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Creating Corridors for Nature Protection 创建自然保护走廊
IF 2.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1215/22011919-10943153
K. Ritson, Jonathan Carruthers-Jones, George Holmes, Graham Huggan, Pavla Šimková, Eveline de Smalen
This article seeks to provoke by linking two apparently contradictory perspectives on conservation in Europe. On the one hand, in light of the consistent failures of biodiversity protection measures to live up to the ambition of conservation policy, national parks can be seen as historical relics that are no longer fit for purpose. Conservation urgently requires forms of geographical and political connectivity that do not stop at national borders. On the other hand, national understandings of what nature is and how it should be protected continue to be underapplied. Indeed, the national is a key framework within which ideas about nature are presented and its potential can be put to work. In bringing these two perspectives together, the article makes both literal and metaphorical use of a term that is integral to connectivity-based models of conservation: the corridor. Corridors are conduits for the movement of biota in and between ecologically protected areas such as national parks, but are also passages that facilitate the movement of ideas between disciplinary perspectives and between scholarship and policy. Both sets of movements are needed to uphold the new interdisciplinary field of conservation humanities, which can support a more nuanced discussion on the wicked problem of nature conservation.
这篇文章试图将欧洲两种明显相互矛盾的保护观点联系起来,以激发人们的兴趣。一方面,鉴于生物多样性保护措施一直未能实现保护政策的雄心,国家公园可被视为不再适用的历史遗迹。保护工作迫切需要不局限于国界的地理和政治连接形式。另一方面,国家对自然是什么以及如何保护自然的理解仍然没有得到充分应用。事实上,国家是一个关键框架,在此框架内,有关自然的想法得以呈现,其潜力得以发挥。在将这两种观点结合在一起时,文章从字面和隐喻两方面使用了一个术语,它是以连通性为基础的保护模式不可或缺的组成部分:走廊。走廊是生物群在国家公园等生态保护区内和之间流动的通道,同时也是促进学科观点之间以及学术与政策之间思想交流的通道。这两类流动都需要保护人文学科这一新的跨学科领域的支持,它可以支持对自然保护这一棘手问题进行更加细致入微的讨论。
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引用次数: 0
“Memory Effects” and Dark Histories "记忆效应 "与黑暗历史
IF 2.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1215/22011919-10943129
Sara B. Pritchard
Ecologists’ concept of “memory effects” considers how past environments shape current and future ones. Drawing on ethnographic research and historical scholarship, this essay uses their concept to ask what scientists remember and what they forget, and to expand ecologists’ definition of the environment. The author argues that contemporary ecological light-pollution research in greater Berlin can take place because of the site’s longer naturalcultural history, which includes the Nazi regime’s role in creating the nature reserve where Lake Stechlin and scientific infrastructure—the “LakeLab”—are located. Reserve status protected the area from suburbanization and artificial light at night. Current light-pollution research there is thus entangled with and indebted to Germany’s dark history—giving the phrase a poignant double meaning. This essay interweaves three parallel but entwined narratives: the author’s ethnographic fieldwork, a history of the site, and the area’s Nazi history. The resulting experimental form uses ideas such as enclosures and sediments to frame these intertwined histories, and juxtaposition and resonances among stories to do analytic work. In the process the essay urges light-pollution scientists to wrestle with a dark, unjust history. Across the globe scientists, scholars, and citizens alike have been increasingly forced to reckon with landscapes and their histories of violence, dispossession, and oppression in diverse contexts.
