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A digital twin solution for floating offshore wind turbines validated using a full-scale prototype 利用全尺寸原型验证浮式海上风力涡轮机的数字孪生解决方案
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-01-08 DOI: 10.5194/wes-9-1-2024
E. Branlard, J. Jonkman, Cameron Brown, Jiatian Zhang
Abstract. In this work, we implement, verify, and validate a physics-based digital twin solution applied to a floating offshore wind turbine. The digital twin is validated using measurement data from the full-scale TetraSpar prototype. We focus on the estimation of the aerodynamic loads, wind speed, and section loads along the tower, with the aim of estimating the fatigue lifetime of the tower. Our digital twin solution integrates (1) a Kalman filter to estimate the structural states based on a linear model of the structure and measurements from the turbine, (2) an aerodynamic estimator, and (3) a physics-based virtual sensing procedure to obtain the loads along the tower. The digital twin relies on a set of measurements that are expected to be available on any existing wind turbine (power, pitch, rotor speed, and tower acceleration) and motion sensors that are likely to be standard measurements for a floating platform (inclinometers and GPS sensors). We explore two different pathways to obtain physics-based models: a suite of dedicated Python tools implemented as part of this work and the OpenFAST linearization feature. In our final version of the digital twin, we use components from both approaches. We perform different numerical experiments to verify the individual models of the digital twin. In this simulation realm, we obtain estimated damage equivalent loads of the tower fore–aft bending moment with an accuracy of approximately 5 % to 10 %. When comparing the digital twin estimations with the measurements from the TetraSpar prototype, the errors increased to 10 %–15 % on average. Overall, the accuracy of the results is promising and demonstrates the possibility of using digital twin solutions to estimate fatigue loads on floating offshore wind turbines. A natural continuation of this work would be to implement the monitoring and diagnostics aspect of the digital twin to inform operation and maintenance decisions. The digital twin solution is provided with examples as part of an open-source repository.
摘要在这项工作中,我们实施、验证了基于物理的数字孪生解决方案,并将其应用于浮式海上风力涡轮机。利用全尺寸 TetraSpar 原型机的测量数据对数字孪生方案进行了验证。我们重点估算了塔架沿线的空气动力载荷、风速和截面载荷,目的是估算塔架的疲劳寿命。我们的数字孪生解决方案集成了:(1)卡尔曼滤波器,用于根据结构的线性模型和涡轮机的测量结果估算结构状态;(2)空气动力估算器;(3)基于物理的虚拟传感程序,用于获取塔架沿线的载荷。数字孪生依赖于现有风力涡轮机上的一系列测量数据(功率、变桨、转子速度和塔架加速度),以及可能成为浮动平台标准测量数据的运动传感器(倾角仪和 GPS 传感器)。我们探索了两种不同的途径来获得基于物理的模型:一套专门的 Python 工具和 OpenFAST 线性化功能。在数字孪生的最终版本中,我们使用了这两种方法的组件。我们进行了不同的数值实验来验证数字孪生的各个模型。在这一模拟领域中,我们获得了塔架前后弯矩的损坏等效载荷估算值,精确度约为 5 % 到 10 %。在将数字孪生估算结果与 TetraSpar 原型的测量结果进行比较时,误差平均增加到 10 %-15 %。总之,结果的准确性很有希望,并证明了使用数字孪生解决方案估算浮式海上风力涡轮机疲劳载荷的可能性。这项工作的自然延续是实施数字孪生的监测和诊断方面,为运行和维护决策提供信息。数字孪生解决方案作为开放源代码库的一部分提供了示例。
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引用次数: 1
Free-vortex models for wind turbine wakes under yaw misalignment – a validation study on far-wake effects 偏航失准情况下风力涡轮机风浪的自由涡模型--远风浪效应验证研究
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-20 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1909-2023
M. J. van den Broek, Delphine De Tavernier, Paul Hulsman, Daan van der Hoek, Benjamin Sanderse, J. van Wingerden
Abstract. Near-wake effects of wind turbine models using the free-vortex wake have been studied extensively, but there is a lack of validation for such predictions in the mid to far wake. This paper presents a novel validation study using three free-vortex wake models of increasing complexity: an actuator disc, an actuator disc with rotation, and a lifting-line model. We emphasise the application for dynamic wind farm flow control optimisation with a focus on wake redirection using yaw misalignment. For this purpose, wake models should provide sufficiently accurate power predictions at a low computational expense to enable real-time control optimisation. Three sets of wind tunnel data are used for validation: flow measurements under steady yaw misalignment, time-resolved flow measurements for a step change in yaw, and turbine output measurements with yaw control and simulated wind direction variation. Results indicate that the actuator-disc model provides the best balance between computational cost and accuracy in power predictions for the mid to far wake, which is not significantly improved upon by the addition of rotation. In the near wake, the added complexity of the lifting-line model may provide value as it models blade loading and individual tip vortices. Altogether, this study provides important validation for further studies into optimisation of wake steering under time-varying conditions and suggests that the actuator-disc model is a suitable candidate for use in a model-predictive wind farm flow control framework.
