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Swinging motion of a kite with suspended control unit flying turning manoeuvres 带悬挂式控制装置的风筝摆动运动飞行转弯动作
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-06-14 DOI: 10.5194/wes-9-1323-2024
M. Schelbergen, R. Schmehl
Abstract. The flexible-membrane kite employed by some airborne wind energy systems uses a suspended control unit, which experiences a characteristic swinging motion relative to the top of the kite during sharp turning manoeuvres. This paper assesses the accuracy of a two-point kite model in resolving this swinging motion using two different approaches: approximating the motion as a transition through steady-rotation states and solving the motion dynamically. The kite is modelled with two rigidly linked point masses representing the control unit and wing, which conveniently extend a discretised tether model. The tether-kite motion is solved by prescribing the trajectory of the wing point mass to replicate a figure-eight manoeuvre from the flight data of an existing prototype. The computed pitch and roll of the kite are compared against the attitude measurements of two sensors mounted to the wing. The two approaches compute similar pitch and roll angles during the straight sections of the figure-eight manoeuvre and match measurements within 3°. However, during the turns, the dynamically solved pitch and roll angles show systematic differences compared to the steady-rotation solution. As a two-point kite model resolves the roll, the lift force may tilt along with the kite, which is identified as the driving mechanism for turning flexible kites. Moreover, the two-point kite model complements the aerodynamic model as it allows for computing the angle of attack of the wing by resolving the pitch. These characteristics improve the generalisation of the kite model compared to a single-point model with little additional computational effort.
摘要一些机载风能系统采用的柔性膜风筝使用一个悬挂的控制单元,在急转弯动作中,控制单元相对于风筝顶部会产生一种特有的摆动运动。本文采用两种不同的方法评估了两点风筝模型在解决这种摆动运动方面的准确性:将运动近似为稳定旋转状态的过渡,以及动态解决运动问题。风筝模型由两个刚性连接的点质量组成,分别代表控制单元和机翼,它们方便地扩展了离散系绳模型。系绳风筝运动的求解方法是,根据现有原型机的飞行数据,设定机翼点质量的轨迹,复制一个八字形机动动作。将计算出的风筝俯仰和滚动与安装在机翼上的两个传感器的姿态测量结果进行比较。在八字形机动的直线部分,两种方法计算出的俯仰角和滚转角相似,测量值相差在 3° 以内。然而,在转弯过程中,动态求解的俯仰角和侧倾角与稳定旋转求解的结果相比出现了系统性差异。由于两点风筝模型解决了滚动问题,升力可能会随着风筝一起倾斜,这被认为是柔性风筝转弯的驱动机制。此外,两点风筝模型是对空气动力学模型的补充,因为它可以通过解决俯仰问题来计算机翼的攻角。与单点模型相比,这些特点提高了风筝模型的通用性,而且几乎不增加计算工作量。
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引用次数: 0
An actuator sector model for wind power applications: a parametric study 风能应用的致动器扇形模型:参数研究
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.5194/wes-9-1305-2024
Mohammad Mehdi Mohammadi, H. Olivares-Espinosa, G. P. Navarro Diaz, S. Ivanell
Abstract. This paper investigates different actuator sector model implementation alternatives and how they compare to actuator line results. The velocity sampling method, tip/smearing correction, and time step are considered. A good agreement is seen between the line and sector model in the rotor plane and the wake flow. Using the sector model, it was possible to reduce the computational time by 75 % compared to the actuator line model as it is possible to run the simulations with a larger time step without compromising the accuracy considerably. The results suggest that the proposed velocity sampling method produces the closest results to the line model with different tip speed ratios. Moreover, the vortex-based smearing correction applied to the sector model results in the lowest error values, among the considered methods, to correct the radial load distributions. Also, it is seen that reducing the time step compared to the one used for the actuator disc/sector does not provide an advantage considering the increased computational time.