生态学家的 "记忆效应 "概念考虑了过去的环境如何塑造现在和未来的环境。这篇文章借鉴了人种学研究和历史学术研究,利用他们的概念询问科学家们记住了什么,忘记了什么,并扩展了生态学家对环境的定义。作者认为,之所以能够在大柏林地区开展当代光污染生态研究,是因为该地区拥有悠久的自然文化历史,其中包括纳粹政权在建立施特赫林湖自然保护区和科学基础设施--"湖实验室"--方面所发挥的作用。保护区的地位保护了该地区免受郊区化和夜间人工照明的影响。因此,目前在那里进行的光污染研究与德国的黑暗历史纠缠在一起,并对其产生了深远影响。这篇文章交织了三段平行但纠缠在一起的叙述:作者的人种学实地调查、该遗址的历史以及该地区的纳粹历史。由此产生的实验性形式使用了封闭和沉积等概念来构建这些交织在一起的历史,并通过故事之间的并置和共鸣来进行分析工作。在这一过程中,文章敦促光污染科学家与黑暗、不公正的历史搏斗。在全球范围内,越来越多的科学家、学者和公民被迫在不同的背景下重新审视景观及其暴力、剥夺和压迫的历史。
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引用次数: 0
Casual Planetarities 休闲星球
IF 2.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1215/22011919-10746134
Andrea Ballestero
Planetary awareness has become synonymous with awareness of large-scale temporal, geographic, and geologic events. Given the scalar multiplicities and instabilities of life on earth, concepts such as planetarity, the Anthropocene, and even the global have provided analytic reprieve. They name that which is difficult to objectify: the geographic and historical vastness of geological presence. But those concepts grow from knowledge habits inherited from imperial and Cold War logics and can presume the existence of an all-encompassing observer who can grasp the unity of the planet as such. This article explores alternative assumptions. It asks how other practices of the earth deal with planetary scales of sense-making. It conceptualizes those practices as forms of casual planetarity that, instead of drawing on preexisting scales such as the planet or the Anthropocene, produce senses of closeness and/or distance between everyday life and the geological implications of human presence. It follows the work of geologists in Costa Rica who rely on a 3D physical model to bring about scalar oscillations that connect human experiences with the vastness of underground worlds. This association is made possible by focusing on the movement of water as a hydro-geo-social choreography of everyday life. The article shows how the resonant power of the 3D model geologists use to enact these choreographies opens pathways for people to come to terms with their geological presence without having to see the planet as a whole or presume the capacity for total observation.
行星意识已成为大规模时间、地理和地质事件意识的同义词。鉴于地球生命的标量多重性和不稳定性,行星性、人类世甚至全球等概念为分析提供了缓和。它们为难以客观化的事物命名:地质存在的地理和历史广度。但是,这些概念源于帝国主义和冷战逻辑遗留下来的知识习惯,可以假定存在一个包罗万象的观察者,能够把握地球本身的统一性。本文探讨了其他假设。它提出了其他地球实践如何处理地球尺度的感性认识。它将这些实践概念化为随意的地球性形式,而不是利用地球或人类世等预先存在的尺度,在日常生活与人类存在的地质影响之间产生亲近感和/或距离感。哥斯达黎加的地质学家依靠三维物理模型产生标度振荡,将人类的经历与浩瀚的地下世界联系起来。这种联系是通过将水的运动作为日常生活中的水文地质社会编排来实现的。文章展示了地质学家在使用三维模型进行这些编排时所产生的共振力量如何为人们开辟了一条途径,让他们无需将地球视为一个整体,也无需假定自己具有全面观察的能力,就能认识到自己的地质存在。
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引用次数: 0
Of Geosocial Relations and Separations 关于地域社会关系和分离
IF 2.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1215/22011919-10746067
Zeynep Oguz
How might an attention to the role that the geologic plays in everyday social and political formations help reveal and politicize the geographically, temporally, and stratigraphically distributed forms of violence in the Anthropocene? Building on recent work in environmental humanities, anthropology, geography, and feminist geophilosophy that aims to rethink racialized forms of violence alongside planetary forces and earthly formations, this article explores how geosocial relations and exclusions register distributed forms of violence that are often kept separate from each other. Through an ethnographic account of a state-led oil shale exploration project in southwestern Turkey during the eruption of war between Kurdish freedom fighters and the Turkish state in southeastern Turkey in the summer of 2015, the article traces the links and disjunctures between the everyday disavowal of resource exploration and colonial warfare. It explores how the disavowal of war and hydrocarbon exploration forecloses political and ethical possibilities. It further examines how emergent geosocial relations between people and rocks carry the possibility of reckoning with anti-Kurdish war and violence. In doing so, the article invites environmental humanities to rethink methodological and analytical ways of rendering violence visible. The article concludes by speculating about the possibility of geosocial solidarity, or a mode of relation with geological formations and humans that forges connections between racialized forms of othering and planetary scales of time, space, and materiality. As a mode of earthly praxis, geosocial solidarity is what might come after the unfinished task of detangling distributed forms of violence in the Anthropocene.