摘要。利用自由涡旋尾流对风力涡轮机模型的近涡效应进行了广泛研究,但缺乏对中远涡旋尾流预测的验证。本文提出了一项新的验证研究,使用了三种复杂程度不断增加的自由涡流尾流模型:致动盘、带旋转的致动盘和提升线模型。我们强调了动态风场流量控制优化的应用,重点是利用偏航错位进行尾流重定向。为此,尾流模型应能以较低的计算成本提供足够精确的功率预测,以实现实时控制优化。我们使用了三组风洞数据进行验证:稳定偏航偏差下的流量测量、偏航阶跃变化的时间分辨流量测量,以及偏航控制和模拟风向变化下的涡轮机输出测量。结果表明,致动器-圆盘模型在中远距离尾流功率预测的计算成本和准确性之间实现了最佳平衡,而增加旋转并不能显著改善这种平衡。在近尾流中,升力线模型的复杂性增加了,因为它可以模拟叶片载荷和单个叶尖涡流。总之,这项研究为进一步研究时变条件下的尾流转向优化提供了重要的验证,并表明致动器-圆盘模型是模型预测风场流量控制框架的合适候选模型。
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引用次数: 0
Feedforward pitch control for a 15 MW wind turbine using a spinner-mounted single-beam lidar 利用安装在旋转器上的单光束激光雷达对 15 兆瓦风力涡轮机进行前馈变桨控制
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-19 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1893-2023
Wei Fu, F. Guo, D. Schlipf, Alfredo Peña
Abstract. Feedforward blade pitch control is one of the most promising lidar-assisted control strategies due to its significant improvement in rotor speed regulation and fatigue load reduction. A high-quality preview of the rotor-effective wind speed is a key element of control benefits. In this work, a single-beam lidar is simulated in the spinner of a bottom-fixed IEA 15 MW wind turbine. Both continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed lidar systems are considered. The single-beam lidar can rotate with the wind turbine rotor and scan the inflow with a circular pattern, which mimics a multiple-beam nacelle lidar at a lower cost. Also, the spinner-based lidar has an unimpeded view of the inflow without intermittent blockage from the rotating blade. The focus distance and the cone angle of the spinner-based single-beam lidar are optimized for the best wind preview quality based on a rotor-effective wind speed coherence model. Then, the control benefits of using the optimized spinner-based lidar are evaluated for an above-rated wind speed in OpenFAST with an embedded lidar simulator and virtual four-dimensional Mann turbulence fields considering the wind evolution. Results are compared against those using a single-beam nacelle-based lidar. We found that the optimum scanning configurations of both CW and pulsed spinner-based single-beam lidars lead to a lidar scan radius of 0.6 of the rotor radius. Also, results show that a single-beam lidar mounted in the spinner provides many more control benefits (i.e. better rotor speed regulations and higher reductions in the damage equivalent loads on the tower base and blade roots) than the one based on the nacelle. The spinner-based single-beam lidar has a similar performance to a four-beam nacelle lidar when used for feedforward control.