摘要本文研究了不同的推杆扇形模型实施替代方案,以及它们与推杆线结果的比较。本文考虑了速度采样方法、尖端/偏移校正和时间步长。在转子平面和尾流中,线型和扇形模型的结果一致。使用扇形模型可以比执行器线模型减少 75% 的计算时间,因为可以使用更大的时间步长进行模拟,而不会明显影响精度。结果表明,所提出的速度采样方法在不同顶端速度比的情况下产生的结果与线模型最为接近。此外,在修正径向载荷分布时,对扇形模型采用的基于涡流的涂抹修正法的误差值是所有方法中最小的。此外,考虑到计算时间的增加,与致动器圆盘/扇形模型所用的时间步长相比,减少时间步长并不具有优势。
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引用次数: 0
A sensitivity-based estimation method for investigating control co-design relevance 基于灵敏度的估算方法,用于研究控制协同设计的相关性
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.5194/wes-9-1289-2024
Jenna Iori, C. Bottasso, M. McWilliam
Abstract. Control co-design is a promising approach for wind turbine design due to the importance of the controller in power production, stability, load alleviation, and the resulting coupled effects on the sizing of the turbine components. However, the high computational effort required to solve optimization problems with added control design variables is a major obstacle to quantifying the benefit of this approach. In this work, we propose a methodology to identify if a design problem can benefit from control co-design. The estimation method, based on post-optimum sensitivity analysis, quantifies how the optimal objective value varies with a change in control tuning. The performance of the method is evaluated on a tower design optimization problem, where fatigue load constraints are a major driver, and using a linear quadratic regulator targeting fatigue load alleviation. We use the gradient-based multi-disciplinary optimization framework Cp-max. Fatigue damage is evaluated with time-domain simulations corresponding to the certification standards. The estimation method applied to the optimal tower mass and optimal cost of energy show good agreement with the results of the control co-design optimization while using only a fraction of the computational effort. Our results additionally show that there may be little benefit to using control co-design in the presence of an active frequency constraint. However, for a soft–soft tower configuration where the resonance can be avoided with active control, using control co-design results in a taller tower with reduced mass.
摘要由于控制器在发电、稳定性和减轻负荷方面的重要性,以及由此对风机部件尺寸产生的耦合效应,控制协同设计是一种很有前途的风机设计方法。然而,解决带有附加控制设计变量的优化问题所需的高计算量是量化这种方法优势的主要障碍。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种方法来确定设计问题是否能从控制协同设计中获益。该估算方法基于优化后灵敏度分析,可量化最优目标值如何随控制调整的变化而变化。我们在一个塔架设计优化问题上对该方法的性能进行了评估,该问题的主要驱动因素是疲劳载荷约束,并使用线性二次调节器来减轻疲劳载荷。我们使用了基于梯度的多学科优化框架 Cp-max。通过与认证标准相对应的时域模拟对疲劳损伤进行评估。应用于最佳塔架质量和最佳能源成本的估算方法与控制协同设计优化的结果显示出良好的一致性,同时仅使用了计算量的一小部分。我们的结果还表明,在存在有源频率约束的情况下,使用控制协同设计的好处可能不大。然而,对于可以通过主动控制避免共振的软-软塔架配置,使用控制协同设计可以使塔架更高,质量更小。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental validation of a short-term damping estimation method for wind turbines in nonstationary operating conditions 非稳态运行条件下风力涡轮机短期阻尼估算方法的实验验证
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-04-24 DOI: 10.5194/wes-9-1005-2024
K. L. Ebbehøj, Philippe Couturier, Lars Morten Sørensen, Jon Juel Thomsen
Abstract. Modal properties and especially damping of operational wind turbines can vary over short time periods as a consequence of environmental and operational variability. This study seeks to experimentally test and validate a recently proposed method for short-term damping and natural frequency estimation of structures under the influence of varying environmental and operational conditions from measured vibration responses. The method is based on Gaussian process time-dependent auto-regressive moving average (GP-TARMA) modelling and is tested via two applications: a laboratory three-storey shear frame structure with controllable, time-varying damping and a flutter test of a full-scale 7 MW wind turbine prototype, in which two edgewise modes become unstable. Damping estimates for the shear frame compare well with estimates obtained with stochastic subspace identification (SSI) and standard impact hammer tests. The efficacy of the GP-TARMA approach for short-term damping estimation is illustrated through comparison to short-term SSI estimates. For the full-scale flutter test, GP-TARMA model residuals imply that the model cannot be expected to be entirely accurate. However, the damping estimates are physically meaningful and compare well with a previous study. The study shows that the GP-TARMA approach is an effective method for short-term damping estimation from vibration response measurements, given that there are enough training data and that there is a representative model structure.