关注地质学在日常社会和政治形态中所扮演的角色,如何有助于揭示人类世在地理上、时间上和地层上分布的暴力形式,并将其政治化?环境人文学科、人类学、地理学和女权主义地缘哲学近期的研究旨在重新思考种族化暴力形式与行星力量和地球形态的关系,本文以这些研究为基础,探讨了地缘社会关系和排斥如何记录了通常相互分离的暴力分布形式。2015 年夏天,库尔德自由战士与土耳其国家在土耳其东南部爆发战争,文章通过对土耳其西南部一个由国家主导的油页岩勘探项目的人种学描述,追溯了资源勘探的日常否认与殖民战争之间的联系和脱节。文章探讨了对战争和碳氢化合物勘探的否认如何排除了政治和伦理的可能性。文章进一步探讨了人与岩石之间新出现的地缘社会关系如何为反库尔德战争和暴力提供了可能性。在此过程中,文章邀请环境人文学科重新思考使暴力可见的方法论和分析方式。文章最后推测了地质社会团结的可能性,或一种与地质构造和人类的关系模式,这种模式在种族化的他者化形式与时间、空间和物质的地球尺度之间建立了联系。作为地球实践的一种模式,地质社会团结可能是人类世中未完成的任务--将分布式的暴力形式分离开来--之后的产物。
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引用次数: 0
Planetary Rifting and the Paleogeography of Care 行星断裂与古地理学的关怀
IF 2.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1215/22011919-10746100
Nigel Clark, Rebecca Whittle
With their specter of intergenerational betrayal, global environmental crises increasingly entangle politics with matters of care, attachment, and love—especially the unconditional bonds we are so often assumed to share with our offspring. As a contribution to the nascent field of paleoenvironmental humanities, this article’s approach to questions of care and responsibility turns from future horizon-scanning to the realm of human origins. It focuses on two broad sets of paleo stories that share a concern with rifts or stress points that complicate originary events and scenes. The first of these is a family of hypotheses which propose that pivotal evolutionary developments took place in the climatically variable and tectonically active terrain of the East African Rift. The second is the cooperative breeding hypothesis, which contends that communally distributed childcare arrangements are a definitive characteristic of the genus Homo, while also highlighting the conditionality and precariousness of human intergenerational care. Taken together, these approaches point to deep-seated fault lines running through both our home planet and our own psychosocial being. Confronting these rifts might help loosen the hold of notions of ontological reconciliation between humans and nature that risk exacerbating the very problems they seek to resolve, while also helping us to seek attachments that are more conducive to living with and through earthly volatility.