摘要前馈叶片俯仰控制是最有前途的激光雷达辅助控制策略之一,因为它能显著改善转子速度调节并降低疲劳载荷。高质量地预览转子有效风速是控制效益的关键因素。在这项工作中,模拟了一个单光束激光雷达在底部固定的 IEA 15 兆瓦风力涡轮机旋转器中的应用。连续波(CW)和脉冲激光雷达系统均在考虑之列。单波束激光雷达可随风力涡轮机转子旋转,并以圆形模式扫描流入的风流,从而以较低的成本模拟了多波束机舱激光雷达。此外,基于旋转翼的激光雷达可以不受阻碍地观察流入的气流,而不会受到旋转叶片的间歇性阻挡。基于转子效应风速一致性模型,对基于旋转翼的单光束激光雷达的聚焦距离和锥角进行了优化,以获得最佳的风预览质量。然后,在带有嵌入式激光雷达模拟器和虚拟四维曼氏湍流场(考虑到风的演变)的 OpenFAST 中,对高于额定风速的情况下使用优化后的旋转翼激光雷达的控制优势进行了评估。结果与使用单光束机舱式激光雷达的结果进行了比较。我们发现,基于 CW 和脉冲旋转器的单光束激光雷达的最佳扫描配置可使激光雷达的扫描半径达到转子半径的 0.6。此外,结果表明,与安装在机舱内的激光雷达相比,安装在旋转器内的单光束激光雷达能提供更多的控制优势(即更好地调节转子速度,更大程度地降低塔基和叶片根部的损伤当量载荷)。当用于前馈控制时,基于旋翼的单光束激光雷达与四光束短舱激光雷达具有相似的性能。
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引用次数: 1
A new methodology for upscaling semi-submersible platforms for floating offshore wind turbines 提升浮式海上风力涡轮机半潜式平台的新方法
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1873-2023
Kaylie L. Roach, M. Lackner, J. Manwell
Abstract. This paper presents a new upscaling methodology for semi-submersible floating offshore wind turbine platforms. The size and power rating of offshore wind turbines have been growing in recent years, with modern wind turbines rated at 10–18 MW in contrast with 2–5 MW in 2010. It is not apparent how much further wind turbine size can be increased before it is unjustified. Scaling relations are a useful method for analyzing wind turbine designs to understand the mass, load, and cost increases with size. Scaling relations currently do not exist but are needed for floating offshore platforms to understand how the technical and economic development of floating offshore wind energy may develop with increasing turbine size. In this paper, a hydrodynamic model has been developed to capture the key platform response in pitch. The hydrodynamic model is validated using OpenFAST, a high-fidelity offshore wind turbine simulation software. An upscaling methodology is then applied to two semi-submersible case studies of reference systems (the Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration Continuation (OC4) 5 MW and the International Energy Agency (IEA) 15 MW). For each case study, the platform pitch angle at rated wind turbine thrust is constrained to a specified value. The results show that platform dimensions scale to a factor of 0.75, and the platform steel mass scales to a factor of 1.5 when the wall thickness is kept constant. This study is the first to develop generalized upscaling relations that can be used for other triangular semi-submersible platforms that have three outer columns with the turbine mounted at the center of the system. This is in contrast with other studies that upscale a specific design to a larger power rating. This upscaling methodology provides new insight into trends for semi-submersible platform upscaling as turbine size increases.