摘要由于环境和运行的可变性,运行中的风力涡轮机的模态特性,特别是阻尼会在短时间内发生变化。本研究试图通过实验测试和验证最近提出的一种方法,即根据测得的振动响应,在环境和运行条件变化的影响下,对结构进行短期阻尼和固有频率估算。该方法基于高斯过程时变自回归移动平均(GP-TARMA)建模,并通过两个应用进行测试:一个是具有可控时变阻尼的实验室三层剪力框架结构,另一个是全尺寸 7 兆瓦风力涡轮机原型的扑动测试,其中两个边缘模态变得不稳定。剪力框架的阻尼估算值与随机子空间识别(SSI)和标准冲击锤试验得出的估算值比较接近。通过与短期 SSI 估计值的比较,说明了 GP-TARMA 方法在短期阻尼估计方面的功效。对于全尺寸扑动试验,GP-TARMA 模型的残差意味着模型不可能完全准确。不过,阻尼估计值在物理上是有意义的,与之前的研究结果相比也很好。研究结果表明,如果有足够的训练数据和具有代表性的模型结构,GP-TARMA 方法是通过振动响应测量进行短期阻尼估算的有效方法。
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引用次数: 0
Quantifying the impact of modeling fidelity on different substructure concepts – Part 2: Code-to-code comparison in realistic environmental conditions 量化建模保真度对不同下部结构概念的影响--第 2 部分:现实环境条件下的代码间比较
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.5194/wes-9-981-2024
F. Papi, G. Troise, R. Behrens de Luna, J. Saverin, S. Pérez-Becker, David Marten, M. Ducasse, Alessandro Bianchini
Abstract. Floating offshore wind is widely considered to be a promising technology to harvest renewable energy in deep ocean waters and increase clean energy generation offshore. While evolving quickly from a technological point of view, floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are challenging, as their performance and loads are governed by complex dynamics that are a result of the coupled influence of wind, waves, and currents on the structures. Many open challenges therefore still exist, especially from a modeling perspective. This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of modeling differences on FOWT loads by comparing three FOWT simulation codes, QBlade-Ocean, OpenFAST, and DeepLines Wind®, and three substructure designs, a semi-submersible, a spar buoy, and the two-part concept Hexafloat, in realistic environmental conditions. This extensive comparison represents one of the main outcomes of the Horizon 2020 project FLOATECH. In accordance with international standards for FOWT certification, multiple design situations are compared, including operation in normal power production and parked conditions. Results show that the compared codes agree well in the prediction of the system dynamics, regardless of the fidelity of the underlying modeling theories. However, some differences between the codes emerged in the analysis of fatigue loads, where, contrary to extreme loads, specific trends can be noted. With respect to QBlade-Ocean, OpenFAST was found to overestimate lifetime damage equivalent loads by up to 14 %. DeepLines Wind®, on the other hand, underestimated lifetime fatigue loads by up to 13.5 %. However, regardless of the model and FOWT design, differences in fatigue loads are larger for tower base loads than for blade root loads due to the larger influence substructure dynamics have on these loads.
