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Analysis and multi-objective optimisation of wind turbine torque control strategies 风电机组转矩控制策略分析及多目标优化
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1553-2023
Livia Brandetti, Sebastiaan Paul Mulders, Yichao Liu, Simon Watson, Jan-Willem van Wingerden
Abstract. The combined wind speed estimator and tip-speed ratio (WSE–TSR) tracking wind turbine control scheme has seen recent and increased traction from the wind industry. The modern control scheme provides a flexible trade-off between power and load objectives. On the other hand, the Kω2 controller is often used based on its simplicity and steady-state optimality and is taken as a baseline here. This paper investigates the potential benefits of the WSE–TSR tracking controller compared to the baseline by analysis through a frequency-domain framework and by optimal calibration through a systematic procedure. A multi-objective optimisation problem is formulated for calibration with the conflicting objectives of power maximisation and torque fluctuation minimisation. The optimisation problem is solved by approximating the Pareto front based on the set of optimal solutions found by an explorative search. The Pareto fronts were obtained by mid-fidelity simulations with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5 MW turbine under turbulent wind conditions for calibration of the baseline and for increasing fidelities of the WSE–TSR tracking controller. Optimisation results show that the WSE–TSR tracking controller does not provide further benefits in energy capture compared to the baseline Kω2 controller. There is, however, a trade-off in torque control variance and power capture with control bandwidth. By lowering the bandwidth at the expense of generated power of 2 %, the torque actuation effort reduces by 80 % with respect to the optimal calibration corresponding to the highest control bandwidth.
摘要结合风速估计器和叶尖速比(WSE-TSR)跟踪风力发电机控制方案最近在风力行业得到了越来越多的关注。现代控制方案在功率和负载目标之间提供了灵活的权衡。另一方面,Kω2控制器由于其简单性和稳态最优性而经常被使用,并在这里作为基准。本文通过频域框架分析和系统程序的优化校准,研究了与基线相比,WSE-TSR跟踪控制器的潜在优势。针对功率最大化和扭矩波动最小化这两个相互冲突的目标,提出了一个多目标优化问题。基于探索性搜索找到的最优解集,通过逼近帕累托前沿来解决优化问题。利用国家可再生能源实验室(NREL) 5mw涡轮机在湍流风条件下进行中保真度模拟,获得了Pareto锋面,用于校准基线并提高WSE-TSR跟踪控制器的保真度。优化结果表明,与基线Kω2控制器相比,WSE-TSR跟踪控制器在能量捕获方面没有进一步的优势。然而,在转矩控制方差和功率捕获与控制带宽之间存在权衡。通过以降低2%的功率为代价降低带宽,相对于最高控制带宽对应的最佳校准,扭矩驱动的工作量减少了80%。
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引用次数: 1
Sensitivity analysis of numerical modeling input parameters on floating offshore wind turbine loads 海上浮式风力机载荷数值模拟输入参数敏感性分析
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1575-2023
Will Wiley, Jason Jonkman, Amy Robertson, Kelsey Shaler
Abstract. Floating wind turbines must withstand a unique and challenging set of loads from the wind and ocean environment. To de-risk development, accurate predictions of these loads are necessary. Uncertainty in modeling predictions leads to larger required safety factors, increasing project costs and the levelized cost of energy. Complex aero-hydro-elastic modeling tools use many input parameters to represent the wind, waves, current, aerodynamic loads, hydrodynamic loads, and structural properties. It is helpful to understand which of these parameters ultimately drives a design. In this work, an ultimate and fatigue-proxy load sensitivity analysis was performed with 35 different input parameters, using an elementary effects approach to identify the most influential parameters for a case study involving the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 5 MW baseline wind turbine atop the OC4-DeepCwind semisubmersible during normal operation. The importance of each parameter was evaluated using 14 response quantities of interest across three operational wind speed conditions. The study concludes that turbulent wind velocity standard deviation is the parameter with the strongest sensitivity; this value is important not just for turbine loads, but also for the global system response. The system center of mass in the wind direction is found to have the highest impact on the system rotation and tower loads. The current velocity is found to be the most dominating parameter for the system global motion and consequently the mooring loads. All tested wind turbulence parameters in addition to the standard deviation are also found to be influential. Wave characteristics are influential for some fatigue-proxy loading but do not significantly impact the extreme ultimate loads in these operational load cases. The required number of random seeds for stochastic environmental conditions is considered to ensure that the sensitivities are due to the input parameters and not due to the seed. The required number of analysis points in the parameter space is identified so that the conclusions represent a global sensitivity. The results are specific to the platform, turbine, and choice of parameter ranges, but the demonstrated approach can be applied widely to guide focus in parameter uncertainty.