摘要本文介绍了一种新的半潜式浮动海上风力涡轮机平台升级方法。近年来,海上风力涡轮机的尺寸和额定功率不断增长,现代风力涡轮机的额定功率为 10-18 兆瓦,而 2010 年仅为 2-5 兆瓦。目前尚不清楚风力涡轮机的尺寸还能增加多少才算合理。比例关系是分析风力涡轮机设计的有用方法,可用于了解质量、负载和成本随尺寸的增加而增加。目前还不存在比例关系,但海上浮动平台需要这种关系,以了解随着涡轮机尺寸的增大,海上浮动风能的技术和经济发展会如何发展。本文开发了一个水动力模型,以捕捉平台在变桨时的关键响应。使用高保真海上风力涡轮机仿真软件 OpenFAST 对水动力模型进行了验证。然后,将升级方法应用于两个半潜式参考系统案例研究(离岸规范比较合作继续(OC4)5 兆瓦和国际能源机构(IEA)15 兆瓦)。在每个案例研究中,额定风力涡轮机推力下的平台俯仰角都被限制在指定值内。结果表明,在壁厚保持不变的情况下,平台尺寸的缩放系数为 0.75,平台钢质量的缩放系数为 1.5。这项研究首次提出了通用的升级关系,可用于其他有三个外柱、涡轮机安装在系统中心的三角形半潜式平台。这与其他将特定设计放大到更大额定功率的研究不同。随着涡轮机尺寸的增加,这种升级方法为半潜式平台的升级趋势提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
An analytical linear two-dimensional actuator disc model and comparisons with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations 线性二维致动器圆盘分析模型以及与计算流体动力学 (CFD) 模拟的比较
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1853-2023
H. A. Madsen
Abstract. The continuous up-scaling of wind turbines enabled by more lightweight and flexible blades in combination with coning has challenged the assumptions of a plane disc in the commonly used blade element momentum (BEM)-type aerodynamic codes for the design and analysis of wind turbines. The objective with the present work is thus to take a step back relative to the integral 1-dimensional (1-D) momentum theory solution in the BEM model in order to study the actuator disc (AD) flow in more detail. We present an analytical, linear solution for a two-dimensional (2-D) AD flow with one equation for the axial velocity and one for the lateral velocity, respectively. Although it is a 2-D model, we show in the paper that there is a good correlation with axis-symmetric and three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations on a circular disc. The 2-D model has thus the potential to form the basis for a simple and consistent rotor induction model. For a constant loading, the axial velocity distribution at the disc is uniform as in the case of the classical momentum theory for an AD. However, an important observation of the simulated flow field is that immediately downstream of the disc the axial velocity profiles change rapidly to a shape with increased induction towards the edges of the disc and less induction on the central part. This is typically what is seen at the disc in full non-linear CFD AD simulations, which is what we compare with in the paper. By a simple coordinate rotation the analytical solution is extended to a yawed disc with constant loading. Again, a comparison with CFD, now with a 3-D simulation on a circular disc in yaw, confirms a good performance of the analytical 2-D model for this more complicated flow. Finally, a further extension of the model to simulate a coned disc is obtained using a simple superposition of the solution of two yawed discs with opposite yaw angles and positioned so the two discs just touch each other. Now the validation of the model is performed with results from axis-symmetric CFD simulations of an AD with a coning of both 20 and −20∘. In particular, for the disc coned in the downwind direction there is a very good correlation between the simulated normal velocity to the disc, whereas some deviations are seen for the upwind coning. The promising correlation of the results for the 2-D model in comparison with 3-D simulations of a circular disc with CFD for complicated inflow like what occurs at yaw and coning indicates that the 2-D model could form the basis for a new, consistent rotor induction model. The model should be applied along diagonal lines on a rotor and coupled to an angular momentum model. This application is sketched in the outlook and is a subject for future research.