摘要人们普遍认为,漂浮式海上风能是在深海水域采集可再生能源、增加海上清洁能源发电量的一项前景广阔的技术。从技术角度看,漂浮式海上风力涡轮机(FOWTs)发展迅速,但其性能和负载受风、波浪和海流对结构的耦合影响所产生的复杂动力学制约,因此具有挑战性。因此,特别是从建模的角度来看,仍然存在许多挑战。本研究通过比较三种 FOWT 模拟代码(QBlade-Ocean、OpenFAST 和 DeepLines Wind®)和三种下部结构设计(半潜式、撑杆式浮标和由两部分组成的 Hexafloat)在现实环境条件下的表现,有助于理解建模差异对 FOWT 载荷的影响。这种广泛的比较是地平线 2020 项目 FLOATECH 的主要成果之一。根据 FOWT 认证的国际标准,对多种设计情况进行了比较,包括在正常发电和停泊条件下的运行情况。结果表明,无论基础建模理论的保真度如何,所比较的代码在系统动态预测方面都有很好的一致性。然而,在疲劳载荷分析中出现了一些代码之间的差异,与极端载荷相反,可以注意到特定的趋势。与 QBlade-Ocean 相比,OpenFAST 高估了寿命破坏当量载荷达 14%。而 DeepLines Wind® 则低估了寿命期疲劳载荷达 13.5%。然而,无论采用何种模型和 FOWT 设计,塔基载荷的疲劳载荷差异都大于叶片根部载荷,这是因为下部结构动力学对这些载荷的影响更大。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of wind farm parameterizations in the WRF model under different atmospheric stability conditions with high-resolution wake simulations 利用高分辨率唤醒模拟评估不同大气稳定性条件下 WRF 模型中的风电场参数设置
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-04-18 DOI: 10.5194/wes-9-963-2024
O. García-Santiago, A. Hahmann, J. Badger, Alfredo Peña
Abstract. Wind farm parameterizations (WFPs) are used in mesoscale models for predicting wind farm power production and its impact on wind resources while considering the variability of the regional wind climate. However, the performance of WFPs is influenced by various factors including atmospheric stability. In this study, we compared two widely used WFPs in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbine wakes performed with the same model. The Fitch WFP and the explicit wake parameterization were evaluated for their ability to represent wind speed and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) in a two-turbine wind farm layout under neutral, unstable, and stable atmospheric stability conditions. To ensure a fair comparison, the inflow conditions were kept as close as possible between the LES and mesoscale simulations for each type of stability condition, and the LES results were spatially aggregated to align with the mesoscale grid spacing. Our findings indicate that the performance of WFPs varies depending on the specific variable (wind speed or TKE) and the area of interest downwind of the turbine when compared to the LES reference. The WFPs can accurately depict the vertical profiles of the wind speed deficit for either the grid cell containing the wind turbines or the grid cells in the far wake, but not both simultaneously. The WFPs with an explicit source of TKE overestimate TKE values at the first grid cell containing the wind turbine; however, for downwind grid cells, agreement improves. On the other hand, WFPs without a TKE source underestimate TKE in all downwind grid cells. These agreement patterns between the WFPs and the LES reference are consistent under the three atmospheric stability conditions. However, the WFPs resemble less the wind speed and TKE from the LES reference under stable conditions than that under neutral or unstable conditions.