由于代际背叛的阴影,全球环境危机日益将政治与关怀、依恋和爱--尤其是我们经常被认为与后代之间的无条件纽带--联系在一起。作为对古生物环境人文学科这一新兴领域的贡献,本文对关爱和责任问题的探讨从未来的视野转向了人类起源的领域。文章重点关注两大类古生物故事,它们都关注使起源事件和场景复杂化的裂痕或压力点。第一种是一系列假说,这些假说认为关键的进化发展发生在气候多变、构造活跃的东非大裂谷地带。第二个假说是合作繁殖假说,该假说认为共同分布的育儿安排是智人属的一个明确特征,同时也强调了人类代际照料的条件性和不稳定性。总之,这些方法都指出了贯穿我们地球家园和我们自身社会心理的根深蒂固的断层。正视这些裂痕可能有助于放松人类与自然之间本体论和解观念的束缚,因为这种观念有可能加剧它们试图解决的问题,同时也有助于我们寻求更有利于与地球波动共存和通过地球波动生活的依附关系。
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引用次数: 0
Desktop Prospecting and Extractivism at Home 桌面勘探和国内开采主义
IF 2.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1215/22011919-10746089
Tom Özden-Schilling
Government-run geological surveys have increasingly facilitated exploration for potential mines by inviting novice prospectors to sift through old datasets prior to visiting physical sites, a process known colloquially as desktop prospecting. In northern British Columbia, Canada, some novices have developed sophisticated techniques for analyzing promising signs in these data and narrativizing their own desktop prospecting labor within broader environmental and economic shifts playing out across rural Canada. This article examines how efforts to vernacularize simulation-based geological expertise into new forms of work-from-home labor is transforming the ways settler entrepreneurs articulate attachments to rural areas. This growing interdependence of entrepreneurial web-based prospecting and extractivism writ large underscores a fundamental transition in how government ministries and developers relate the development of mines to the making of homes. Computer modeling tools have transformed prospectors’ relations with people and places by altering where and how they conduct day-to-day work. The valorization of model-work as an accessible, democratizing practice has also shaped how prospectors discern what kinds of homes bear the risks of mineral exploration labor. With free maps and simple analytical software in hand, BC-based geotechnical institutions insist, individual prospectors might yet play critical roles in luring mineral exploration companies back to the region after a decades-long decline in mining activity. As climate change renders regional timber extraction uncertain and mining industry restructuring continues apace, settler prospectors’ homemaking aspirations are turning inward toward domestic spaces of labor—some of the few spaces where precariously employed resource workers can still maintain illusions of control.
政府管理的地质调查越来越多地通过邀请新手探矿者在访问实际地点之前筛选旧数据集来促进潜在矿山的勘探,这一过程俗称桌面探矿。在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省北部,一些新手开发出了复杂的技术,用于分析这些数据中的前景迹象,并在加拿大农村地区发生的更广泛的环境和经济变化中叙述自己的桌面勘探劳动。本文探讨了将基于模拟的地质专业知识本土化为新形式的在家工作的努力如何改变了定居企业家表达对农村地区的依恋的方式。基于网络的创业探矿与采掘业之间日益增长的相互依存关系凸显了政府部门和开发商如何将矿业开发与建造家园联系起来的根本性转变。计算机建模工具改变了探矿者开展日常工作的地点和方式,从而改变了他们与人和地方的关系。模型工作作为一种易于获取、民主化的实践,其价值也影响了探矿者如何辨别哪些类型的住宅需要承担矿产勘探劳动的风险。不列颠哥伦比亚省的岩土工程机构坚持认为,在采矿活动减少数十年后,个人探矿者凭借手中的免费地图和简单分析软件,可能会在吸引矿产勘探公司重返该地区方面发挥关键作用。气候变化使该地区的木材开采变得不确定,而采矿业的重组仍在快速进行,因此,定居探矿者的家务愿望正转向国内的劳动空间--这是少数几个就业不稳定的资源工人仍能保持控制幻想的空间。
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引用次数: 0
Geopoetics 地质学
IF 2.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1215/22011919-10746112
A. Bobbette
This article presents an alternative political history of recent planetary thought through an examination of geopoetics rooted in the colonial politics of Indonesia and Cold War geosciences. This history reveals how geopoetics has not been marginal or critical of dominant scientific narratives but has been central to the development of modern theories of the earth. The article traces the roots of that history in colonial Indonesia through debates between geologists, Theosophists, and orientalists, and in colonial endeavors to suppress Javanese Islam through new geological narratives. It considers the work of Johannes Umbgrove, his theory of geopoetry, and its influence on Harry Hess and the theory of plate tectonics. Acknowledging this history shows us just how deeply connected geopoetics is to much longer religious, cosmological, and political conversations about narrating the earth. The article examines how geopoetics has long been preoccupied with understanding the connectivity of nature and catastrophic histories and points to contemporary possibilities for rethinking the relationship between humans, the earth, and cosmos.