摘要由于叶片更轻、更灵活,再加上锥形结构,风力涡轮机的规模不断扩大,这对用于设计和分析风力涡轮机的常用叶片动量(BEM)型空气动力学代码中的平面圆盘假设提出了挑战。因此,本研究的目的是相对于 BEM 模型中的一维(1-D)动量理论整体解法后退一步,以便更详细地研究致动器圆盘(AD)流。我们为二维(2-D)AD 流提出了一个分析性线性解决方案,其中一个方程分别表示轴向速度,一个方程表示横向速度。虽然这是一个二维模型,但我们在论文中表明,它与轴对称和三维(CFD)计算流体动力学(CFD)圆盘模拟有很好的相关性。因此,二维模型有可能成为简单一致的转子感应模型的基础。对于恒定负载,圆盘上的轴向速度分布是均匀的,就像经典动量理论中的 AD 一样。然而,对模拟流场的一个重要观察结果是,紧靠圆盘下游的轴向速度剖面迅速变化为圆盘边缘感应增加而中心部分感应减少的形状。这是在全非线性 CFD AD 模拟中在圆盘处看到的典型情况,也是我们在本文中进行比较的情况。通过简单的坐标旋转,分析解决方案扩展到了具有恒定负载的偏航圆盘。通过与 CFD 进行比较(现在是对偏航圆盘进行三维模拟),再次证实了二维分析模型在这种更为复杂的流动中的良好性能。最后,通过对两个偏航角度相反的圆盘进行简单的叠加求解,使两个圆盘刚好相碰,从而进一步扩展了模型,以模拟锥形圆盘。现在,我们利用轴对称 CFD 仿真结果对模型进行验证,仿真结果显示 AD 的锥度分别为 20 和 -20∘。特别是,对于下风方向的圆锥盘,模拟的法向速度与圆锥盘之间的相关性非常好,而对于上风方向的圆锥盘,则出现了一些偏差。二维模型的结果与使用 CFD 对圆盘进行的三维模拟结果相比,具有很好的相关性,这表明二维模型可以作为新的、一致的转子感应模型的基础。该模型应沿对角线应用于转子,并与角动量模型相结合。这种应用在展望中作了概述,是未来研究的一个课题。
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引用次数: 0
Quantifying the effect of low-frequency fatigue dynamics on offshore wind turbine foundations: a comparative study 量化低频疲劳动力学对海上风力涡轮机基础的影响:比较研究
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1839-2023
Negin Sadeghi, Pietro D'Antuono, N. Noppe, Koen Robbelein, W. Weijtjens, C. Devriendt
Abstract. Offshore wind turbine support structures are fatigue-driven designs subject to a wide variety of cyclic loads from wind, waves, and turbine controls. While most wind turbine loads and metocean data are collected at short-term 10 min intervals, some of the largest fatigue cycles have periods over 1 d. Therefore, these low-frequency fatigue dynamics (LFFDs) are not fully considered when working with the industry-standard short-term window. To recover these LFFDs in the state-of-the-industry practices, the authors implemented a short- to long-term factor applied to the accumulated short-term damages while maintaining the ability to work with the 10 min data. In the current work, we study the LFFD impact on the damage from the fore–aft and side–side bending moments and the sensors' strain measurements and their variability within and across wind farms. While results might vary strongly between sites, for the current site and a stress–life (SN) curve slope of m=5, up to 65 % of damage is directly related to LFFDs.
摘要。海上风力涡轮机支撑结构是疲劳驱动设计,受到风、波浪和涡轮机控制的各种循环载荷的影响。虽然大多数风力涡轮机的载荷和海洋气象数据是在10分钟的短期间隔内收集的,但一些最大的疲劳循环周期超过了1天。因此,在使用行业标准的短期窗口时,没有充分考虑这些低频疲劳动力学(lffd)。为了在行业实践中恢复这些lffd,作者实施了一个短期到长期的因素,应用于累积的短期损害,同时保持10分钟数据的工作能力。在目前的工作中,我们研究了LFFD对风电场前后弯矩和侧面弯矩损伤的影响,以及传感器的应变测量及其在风电场内部和跨风电场的变化。虽然不同地点的结果差异很大,但对于当前地点和应力寿命(SN)曲线斜率为m=5的情况,高达65%的损伤与lffd直接相关。
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引用次数: 0
Wear test programs for roller-type pitch bearings of wind turbines 风力涡轮机滚子型变桨轴承磨损测试程序
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-06 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1821-2023
M. Stammler
Abstract. Pitch bearings are critical for the safe and efficient operation of wind turbines. They connect the rotor blades to the rotor hub and allow for pitching movements that control loads and rotor speeds. While four-point-contact ball bearings have been dominant in the past, three-row roller bearings are increasingly used in current designs due to their higher load capacity at the same diameter. Wear of the raceways is one of the possible damage mechanisms in pitch bearings. As roller bearings differ significantly from previous designs and because the operational conditions of wind turbines differ from other industrial applications, it is a reasonable de-risking exercise to undergo wear tests prior to the commissioning of such bearings. This study outlines a process for developing a wear test program based on aero-elastic simulation data and wind speed measurements. The process is then applied to an example roller bearing. The final program covers both standstill conditions and pitch cycles. The first is the main addition to former approaches. With existing test rigs and a reasonable budget and timeline, the program can be executed.