摘要风电场参数化(WFPs)用于中尺度模型,以预测风电场发电量及其对风资源的影响,同时考虑区域风气候的变化。然而,风场参数化的性能受到包括大气稳定性在内的各种因素的影响。在本研究中,我们比较了天气研究与预报(WRF)模型中两种广泛使用的 WFP 与使用同一模型对涡轮机风浪进行的大涡度模拟(LES)。在中性、不稳定和稳定大气稳定条件下,评估了 Fitch WFP 和显式激波参数化在双涡轮风电场布局中表示风速和湍流动能(TKE)的能力。为确保公平比较,在每种稳定条件下,LES 和中尺度模拟的流入条件都尽可能接近,并且 LES 结果在空间上进行了聚合,以与中尺度网格间距保持一致。我们的研究结果表明,与 LES 参考结果相比,WFP 的性能因具体变量(风速或 TKE)和风机下风相关区域而异。WFP 可以准确描绘包含风力涡轮机的网格单元或远处尾流网格单元的风速赤字垂直剖面,但不能同时描绘两者的风速赤字垂直剖面。带有明确 TKE 源的 WFP 高估了包含风力涡轮机的第一个网格单元的 TKE 值,但对于下风网格单元,一致性有所改善。另一方面,没有 TKE 源的 WFP 低估了所有下风网格单元的 TKE 值。在三种大气稳定性条件下,WFP 与 LES 参考之间的这些一致性模式是一致的。不过,与中性或不稳定条件下的风速和 TKE 相比,稳定条件下的 WFP 与 LES 参考值的相似度较低。
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引用次数: 1
The near-wake development of a wind turbine operating in stalled conditions – Part 1: Assessment of numerical models 在停转条件下运行的风力涡轮机的近风速发展 - 第 1 部分:数值模型评估
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-04-17 DOI: 10.5194/wes-9-933-2024
P. Weihing, M. Cormier, T. Lutz, E. Krämer
Abstract. This study comprehensively investigates the near-wake development of a model wind turbine operating at a low tip-speed ratio in stalled conditions. In the present paper, part 1, different ways of representing the turbine, which include a full geometrical representation and modeling by means of the actuator line method, and different approaches for the modeling of turbulence are assessed. The simulation results are compared with particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements from the MEXICO and New MEXICO experiments. A highly resolved numerical setup was created and a higher-order numerical scheme was applied to target an optimal resolution of the tip vortex development and the wakes of the blades. Besides the classical unsteady Reynolds-averaged methodology, a recently developed variant of the detached-eddy simulation (DES) was employed, which features robust shielding capabilities of the boundary layers and enhanced transition to a fully developed large-eddy simulation (LES) state. Two actuator line simulations were performed in which the aerodynamic forces were either evaluated by means of tabulated data or imposed from the averaged blade loads of the simulation with full blade geometry. The purpose is to distinguish between the effects of the force projection and the force calculation in the underlying blade-element method on the blade wake development. With the hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)–LES approach and the geometrically fully resolved rotor blade, the details of the flow of the detached blade wake could be resolved. The prediction of the wake deficit also agreed very well with the experimental data. Furthermore, the strength and size of the blade tip vortices were correctly predicted. With the linear unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) model, the wake deficit could also be described correctly, yet the size of the tip vortices was massively overestimated. The actuator line method, when fed with forces from the fully resolved simulation, provides very similar results in terms of wake deficit and tip vortices to its fully resolved parent simulation. However, using uncorrected two-dimensional polars shows significant deviations in the wake topology of the inner blade region. This shows that the application in such flow conditions requires models for rotational augmentation. In part 2 of the study, to be published in another paper, the development and the dynamics of the early tip vortex formation are detailed.
