions recognition skills is presented. Along the sessions, children who performed the game scenarios with the robot and the experimenter had a significantly better performance than the children who performed the game scenarios without the robot. The main conclusions of this research support that a humanoid robot is a useful tool to develop socio-emotional skills in the intervention of children with ASD, due to the engagement and positive learning outcome observed.
{"title":"Socio-emotional development in high functioning children with Autism Spectrum Disorders using a humanoid\u0000 robot","authors":"F. Soares, S. Costa, C. Santos, A. P. Pereira, Antoine Hiolle, Vinícius Silva","doi":"10.1075/is.15003.cos","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.15003.cos","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The use of robots had already been proven to encourage the promotion of social interaction and skills lacking in\u0000 children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), who typically have difficulties in recognizing facial expressions and emotions. The\u0000 main goal of this research is to study the influence of a humanoid robot to develop socio-emotional skills in children with ASD.\u0000 The children’s performance in game scenarios aiming to develop facial expressions recognition skills is presented. Along the\u0000 sessions, children who performed the game scenarios with the robot and the experimenter had a significantly better performance\u0000 than the children who performed the game scenarios without the robot. The main conclusions of this research support that a\u0000 humanoid robot is a useful tool to develop socio-emotional skills in the intervention of children with ASD, due to the engagement\u0000 and positive learning outcome observed.","PeriodicalId":46494,"journal":{"name":"Interaction Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44869151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article studies the formats Do we X, Should/Shall we X, and Let’s X in order to deepen our understanding of face-to-face collaborative interactions at the computer. We use 6 hours of data of university students collaborating in British and American English, and our methodology is Conversation Analysis. We demonstrate that the participants display and orient to the immediacy/remoteness of the task, as well as their entitlement to carry out the proposed task, when they put forward a proposed action. To do so, they use specific formats, specific verbs, and display specific tasks depending on their needs, emerging from the unfolding of the collaboration. We argue that collaboration is not only a matter of organising the accomplishment of a set of tasks, but also of displaying what kind of task is being proposed, and to what extent the speaker is entitled to the proposed task.
本文研究了Do we X、Should/Show we X和Let’s X的格式，以加深我们对计算机上面对面协作交互的理解。我们使用了6个小时的大学生英美英语合作数据，我们的方法是会话分析。我们证明，当参与者提出拟议的行动时，他们表现出并倾向于任务的即时性/远程性，以及他们执行拟议任务的权利。为了做到这一点，他们使用特定的格式、特定的动词，并根据自己的需求显示特定的任务，这是在合作的展开中产生的。我们认为，协作不仅是组织完成一组任务的问题，而且是展示提出的任务类型，以及演讲者有权在多大程度上获得提出的任务。
{"title":"Do we X, Should/Shall we X, Let’s X","authors":"Robin Sokol","doi":"10.1075/is.17013.sok","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/is.17013.sok","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article studies the formats Do we X, Should/Shall we X, and Let’s X in\u0000 order to deepen our understanding of face-to-face collaborative interactions at the computer. We use 6 hours of data of university\u0000 students collaborating in British and American English, and our methodology is Conversation Analysis. We demonstrate that the\u0000 participants display and orient to the immediacy/remoteness of the task, as well as their entitlement to carry out the proposed\u0000 task, when they put forward a proposed action. To do so, they use specific formats, specific verbs, and display specific tasks\u0000 depending on their needs, emerging from the unfolding of the collaboration. We argue that collaboration is not only a matter of\u0000 organising the accomplishment of a set of tasks, but also of displaying what kind of task is being proposed, and to what extent\u0000 the speaker is entitled to the proposed task.","PeriodicalId":46494,"journal":{"name":"Interaction Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47459247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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