摘要。节距轴承对风力涡轮机的安全、高效运行至关重要。它们将转子叶片连接到转子轮毂,并允许俯仰运动来控制负载和转子速度。虽然四点接触球轴承在过去一直占主导地位,但由于在相同直径下具有更高的负载能力,三列滚子轴承在当前设计中越来越多地使用。滚道磨损是节距轴承可能的损伤机制之一。由于滚子轴承与以前的设计有很大不同,并且风力涡轮机的运行条件与其他工业应用不同,因此在此类轴承调试之前进行磨损测试是一种合理的降低风险的做法。本研究概述了基于气动弹性模拟数据和风速测量的磨损测试程序的开发过程。然后将该过程应用于示例滚子轴承。最后的程序包括静止状态和俯仰周期。第一种方法是对前几种方法的主要补充。有了现有的测试设备和合理的预算和时间表,该计划可以执行。
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引用次数: 0
Electrostatic discharge impacts on the main shaft bearings of wind turbines 静电放电对风力涡轮机主轴轴承的影响
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-05 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1809-2023
Jian Zhao, Xiangdong Xu, Ola Carlson
Abstract. This paper studies the electrostatic discharge effect in wind turbines, a possible trigger source of the main bearing current. A lab setup with a charge generator and downsized wind turbine was built to verify the impact of electrostatic discharge on the main bearing current. In the test, a fatal amplitude for the bearing current was found at only −93 mV driven voltage on the shaft. Compared with the bearing current driven by the common-mode voltage, the electrostatic discharge effect triggers the bearing breakdown at a lower shaft voltage but much higher bearing current amplitude. The results demonstrate that the electrostatic discharge effect is a pattern of the bearing current in wind turbines and is much more dangerous to the bearing.
摘要。本文研究了风力发电机静电放电效应,这是一种可能的主轴承电流触发源。为了验证静电放电对主轴承电流的影响,建立了一个带有电荷发生器和小型风力涡轮机的实验室装置。在测试中,仅在轴上的- 93 mV驱动电压下发现轴承电流的致命幅度。与共模电压驱动的轴承电流相比,静电放电效应在较低的轴电压和较高的轴承电流幅值下触发轴承击穿。结果表明,静电放电效应是风力发电机组轴承电流的一种模式,对轴承的危害更大。
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引用次数: 0
A method to correct for the effect of blockage and wakes on power performance measurements 校正阻塞和湍流对动力性能测量影响的方法
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-04 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1795-2023
A. Sebastiani, J. Bleeg, Alfredo Peña
Abstract. Wind turbine power performance measurements often occur at the perimeter of a wind farm, where the wind flow is subject to blockage effects, which might impact the measured power performance. We perform Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes simulations of a wind farm with five rows of 20 turbines each, operating in a conventionally neutral boundary layer, to evaluate whether the power performances measured for turbines in the upstream row would differ from that of a turbine operating in isolation under the same inflow conditions. We simulate the power performance measurements with both meteorological masts and nacelle-mounted lidars. Results show that blockage effects have an impact on the measured power performance of the wind farm turbines, with measured power coefficient varying more than 1 % relative to what is measured for the isolated turbine. In this work, we propose a method to correct for the effect of blockage on power performance measurements, yielding a curve that is more consistent with how power curves in energy yield analyses are defined and used, and thereby allowing for more useful comparisons between these curves. Our numerical results indicate that the correction method greatly reduces blockage-related variance and bias in the measured power curves. While flow modeling can be used to calculate the correction factors for actual power performance measurements in the field, we additionally show how some of the correction factors can be derived from lidar measurements. Finally, the numerical results suggest that the method could also be used to correct for the effect of wakes on power performance measurements conducted on turbines located downstream of the leading row.