摘要浮动式风力涡轮机必须承受来自风和海洋环境的独特和具有挑战性的负载。为了降低开发的风险,对这些负荷的准确预测是必要的。建模预测的不确定性导致所需的安全系数增大,增加了项目成本和能源成本。复杂的气动-水弹性建模工具使用许多输入参数来表示风、波浪、电流、空气动力载荷、水动力载荷和结构特性。了解这些参数中的哪一个最终驱动设计是有帮助的。在这项工作中,对35个不同的输入参数进行了极限和疲劳代理负载敏感性分析,使用基本效应方法来确定最具影响力的参数,该案例研究涉及国家可再生能源实验室(NREL)在OC4-DeepCwind半潜式船正常运行时顶部的5mw基线风力涡轮机。每个参数的重要性是通过在三种风速条件下使用14个感兴趣的响应量来评估的。研究表明,湍流风速标准差是最敏感的参数;这个值不仅对涡轮负载很重要,而且对整个系统响应也很重要。系统质心风向对系统旋转和塔荷载的影响最大。发现当前速度是系统全局运动的最主要参数,因此是系泊载荷的最主要参数。除标准偏差外,所有被测风湍流参数也都有影响。波浪特性对某些疲劳代理载荷有影响,但对这些操作载荷情况下的极端极限载荷没有显著影响。考虑了随机环境条件下所需的随机种子数,以确保灵敏度是由输入参数而不是由种子决定的。确定了参数空间中所需的分析点的数量,从而使结论具有全局敏感性。结果是特定于平台,涡轮和参数范围的选择,但所证明的方法可以广泛应用于参数不确定性的指导焦点。
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引用次数: 0
A decision-tree-based measure–correlate–predict approach for peak wind gust estimation from a global reanalysis dataset 基于决策树的测量相关预测方法估算全球再分析数据集的峰值阵风
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1533-2023
Serkan Kartal, Sukanta Basu, Simon J. Watson
Abstract. Peak wind gust (Wp) is a crucial meteorological variable for wind farm planning and operations. However, for many wind farm sites, there is a dearth of on-site measurements of Wp. In this paper, we propose a machine-learning approach (called INTRIGUE, decIsioN-TRee-based wInd GUst Estimation) that utilizes numerous inputs from a public-domain reanalysis dataset and, in turn, generates multi-year, site-specific Wp series. Through a systematic feature importance study, we also identify the most relevant meteorological variables for Wp estimation. The INTRIGUE approach outperforms the baseline predictions for all wind gust conditions. However, the performance of this proposed approach and the baselines for extreme conditions (i.e., Wp>20 m s−1) is less satisfactory.