摘要本研究全面探讨了在失速条件下,以低风尖速比运行的风力涡轮机模型的近翼发展情况。本文第 1 部分评估了表示涡轮机的不同方法,包括全几何表示法和推杆线法建模,以及湍流建模的不同方法。模拟结果与 MEXICO 和 New MEXICO 实验的粒子图像测速仪(PIV)测量结果进行了比较。创建了一个高分辨率的数值设置,并采用了一种高阶数值方案,以获得叶尖涡流发展和叶片湍流的最佳分辨率。除了经典的非稳态雷诺平均方法外,还采用了最近开发的分离涡模拟(DES)变体,其特点是边界层具有强大的屏蔽能力,并增强了向完全开发的大涡模拟(LES)状态的过渡。进行了两次推杆线模拟,其中气动力要么通过表格数据进行评估,要么通过完整叶片几何形状模拟的平均叶片载荷进行评估。这样做的目的是为了区分叶片基本元素方法中的力预测和力计算对叶片尾流发展的影响。利用雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯(RANS)-LES 混合方法和几何上完全解析的转子叶片,可以解析分离叶片尾流的流动细节。对尾流赤字的预测也与实验数据非常吻合。此外,叶尖涡流的强度和大小也得到了正确预测。使用线性非稳态雷诺平均纳维-斯托克斯(URANS)模型,也能正确描述尾流赤字,但对叶尖涡流的大小估计过高。当采用完全解析模拟的力时,致动器线方法在尾流赤字和尖端涡流方面提供的结果与其完全解析的父模拟非常相似。然而,使用未校正的二维极点时,叶片内侧区域的尾流拓扑结构会出现明显偏差。这表明在这种流动条件下的应用需要旋转增强模型。研究的第二部分将在另一篇论文中发表,详细介绍早期叶尖涡流形成的发展和动态。
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引用次数: 0
Renewable Energy Complementarity (RECom) maps – a comprehensive visualisation tool to support spatial diversification 可再生能源互补性 (RECom) 地图--支持空间多样化的综合可视化工具
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-04-15 DOI: 10.5194/wes-9-919-2024
T. Vrana, Harald G. Svendsen
Abstract. Maps showing the mean wind speed only give an inaccurate indication of the quality of locations for future wind power developments. Calculating the capacity factor and plotting that on a map gives a better indication of the expected mean power output, but the outcome depends on the turbine choice. In this article, we introduce a general step-by-step method for improved visualisation of potential wind power locations. First, the mentioned dependency on turbine choice is compensated for by putting the expected mean power output in relation to the expected mean power output of all other wind parks of the region. This relative capacity factor results in comprehensive wind resource maps and can be plotted for the situation today and also for a future scenario. Since the expected income of a potential wind park is the product of mean power output and mean market value, looking at the relative capacity factor only does not give the full picture. The mean market value is influenced by the merit order effect that is mainly driven by covariance with other wind parks and the capacity factor's relation to production at low-wind moments. A market value factor is introduced that captures the expected mean market value relative to other wind parks, based on a simplified power market model. Finally the Renewable Energy Complementarity (RECom) index is defined, combining the relative capacity factor and market value factor into a single index, resulting in RECom maps. This map can comprehensively show the revenue potential of different locations for potential future wind power developments.
摘要显示平均风速的地图只能不准确地显示未来风电开发地点的质量。计算容量因子并将其绘制在地图上,可以更好地显示预期的平均功率输出,但结果取决于涡轮机的选择。在本文中,我们将介绍一种逐步改进潜在风电地点可视化的通用方法。首先,通过将预期平均功率输出与该地区所有其他风场的预期平均功率输出进行比较,来弥补上述风机选择的依赖性。这种相对容量因子可以绘制出全面的风力资源图,并可根据当前和未来的情况进行绘制。由于潜在风场的预期收入是平均发电量和平均市场价值的乘积,因此只看相对容量系数并不能全面了解情况。平均市场价值受优序效应的影响,而优序效应主要是由与其他风场的协方差以及容量因子与低风时刻产量的关系所驱动的。在简化电力市场模型的基础上,引入了市场价值因子,以捕捉相对于其他风场的预期平均市场价值。最后,定义了可再生能源互补性 (RECom) 指数,将相对容量系数和市场价值系数合并为一个单一指数,形成 RECom 地图。该地图可全面显示不同地点未来潜在风电开发的收益潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Data-driven optimisation of wind farm layout and wake steering with large-eddy simulations 利用大涡流模拟对风电场布局和尾流转向进行数据驱动优化
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.5194/wes-9-869-2024
Nikolaos Bempedelis, Filippo Gori, Andrew Wynn, Sylvain Laizet, Luca Magri
Abstract. Maximising the power production of large wind farms is key to the transition towards net zero. The overarching goal of this paper is to propose a computational method to maximise the power production of wind farms with two practical design strategies. First, we propose a gradient-free method to optimise the wind farm power production with high-fidelity surrogate models based on large-eddy simulations and a Bayesian framework. Second, we apply the proposed method to maximise wind farm power production by both micro-siting (layout optimisation) and wake steering (yaw angle optimisation). Third, we compare the optimisation results with the optimisation achieved with low-fidelity wake models. Finally, we propose a simple multi-fidelity strategy by combining the inexpensive wake models with the high-fidelity framework. The proposed gradient-free method can effectively maximise wind farm power production. Performance improvements relative to wake-model optimisation strategies can be attained, particularly in scenarios of increased flow complexity, such as in the wake steering problem, in which some of the assumptions in the simplified flow models become less accurate. The optimisation with high-fidelity methods takes into account nonlinear and unsteady fluid mechanical phenomena, which are leveraged by the proposed framework to increase the farm output. This paper opens up opportunities for wind farm optimisation with high-fidelity methods and without adjoint solvers.
