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Wind vane correction during yaw misalignment for horizontal-axis wind turbines 水平轴风力涡轮机偏航失准时的风叶校正
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-11-23 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1755-2023
A. Rott, Leo Höning, Paul Hulsman, L. J. Lukassen, Christof Moldenhauer, Martin Kühn
Abstract. This paper investigates the accuracy of wind direction measurements for horizontal-axis wind turbines and their impact on yaw control. The yaw controller is crucial for aligning the rotor with the wind direction and optimizing energy extraction. Wind direction is conventionally measured by one or two wind vanes located on the nacelle, but the proximity of the rotor can interfere with these measurements. The authors show that the conventional corrections, including low-pass filters and calibrated offset correction, are inadequate to correct a systematic overestimation of the wind direction deviation caused by the rotor misalignment. This measurement error can lead to an overcorrection of the yaw controller and, thus, to an oscillating yaw behaviour, even if the wind direction is relatively steady. The authors present a theoretical basis and methods for quantifying the wind vane measurement error and validate their findings using computational fluid dynamics simulations and operational data from two commercial wind turbines. Additionally, the authors propose a correction function that improves the wind vane measurements and demonstrate its effectiveness in two free-field experiments. Overall, the paper provides new insights into the accuracy of wind direction measurements and proposes solutions to improve the yaw control for horizontal-axis wind turbines.
摘要本文研究了水平轴风力涡轮机的风向测量精度及其对偏航控制的影响。偏航控制器对于使转子对准风向并优化能量提取至关重要。风向通常由位于机舱上的一个或两个风向叶片测量,但转子的靠近会干扰这些测量。作者的研究表明,传统的校正方法,包括低通滤波器和校准偏移校正,不足以校正转子错位造成的系统性高估风向偏差。即使风向相对稳定,这种测量误差也会导致偏航控制器的过度修正,从而产生偏航振荡行为。作者提出了量化风向标测量误差的理论基础和方法,并使用计算流体动力学模拟和两台商用风力涡轮机的运行数据验证了他们的研究结果。此外,作者还提出了一种可改善风向标测量的修正函数,并在两个自由场实验中证明了其有效性。总之,本文为风向测量的准确性提供了新的见解,并提出了改进水平轴风力涡轮机偏航控制的解决方案。
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引用次数: 0
From wind conditions to operational strategy: optimal planning of wind turbine damage progression over its lifetime 从风力条件到运行策略:风力涡轮机寿命期内损害进展的优化规划
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-11-20 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1727-2023
Niklas Requate, Tobias Meyer, René Hofmann
Abstract. Renewable energies have an entirely different cost structure than fossil-fuel-based electricity generation. This is mainly due to the operation at zero marginal cost, whereas for fossil fuel plants the fuel itself is a major driver of the entire cost of energy. For a wind turbine, most of the materials and resources are spent up front. Over its lifetime, this initial capital and material investment is converted into usable energy. Therefore, it is desirable to gain the maximum benefit from the utilized materials for each individual turbine over its entire operating lifetime. Material usage is closely linked to individual damage progression of various turbine components and their respective failure modes. In this work, we present a novel approach for an optimal long-term planning of the operation of wind energy systems over their entire lifetime. It is based on a process for setting up a mathematical optimization problem that optimally distributes the available damage budget of a given failure mode over the entire lifetime. The complete process ranges from an adaptation of real-time wind turbine control to the evaluation of long-term goals and requirements. During this process, relevant deterministic external conditions and real-time controller setpoints influence the damage progression with equal importance. Finally, the selection of optimal planning strategies is based on an economic evaluation. The method is applied to an example for demonstration. It shows the high potential of the approach for an effective damage reduction in different use cases. The focus of the example is to effectively reduce power of a turbine under conditions where high loads are induced from wake-induced turbulence of neighbouring turbines. Through the optimization approach, the damage budget can be saved or spent under conditions where it pays off most in the long term. This way, it is possible to gain more energy from a given system and thus to reduce cost and ecological impact by a better usage of materials.