本文通过对植根于印度尼西亚殖民政治和冷战时期地球科学的大地测量学的研究,介绍了近代行星思想的另一种政治史。这段历史揭示了地球学如何不是边缘化或批判主流科学叙事,而是成为现代地球理论发展的核心。文章通过地质学家、神道学家和东方学家之间的辩论,以及殖民者通过新的地质叙事压制爪哇伊斯兰教的努力,追溯了这段历史在印度尼西亚殖民时期的根源。该书探讨了约翰内斯-翁布格罗夫的工作、他的地质诗学理论及其对哈里-赫斯和板块构造理论的影响。对这段历史的认识向我们展示了大地诗学与更久远的关于叙述地球的宗教、宇宙学和政治对话之间的深刻联系。文章探讨了地质诗学如何长期专注于理解自然与灾难性历史之间的联系,并指出了当代重新思考人类、地球和宇宙之间关系的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
Decolonizing Environmental Humanities 环境人文学科的非殖民化
IF 2.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1215/22011919-10745946
Franklin Ginn
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引用次数: 0
The Economy in Mind 心系经济
IF 2.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1215/22011919-10745990
Richard McNeill Douglas
This article applies thematic analysis to the discourse of the environmental countermovement, focusing primarily on the mutually referencing contributions of Julian Simon, Friedrich von Hayek, and Ronald Reagan. Utilizing a close reading of these texts, it aims to describe how the subscribers to this discourse picture the human relationship with the natural world, and how this in turn enables them to believe that the market can overcome environmental limits indefinitely. This analysis brings to the fore a belief apparently underlying their faith in unending growth: that humankind is able to progressively convert nature into economic reality, whose essence is the limitless quality of the human mind.
本文对环境反运动的论述进行了主题分析,主要关注朱利安-西蒙、弗里德里希-冯-哈耶克和罗纳德-里根相互参照的贡献。通过对这些文本的细读,本文旨在描述这一论述的支持者是如何描绘人类与自然界的关系的,以及这反过来又是如何使他们相信市场可以无限地克服环境限制的。这一分析凸显了他们对无止境增长的信念:人类能够逐步将自然转化为经济现实,而经济现实的本质就是人类思维的无限性。
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引用次数: 0
Minding the Gaps 关注差距
IF 2.3 Q1 Social Sciences Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1215/22011919-10746001
Linda Shenk, K. Franz, William J. Gutowski
Increasingly, researchers share climate information as narratives to support decision-making and public action. In these contexts, however, scientists remain the focal storytellers. This article offers our methodology for researchers and communities to share narratives with each other and then to engage in collaborative storytelling. At the center of this work is how the humanities embrace the importance of narratives having gaps—narrative lacunae into which individuals can insert their experiences, needs, and values. Our storytelling- and gaps-based methodology allows communities and researchers to enter and transform each other’s stories. We offer a simulation model that fosters collaborative storytelling and give examples from the storytelling and social-environmental action projects that have emerged over three years of partnership with communities and university students.
研究人员越来越多地以叙述的方式分享气候信息,以支持决策和公众行动。然而,在这些情况下,科学家仍然是主要的故事讲述者。本文提供了我们的方法,让研究人员和社区相互分享叙事,然后参与合作讲故事。这项工作的核心是人文学科如何接受叙事存在空白的重要性--个人可以在叙事空白处插入自己的经验、需求和价值观。我们以讲故事和空白为基础的方法允许社区和研究人员进入并改变彼此的故事。我们提供了一个促进合作讲故事的模拟模型,并举例说明了三年来与社区和大学生合作开展的讲故事和社会环境行动项目。
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引用次数: 0
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Environmental Humanities
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