摘要最大限度地提高大型风电场的发电量是向净零过渡的关键。本文的首要目标是提出一种计算方法,通过两种实用的设计策略实现风电场发电量的最大化。首先,我们提出了一种无梯度方法,利用基于大涡流模拟和贝叶斯框架的高保真代用模型来优化风电场的发电量。其次,我们应用所提出的方法,通过微观选址(布局优化)和尾流转向(偏航角优化)实现风电场发电量的最大化。第三,我们将优化结果与低保真尾流模型的优化结果进行了比较。最后,我们将廉价的尾流模型与高保真框架相结合,提出了一种简单的多保真度策略。所提出的无梯度方法可以有效地最大化风电场的发电量。与尾流模型优化策略相比,该方法的性能有所提高,特别是在流动复杂度增加的情况下,例如在尾流转向问题中,简化流动模型中的一些假设变得不那么准确。高保真方法的优化考虑到了非线性和非稳态流体力学现象,建议的框架利用这些现象来提高风电场的产出。本文为使用高保真方法和无辅助求解器进行风电场优化提供了机会。
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引用次数: 1
Control-oriented modelling of wind direction variability 以控制为导向的风向变化建模
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2024-04-10 DOI: 10.5194/wes-9-841-2024
Scott Dallas, Adam Stock, Edward Hart
Abstract. Wind direction variability significantly affects the performance and lifetime of wind turbines and wind farms. Accurately modelling wind direction variability and understanding the effects of yaw misalignment are critical towards designing better wind turbine yaw and wind farm flow controllers. This review focuses on control-oriented modelling of wind direction variability, which is an approach that aims to capture the dynamics of wind direction variability for improving controller performance over a complete set of farm flow scenarios, performing iterative controller development and/or achieving real-time closed-loop model-based feedback control. The review covers various modelling techniques, including large eddy simulations (LESs), data-driven empirical models, and machine learning models, as well as different approaches to data collection and pre-processing. The review also discusses the different challenges in modelling wind direction variability, such as data quality and availability, model uncertainty, and the trade-off between accuracy and computational cost. The review concludes with a discussion of the critical challenges which need to be overcome in control-oriented modelling of wind direction variability, including the use of both high- and low-fidelity models.
摘要风向变化会严重影响风力涡轮机和风电场的性能和使用寿命。准确模拟风向变化并了解偏航失准的影响,对于设计更好的风机偏航和风电场流量控制器至关重要。本综述重点关注以控制为导向的风向变异性建模,这种方法旨在捕捉风向变异性的动态变化,以提高整套风电场流量方案的控制器性能,执行迭代控制器开发和/或实现基于模型的实时闭环反馈控制。综述涵盖各种建模技术,包括大涡度模拟 (LES)、数据驱动的经验模型和机器学习模型,以及数据收集和预处理的不同方法。综述还讨论了风向可变性建模的不同挑战,如数据质量和可用性、模型的不确定性以及精度和计算成本之间的权衡。综述最后讨论了在以控制为导向的风向变化建模中需要克服的关键挑战,包括使用高保真和低保真模型。
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引用次数: 2
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Wind Energy Science
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