摘要。风力发电机的功率性能测量通常发生在风电场的周边,那里的气流受到阻塞效应的影响,这可能会影响测量的功率性能。我们对一个风电场进行了reynolds -average Navier-Stokes模拟,该风电场有五排,每排20台涡轮机,在传统的中性边界层中运行,以评估在相同的流入条件下,上游排涡轮机的功率性能是否与隔离运行的涡轮机不同。我们模拟了气象桅杆和机舱安装的激光雷达的功率性能测量。结果表明,阻塞效应对风力发电机组的实测功率性能有影响,实测功率系数相对于隔离式风力发电机组的实测功率系数变化大于1%。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种方法来纠正阻塞对功率性能测量的影响,产生的曲线与能量产出分析中的功率曲线的定义和使用方式更加一致,从而允许在这些曲线之间进行更有用的比较。数值结果表明,修正方法大大降低了实测功率曲线中与阻塞相关的方差和偏差。虽然流动建模可用于计算现场实际功率性能测量的校正因子,但我们还展示了如何从激光雷达测量中推导出一些校正因子。最后,数值结果表明,该方法也可用于校正尾迹对排首下游涡轮功率性能测量的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Wake characteristics of a balloon wind turbine and aerodynamic analysis of its balloon using a large eddy simulation and actuator disk model 气球风力涡轮机的风浪特性以及利用大涡模拟和致动器圆盘模型对其气球进行的空气动力学分析
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-11-30 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1771-2023
Aref Ehteshami, Mostafa Varmazyar
Abstract. In the realm of novel technologies for generating electricity from renewable resources, an emerging category of wind energy converters called airborne wind energy systems (AWESs) has gained prominence. These pioneering systems employ tethered wings or aircraft that operate at higher atmospheric layers, enabling them to harness wind speeds surpassing conventional wind turbines' capabilities. The balloon wind turbine is one type of AWESs that utilizes the buoyancy effect to elevate the turbine to altitudes typically ranging from 400 to 1000 m. In this paper, the wake characteristics and aerodynamics of a balloon wind turbine were numerically investigated for different wind scenarios. Large eddy simulation, along with the actuator disk model, was employed to predict the wake behavior of the turbine. To improve the accuracy of the simulation results, a structured grid was generated and refined by using an algorithm to resolve about 80 % of the local turbulent kinetic energy in the wake. Results contributed to designing an optimized layout of wind farms and stability analysis of such systems. The capabilities of the hybrid large eddy simulation and actuator disk model (LES–ADM) when using the mesh generation algorithm were evaluated against the experimental data on a smaller wind turbine. The assessment revealed a good agreement between numerical and experimental results. While a weakened rotor wake was observed at the distance of 22.5 diameters downstream of the balloon turbine, the balloon wake disappeared at about 0.6 of that distance in all the wind scenarios. Vortices generated by the rotor and balloon started to merge at the tilt angle of 10∘, which intensified the turbulence intensity at 10 diameters downstream of the turbine for the wind speeds of 7 and 10 m s−1. By increasing the tilt angle, the lift force on the wings experienced a sharper increase with respect to that of the whole balloon, which signified a controlling system requirement for balancing such an extra lift force.
摘要在利用可再生资源发电的新技术领域,一种被称为机载风能系统(AWES)的新兴风能转换器已崭露头角。这些开创性的系统采用系留机翼或飞机,在较高的大气层运行,使其能够利用超过传统风力涡轮机能力的风速。气球风力涡轮机是 AWES 的一种,它利用浮力效应将涡轮机提升到通常为 400 至 1000 米的高度。本文针对不同的风力情况,对气球风力涡轮机的尾流特性和空气动力学进行了数值研究。采用大涡流模拟和致动器盘模型来预测涡轮机的尾流行为。为了提高模拟结果的准确性,使用一种算法生成并细化了结构化网格,以解析尾流中约 80% 的局部湍流动能。模拟结果有助于设计风电场的优化布局和对此类系统进行稳定性分析。使用网格生成算法时,混合大涡流模拟和致动器盘模型(LES-ADM)的能力根据较小风力涡轮机的实验数据进行了评估。评估结果表明,数值结果与实验结果之间存在良好的一致性。在气球涡轮机下游 22.5 直径处观察到转子尾流减弱,而在所有风力情况下,气球尾流在该距离的 0.6 处消失。在倾斜角为 10∘时,涡轮和气球产生的涡流开始合并,在风速为 7 m s-1 和 10 m s-1 时,涡轮下游 10 直径处的湍流强度增强。随着倾斜角的增大,机翼上的升力相对于整个气球的升力急剧增大,这表明控制系统需要平衡这种额外的升力。
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Wind Energy Science
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