摘要可再生能源的成本结构与化石燃料发电完全不同。这主要是由于可再生能源的运行边际成本为零,而化石燃料发电厂的燃料本身是整个能源成本的主要驱动因素。对于风力涡轮机来说,大部分材料和资源都是先期投入的。在其使用寿命期间,这些初始资本和材料投资将转化为可用能源。因此,我们希望在每台涡轮机的整个运行寿命期间,都能从所使用的材料中获得最大收益。材料的使用与各个涡轮机部件的损坏程度及其各自的失效模式密切相关。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种新方法,用于优化风能系统在整个生命周期内的长期运行规划。该方法基于一个数学优化问题的设置过程,可在整个生命周期内优化分配特定故障模式的可用损坏预算。整个过程包括从风力涡轮机实时控制的调整到长期目标和要求的评估。在这一过程中,相关的确定性外部条件和实时控制器设定点对损害的进展有着同等重要的影响。最后,根据经济评估选择最佳规划策略。该方法被应用于一个实例进行演示。它显示了该方法在不同使用情况下有效减少损坏的巨大潜力。示例的重点是在邻近涡轮机的尾流引起高负荷的情况下,有效降低涡轮机的功率。通过优化方法,可以节省损害预算或将其用于长期回报最大的情况。这样,就有可能从给定的系统中获得更多能量,从而通过更好地使用材料来降低成本和对生态的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Realistic turbulent inflow conditions for estimating the performance of a floating wind turbine 用于估算浮动风力涡轮机性能的真实湍流流入条件
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-11-16 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1711-2023
C´edric Raibaudo, J. Gilloteaux, Laurent Perret
Abstract. A novel method for generating turbulent inflow boundary conditions for aeroelastic computations is proposed, based on interfacing hybrid hot-wire and particle image velocimetry measurements performed in a wind tunnel to a full-scale load simulation conducted with FAST. This approach is based on the use of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) to interpolate and extrapolate the experimental data onto the numerical grid. The temporal dynamics of the temporal POD coefficients is driven by the high-frequency hot-wire measurements used as input for a lower-order model built using a multi-time-delay linear stochastic estimation (LSE) approach. Being directly extracted from the data, the generated three-component velocity fields later used as inlet conditions present correct one- and two-point spatial statistics and realistic temporal dynamics. Wind tunnel measurements are performed at a scale of 1:750, using a properly scaled porous disk as a floating wind turbine model. The motions of the platform are imposed by a linear actuator. Between all 6 degrees of freedom (DOFs) possible, the present study focus on the streamwise direction motion of the model (surge motion). The POD analysis of the flow, with or without considering the presence of the surge motion of the model, shows that a few modes are able to capture the characteristics of the most energetic flow structures and the main features of the wind turbine wake, such as its meandering and the influence of the surge motion. The interfacing method is first tested to estimate the performance of a wind turbine in an offshore boundary layer and then those of a wind turbine immersed in the wake of an upstream wind turbine subjected to a sinusoidal surge motion. Results are also compared to those obtained using the standard inflow generation method provided by TurbSim available in FAST.
摘要在风洞中进行的混合热线和粒子图像测速测量与利用 FAST 进行的全尺度载荷模拟之间的接口基础上,提出了一种为气动弹性计算生成湍流流入边界条件的新方法。这种方法的基础是使用适当的正交分解(POD)将实验数据内插和外推到数值网格上。时间 POD 系数的时间动态由高频热线测量值驱动,这些测量值用作使用多时间延迟线性随机估计 (LSE) 方法建立的低阶模型的输入。由于直接从数据中提取,生成的三分量速度场后来被用作入口条件,呈现出正确的单点和两点空间统计和逼真的时间动态。风洞测量的比例为 1:750,使用适当比例的多孔盘作为浮动风力涡轮机模型。平台的运动由一个线性致动器施加。在所有可能的 6 个自由度(DOF)中,本研究侧重于模型的流向运动(浪涌运动)。在考虑或不考虑模型激波运动的情况下对流动进行的 POD 分析表明,一些模式能够捕捉到最有能量的流动结构的特征以及风轮机尾流的主要特征,例如其蜿蜒性和激波运动的影响。首先对界面方法进行了测试,以估算离岸边界层中风力涡轮机的性能,然后估算浸没在正弦激波运动的上游风力涡轮机尾流中的风力涡轮机的性能。此外,还将结果与使用 FAST 中 TurbSim 提供的标准流入生成方法得出的结果进行了比较。
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引用次数: 0
Increased power gains from wake steering control using preview wind direction information 利用预览风向信息进行尾流转向控制,提高功率增益
IF 4 Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1693-2023
B.A.M. Sengers, A. Rott, E. Simley, M. Sinner, G. Steinfeld, Martin Kühn
Abstract. Yaw controllers typically rely on measurements taken at the wind turbine, resulting in a slow reaction to wind direction changes and subsequent power losses due to misalignments. Delayed yaw action is especially problematic in wake steering operation because it can result in power losses when the yaw misalignment angle deviates from the intended one due to a changing wind direction. This study explores the use of preview wind direction information for wake steering control in a two-turbine setup with a wind speed in the partial load range. For these conditions and a simple yaw controller, results from an engineering model identify an optimum preview time of 90 s. These results are validated by forcing wind direction changes in a large-eddy simulation model. For a set of six simulations with large wind direction changes, the average power gain from wake steering increases from only 0.44 % to 1.32 %. For a second set of six simulations with smaller wind direction changes, the average power gain from wake steering increases from 1.24 % to 1.85 %. Low-frequency fluctuations are shown to have a larger impact on the performance of wake steering and the effectiveness of preview control, in particular, than high-frequency fluctuations. From these results, it is concluded that the benefit of preview wind direction control for wake steering is substantial, making it a topic worth pursuing in future work.