摘要峰值阵风(Wp)是风电场规划和运行的重要气象变量。然而,对于许多风力发电场,缺乏Wp的现场测量。在本文中,我们提出了一种机器学习方法(称为“阴谋”,基于决策树的阵风估计),该方法利用来自公共领域再分析数据集的大量输入,进而生成多年的、特定地点的Wp系列。通过系统的特征重要性研究,我们还确定了与Wp估算最相关的气象变量。阴谋方法优于所有阵风条件的基线预测。然而,该方法的性能和极端条件(即Wp>20 m s−1)的基线不太令人满意。
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引用次数: 0
Revealing inflow and wake conditions of a 6 MW floating turbine 揭示了6mw浮式涡轮机的流入和尾流状况
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-10-12 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1511-2023
Nikolas Angelou, Jakob Mann, Camille Dubreuil-Boisclair
Abstract. We investigate the characteristics of the inflow and the wake of a 6 MW floating wind turbine from the Hywind Scotland offshore wind farm, the world's first floating wind farm. We use two commercial nacelle-mounted lidars to measure the up- and downwind conditions with a fixed and a scanning measuring geometry, respectively. In the analysis, the effect of the pitch and roll angles of the nacelle on the lidar measuring location is taken into account. The upwind conditions are parameterized in terms of the mean horizontal wind vector at hub height, the shear and veer of the wind profile along the upper part of the rotor, and the induction of the wind turbine rotor. The wake characteristics are studied in two narrow wind speed intervals between 8.5–9.5 and 12.5–13.5 m s−1, corresponding to below and above rotor rated speeds, respectively, and for turbulence intensity values between 3.3 %–6.4 %. The wake flow is measured along a horizontal plane by a wind lidar scanning in a plan position indicator mode, which reaches 10 D downwind. This study focuses on the downstream area between 3 and 8 D. In this region, our observations show that the transverse profile of the wake can be adequately described by a self-similar wind speed deficit that follows a Gaussian distribution. We find that even small variations (∼1 %–2 %) in the ambient turbulence intensity can result in an up to 10 % faster wake recovery. Furthermore, we do not observe any additional spread of the wake due to the motion of the floating wind turbine examined in this study.
摘要我们研究了世界上第一个浮式风力发电场,Hywind苏格兰海上风力发电场的6兆瓦浮式风力涡轮机的流入和尾流特征。我们使用两个商用的安装在机舱内的激光雷达,分别采用固定和扫描测量几何形状来测量顺风和顺风条件。在分析中,考虑了机舱俯仰角和侧滚角对激光雷达测量位置的影响。逆风条件参数化为轮毂高度的平均水平风矢量、转子上部风廓线的切变和转向以及风力机转子的感应。研究了在8.5-9.5和12.5-13.5 m s - 1两个狭窄风速区间,分别对应于低于和高于转子额定速度,湍流强度在3.3% - 6.4%之间时的尾迹特性。采用平面位置指示方式,利用风激光雷达沿水平方向扫描尾流,测量尾流在下风10 D的位置。本研究主要集中在3 ~ 8 d之间的下游区域,在该区域,我们的观测表明,尾流的横向轮廓可以用遵循高斯分布的自相似风速亏缺来充分描述。我们发现,即使环境湍流强度的微小变化(~ 1% - 2%)也能使尾流恢复速度加快10%。此外,我们没有观察到由于本研究中检查的浮动风力涡轮机的运动而导致的尾流的任何额外扩展。
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引用次数: 1
The effect of site-specific wind conditions and individual pitch control on wear of blade bearings 场地特定风力条件和个体节距控制对叶片轴承磨损的影响
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-10-09 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1495-2023
Arne Bartschat, Karsten Behnke, Matthias Stammler
Abstract. The characteristics of a pitch controller determine how the wind turbine reacts to different wind conditions. Control strategies like individual pitch control are known for their ability to reduce the amplitudes of load cycles of the structures of the wind turbine while influencing the operation conditions of the blade bearings in a challenging way. However, the control strategy is not the only influencing factor with respect to failure modes of blade bearings like wear and raceway fatigue. The site-specific and stochastic wind conditions can cause wear-critical operating conditions, which are usually not reflected in the rather short time frames of aeroelastic simulations. This work analyses exemplary wind and operating conditions of one specific site regarding their influence on wear in blade bearings. It is based on measured wind conditions and the modeled behavior of the individual pitch-controlled IWT-7.5-164 reference wind turbine with respect to its pitch activity. The simulation data are used to determine the longest period of uninterrupted wear-critical operation and create a test program based on it for scaled and real-size blade bearings. Experimental results based on this test program show that wear-critical operation conditions can occur during normal operation of a wind turbine and cause mild wear damage to the bearing raceways.
摘要螺距控制器的特性决定了风力发电机对不同风力条件的反应。像单个俯仰控制这样的控制策略以其降低风力涡轮机结构的载荷周期幅值的能力而闻名,同时以一种具有挑战性的方式影响叶片轴承的运行条件。然而,控制策略并不是影响叶片轴承磨损和滚道疲劳等失效模式的唯一因素。场地特定的和随机的风条件可能导致磨损临界工况,这通常不会反映在空气弹性模拟的相当短的时间框架中。这项工作分析了一个特定地点的典型风和操作条件对叶片轴承磨损的影响。它是基于测量的风条件和单个螺距控制的IWT-7.5-164参考风力涡轮机关于其螺距活动的建模行为。模拟数据用于确定最长的不间断磨损临界运行时间,并基于此创建缩放和实际尺寸叶片轴承的测试程序。基于该试验程序的试验结果表明,风力发电机在正常运行过程中可能出现磨损临界工况,并对轴承滚道造成轻度磨损损伤。
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引用次数: 0
Difference in load predictions obtained with effective turbulence vs. a dynamic wake meandering modeling approach 有效湍流与动态尾流建模方法在负荷预测方面的差异
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-09-28 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1475-2023
Paula Doubrawa, Kelsey Shaler, Jason Jonkman
Abstract. According to the international standard for wind turbine design, the effects of wind turbine wakes on structural loads can be considered in two ways: (1) by augmenting the ambient turbulence levels with the effective turbulence model (EFF) and then calculating the resulting loads and (2) by performing dynamic wake meandering (DWM) simulations, which compute wake effects and loads for all turbines on a farm at once. There is no definitive answer in scientific literature as to the consequences of choosing one model over the other, but the two approaches are unarguably very different. The work presented here expounds on these differences and investigates to what extent they affect the simulated structural loads. We consider an idealized 4×4 rectangular array of National Renewable Energy Laboratory 5 MW wind turbines with a spacing of 5 by 8 rotor diameters and three wind speed scenarios at high ambient turbulence. Load simulations are performed in OpenFAST with EFF and in FAST.Farm with the DWM implementation. We compare ambient turbulence, wind farm turbulence, and loads between both approaches. When omnidirectional results are compared, EFF wind farm turbulence intensity is consistently higher by 0.2 % (above-rated wind speed) to 2.7 % (below-rated wind speed). However, for certain wind directions, the EFF turbulence can be lower than FAST.Farm by almost 9 %. Wind speeds within the farm were found to differ by up to 3 m s−1 due to the lack of wake deficits in the EFF approach, leading to longer tails toward low values in the FAST.Farm mean load distributions. Consistent with the turbulence results, the median EFF load standard deviations are also consistently higher, by a maximum of 20 % and 17 % for blade-root out-of-plane and tower-base fore-aft moments, respectively.
摘要根据风力机设计的国际标准,风力机尾迹对结构载荷的影响可以通过两种方式考虑:(1)通过有效湍流模型(EFF)增加环境湍流水平,然后计算产生的载荷;(2)通过动态尾迹弯曲(DWM)模拟,同时计算风力机所有涡轮机的尾迹效应和载荷。在科学文献中,对于选择一种模型而不是另一种模型的后果,没有明确的答案,但这两种方法无疑是非常不同的。本文阐述了这些差异,并研究了它们对模拟结构荷载的影响程度。我们考虑了一个理想的4×4国家可再生能源实验室5mw风力涡轮机矩形阵列,其转子直径间距为5 × 8,在高环境湍流中有三种风速情景。负载仿真分别在OpenFAST和FAST中进行。使用DWM实现进行Farm。我们比较了两种方法之间的环境湍流、风电场湍流和负载。当全向结果进行比较时,EFF风电场湍流强度始终高于0.2%(高于额定风速)至2.7%(低于额定风速)。然而,对于某些风向,EFF湍流可以低于FAST。农场增长了近9%。由于EFF方法缺乏尾流缺陷,发现电场内的风速相差高达3 m s - 1,导致FAST中较低值的尾翼较长。农场平均负荷分布。与湍流结果一致,中位EFF载荷标准偏差也始终较高,叶根面外力矩和塔基前后力矩分别最高为20%和17%。
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引用次数: 0
A neighborhood search integer programming approach for wind farm layout optimization 一种邻域搜索整数规划方法用于风电场布局优化
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1453-2023
Juan-Andrés Pérez-Rúa, Mathias Stolpe, Nicolaos Antonio Cutululis
Abstract. Two models and a heuristic algorithm to address the wind farm layout optimization problem are presented. The models are linear integer programming formulations where candidate locations of wind turbines are described by binary variables. One formulation considers an approximation of the power curve by means of a stepwise constant function. The other model is based on a power-curve-free model where minimization of a measure closely related to total wind speed deficit is optimized. A special-purpose neighborhood search heuristic wraps these formulations with increasing tractability and effectiveness compared to the full model that is not contained in the heuristic. The heuristic iteratively searches for neighborhoods around the incumbent using a branch-and-cut algorithm. The number of candidate locations and neighborhood sizes are adjusted adaptively. Numerical results on a set of publicly available benchmark problems indicate that a proxy for total wind speed deficit as an objective is a functional approach, since high-quality solutions of the metric of annual energy production are obtained when using the latter function as an substitute objective. Furthermore, the proposed heuristic is able to provide good results compared to a large set of distinctive approaches that consider the turbine positions as continuous variables.
摘要提出了两个求解风电场布局优化问题的模型和一种启发式算法。该模型是线性整数规划公式,其中风力涡轮机候选位置由二元变量描述。一种公式考虑用逐步常数函数逼近功率曲线。另一个模型是基于一个无功率曲线模型,其中最小化与总风速赤字密切相关的措施是优化的。与未包含在启发式中的完整模型相比,一个特殊用途的邻域搜索启发式将这些公式包装起来,具有更高的可追溯性和有效性。启发式算法使用分支切断算法迭代地搜索在位者周围的邻域。候选位置的数量和邻域大小自适应调整。在一组公开的基准问题上的数值结果表明,总风速赤字作为目标的代理是一种函数方法,因为当使用后者作为替代目标时,获得了年能源生产度量的高质量解。此外,与将涡轮机位置视为连续变量的大量不同方法相比,所提出的启发式方法能够提供良好的结果。
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引用次数: 1
Sensitivity analysis of wake steering optimisation for wind farm power maximisation 风电场功率最大化尾流转向优化的灵敏度分析
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1425-2023
Filippo Gori, Sylvain Laizet, Andrew Wynn
Abstract. Modern large-scale wind farms consist of multiple turbines clustered together, usually in well-structured formations. Clustering has a number of drawbacks during a wind farm's operation, as some of the downstream turbines will inevitably operate in the wake of those upstream, with a significant reduction in power output and an increase in fatigue loads. Wake steering, a control strategy in which upstream wind turbines are misaligned with the wind to redirect their wakes away from downstream turbines, is a promising strategy to mitigate power losses. The purpose of this work is to investigate the sensitivity of open-loop wake steering optimisation in which an internal predictive wake model is used to determine the farm power output as a function of the turbine yaw angles. Three different layouts are investigated with increasing levels of complexity. A simple 2×1 farm layout under aligned conditions is first considered, allowing for a careful investigation of the sensitivity to wake models and operating conditions. A medium-complexity case of a generic 5×5 farm layout under aligned conditions is examined to enable the study of a more complex design space. The final layout investigated is the Horns Rev wind farm (80 turbines), for which there have been very few studies of the performance or sensitivity of wake steering optimisation. Overall, the results indicate a strong sensitivity of wake steering strategies to both the analytical wake model choice and the particular implementation of algorithms used for optimisation. Significant variability can be observed in both farm power improvement and optimal yaw settings, depending on the optimisation setup. Through a statistical analysis of the impact of optimiser initialisation and a study of the multi-modal and discontinuous nature of the underlying farm power objective functions, this study shows that the uncovered sensitivities represent a fundamental challenge to robustly identifying globally optimal solutions for the high-dimensional optimisation problems arising from realistic wind farm layouts. This paper proposes a simple strategy for sensitivity mitigation by introducing additional optimisation constraints, leading to higher farm power improvements and more consistent, coherent, and practicable optimal yaw angle settings.
摘要现代大型风力发电场由多个涡轮机聚集在一起组成,通常结构良好。在风力发电场的运行过程中,集群有很多缺点,因为一些下游的涡轮机将不可避免地跟随上游的涡轮机运行,这将导致功率输出的显著减少和疲劳负荷的增加。尾流转向是一种控制策略,它使上游风力涡轮机与风错位,使其尾流远离下游涡轮机,这是一种很有前途的减少功率损失的策略。这项工作的目的是研究开环尾流转向优化的敏感性,其中使用内部预测尾流模型来确定作为涡轮偏航角的函数的农场功率输出。三种不同的布局随着复杂度的增加而被研究。首先考虑在对齐条件下的简单2×1农场布局,允许仔细调查对尾流模型和操作条件的敏感性。中等复杂的情况下,一个通用的5×5农场布局在对齐条件下进行检查,使研究更复杂的设计空间。最终研究的布局是Horns Rev风电场(80台涡轮机),很少有关于尾流转向优化性能或灵敏度的研究。总体而言,结果表明尾流转向策略对分析尾流模型选择和用于优化的算法的特定实现都具有很强的敏感性。根据优化设置,在机场功率改进和最佳偏航设置中都可以观察到显著的可变性。通过对优化器初始化影响的统计分析,以及对潜在风电场目标函数的多模态和不连续性质的研究,本研究表明,未发现的敏感性代表了对现实风电场布局引起的高维优化问题的鲁棒性识别全局最优解的基本挑战。本文提出了一种简单的策略,通过引入额外的优化约束来降低灵敏度,从而提高机场功率和更一致、连贯和可行的最佳偏航角设置。
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引用次数: 0
Towards smart blades for vertical axis wind turbines: different airfoil shapes and tip speed ratios 朝着智能叶片垂直轴风力涡轮机:不同的翼型形状和尖端速度比
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-09-12 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1403-2023
Mohammad Rasoul Tirandaz, Abdolrahim Rezaeiha, Daniel Micallef
Abstract. Future wind turbines will benefit from state-of-the-art technologies that allow them to not only operate efficiently in any environmental condition but also maximise the power output and cut the cost of energy production. Smart technology, based on morphing blades, is one of the promising tools that could make this possible. The present study serves as a first step towards designing morphing blades as functions of azimuthal angle and tip speed ratio for vertical axis wind turbines. The focus of this work is on individual and combined quasi-static analysis of three airfoil shape-defining parameters, namely the maximum thickness t/c and its chordwise position xt/c as well as the leading-edge radius index I. A total of 126 airfoils are generated for a single-blade H-type Darrieus turbine with a fixed blade and spoke connection point at c/2. The analysis is based on 630 high-fidelity transient 2D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations previously validated with experiments. The results show that with increasing tip speed ratio the optimal maximum thickness decreases from 24 %c (percent of the airfoil chord length in metres) to 10 %c, its chordwise position shifts from 35 %c to 22.5 %c, while the corresponding leading-edge radius index remains at 4.5. The results show an average relative improvement of 0.46 and an average increase of nearly 0.06 in CP for all the values of tip speed ratio.
摘要未来的风力涡轮机将受益于最先进的技术,这些技术不仅使它们能够在任何环境条件下高效运行,而且还能最大限度地提高功率输出并降低能源生产成本。基于变形叶片的智能技术是实现这一目标的有前途的工具之一。本文的研究为垂直轴风力机的变形叶片方位角和叶尖速比函数的设计迈出了第一步。这项工作的重点是对三个翼型形状定义参数的单独和组合准静态分析,即最大厚度t/c及其弦向位置xt/c以及前缘半径指数i。在c/2处具有固定叶片和辐条连接点的单叶片h型达里欧斯涡轮共产生126个翼型。该分析基于630个高保真瞬态二维计算流体动力学(CFD)模拟,之前已通过实验验证。结果表明,随着叶尖速比的增加,最佳最大厚度从24% c(占翼型弦长米数的百分比)减小到10% c,弦向位置从35% c移动到22.5% c,而相应的前缘半径指数保持在4.5。结果表明,各叶尖速比值的CP值平均提高了0.46,平均提高了近0.06。
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引用次数: 0
Extending the dynamic wake meandering model in HAWC2Farm: a comparison with field measurements at the Lillgrund wind farm HAWC2Farm中动态尾流弯曲模型的扩展:与Lillgrund风电场的现场测量结果的比较
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-09-08 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1387-2023
J. Liew, T. Göçmen, A. Lio, G. Larsen
Abstract. With the increasing growth of wind farm installations, the impact of wake effects caused by wind turbines on power output, structural loads, and revenue has become more relevant than ever. Consequently, there is a need for precise simulation tools to facilitate efficient and cost-effective design and operation of wind farms. To address this need, we present HAWC2Farm,a dynamic and versatile aeroelastic wind farm simulation methodology that combines state-of-the-art engineering models to accurately capture the complex physical phenomena in wind farms. HAWC2Farm employs the aeroelastic wind turbine simulator, HAWC2, to model each individual turbine within the wind farm. It utilises a shared, large-scale turbulence box to represent atmospheric flow field effects at the farm level. The methodology incorporates a modified version of the dynamic wake meandering model to accurately capture wake interactions. This approach not only ensures computational efficiency but also provides valuable insights for wind farm design and operation. To assess its performance, HAWC2Farm is compared using time series extracted from field measurements at the Lillgrund wind farm, encompassing various scenarios involving wake steering via yaw control and a turbine shutdown. The results indicate that HAWC2Farm effectively addresses the challenges associated with modelling the complex dynamics within wind farms, thereby enabling more precise, informed, and cost-effective design and operation strategies.
摘要随着风电场装机的不断增长,风力涡轮机引起的尾流效应对功率输出、结构负载和收入的影响比以往任何时候都更加重要。因此,需要精确的模拟工具来促进风电场的高效和成本效益的设计和运营。为了满足这一需求,我们提出了HAWC2Farm,这是一种动态且通用的气动弹性风电场模拟方法,它结合了最先进的工程模型,以准确捕捉风电场中的复杂物理现象。HAWC2Farm采用气动弹性风力涡轮机模拟器HAWC2对风电场内的每个单独的涡轮机进行建模。它利用一个共享的大型湍流箱来表示农场层面的大气流场效应。该方法结合了动态尾流弯曲模型的修改版本,以准确捕捉尾流相互作用。这种方法不仅确保了计算效率,而且为风电场的设计和运营提供了有价值的见解。为了评估其性能,使用从Lillgrund风电场的现场测量中提取的时间序列对HAWC2Farm进行了比较,包括通过偏航控制和涡轮机停机进行尾流转向的各种场景。结果表明,HAWC2Farm有效地解决了与风电场内复杂动力学建模相关的挑战,从而实现了更精确、更知情、更具成本效益的设计和运营策略。
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引用次数: 0
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Wind Energy Science
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