摘要偏航控制器通常依赖于在风力涡轮机上进行的测量,因此对风向变化的反应速度较慢,进而会因偏差造成功率损失。由于风向变化导致偏航错位角偏离预定角度,因此偏航动作延迟在尾流转向操作中问题尤为严重,会造成功率损失。本研究探讨了在风速处于部分负荷范围内的双涡轮机设置中使用预览风向信息进行尾流转向控制的问题。对于这些条件和简单的偏航控制器,工程模型的结果确定了 90 秒的最佳预览时间。通过在大涡流模拟模型中强制改变风向,对这些结果进行了验证。在风向变化较大的六组模拟中,尾流转向的平均功率增益从 0.44% 增加到 1.32%。在风向变化较小的第二组六次模拟中,尾流转向的平均功率增益从 1.24 % 增加到 1.85 %。与高频波动相比,低频波动对尾流转向性能和预览控制效果的影响更大。从这些结果中可以得出结论,预览风向控制对尾流转向的益处是巨大的,因此值得在今后的工作中继续研究。
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引用次数: 0
On the characteristics of the wake of a wind turbine undergoing large motions caused by a floating structure: an insight based on experiments and multi-fidelity simulations from the OC6 project Phase III 基于OC6项目第三期实验和多保真度模拟的研究:浮式结构引起的风力涡轮机大运动尾迹的特性
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-11-10 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023
Stefano Cioni, Francesco Papi, Leonardo Pagamonci, Alessandro Bianchini, Néstor Ramos-García, Georg Pirrung, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Ronan Boisard, Alessandro Fontanella, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Marco Belloli, Andrea Sanvito, Giacomo Persico, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Yarong Zhou, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Ricardo Amaral, Axelle Viré, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, David Marten, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Pau Trubat, Climent Molins, Roger Bergua, Emmanuel Branlard, Jason Jonkman, Amy Robertson
Abstract. This study reports the results of the second round of analyses of the Offshore Code Comparison, Collaboration, Continued, with Correlation and unCertainty (OC6) project Phase III. While the first round investigated rotor aerodynamic loading, here, focus is given to the wake behavior of a floating wind turbine under large motion. Wind tunnel experimental data from the UNsteady Aerodynamics for FLOating Wind (UNAFLOW) project are compared with the results of simulations provided by participants with methods and codes of different levels of fidelity. The effect of platform motion on both the near and the far wake is investigated. More specifically, the behavior of tip vortices in the near wake is evaluated through multiple metrics, such as streamwise position, core radius, convection velocity, and circulation. Additionally, the onset of velocity oscillations in the far wake is analyzed because this can have a negative effect on stability and loading of downstream rotors. Results in the near wake for unsteady cases confirm that simulations and experiments tend to diverge from the expected linearized quasi-steady behavior when the rotor reduced frequency increases over 0.5. Additionally, differences across the simulations become significant, suggesting that further efforts are required to tune the currently available methodologies in order to correctly evaluate the aerodynamic response of a floating wind turbine in unsteady conditions. Regarding the far wake, it is seen that, in some conditions, numerical methods overpredict the impact of platform motion on the velocity fluctuations. Moreover, results suggest that the effect of platform motion on the far wake, differently from original expectations about a faster wake recovery in a floating wind turbine, seems to be limited or even oriented to the generation of a wake less prone to dissipation.
摘要本研究报告了Offshore Code Comparison, Collaboration, continue with Correlation and unCertainty (OC6)项目第三阶段第二轮分析的结果。第一轮研究的是转子气动载荷,而本次研究的重点是大运动下浮式风力机的尾迹特性。本文将UNAFLOW项目的风洞实验数据与采用不同保真度方法和代码的参与者提供的模拟结果进行了比较。研究了平台运动对近尾迹和远尾迹的影响。更具体地说,叶尖涡在近尾迹中的行为是通过多个指标来评估的,如流向位置、核心半径、对流速度和环流。此外,还分析了远尾迹中速度振荡的开始,因为这可能对下游转子的稳定性和负载产生负面影响。非定常情况下近尾迹的模拟和实验结果证实,当转子降频增加超过0.5时,模拟和实验结果与预期的线性化准定常行为有所偏离。此外,模拟之间的差异变得显著,这表明需要进一步努力调整当前可用的方法,以便正确评估非定常条件下浮动风力涡轮机的空气动力学响应。对于远尾迹,可以看出,在某些情况下,数值方法高估了平台运动对速度波动的影响。此外,研究结果表明,平台运动对远端尾迹的影响似乎是有限的,甚至倾向于产生不容易耗散的尾迹,这与最初期望的浮式风力机更快的尾迹恢复不同。
{"title":"On the characteristics of the wake of a wind turbine undergoing large motions caused by a floating structure: an insight based on experiments and multi-fidelity simulations from the OC6 project Phase III","authors":"Stefano Cioni, Francesco Papi, Leonardo Pagamonci, Alessandro Bianchini, Néstor Ramos-García, Georg Pirrung, Rémi Corniglion, Anaïs Lovera, Josean Galván, Ronan Boisard, Alessandro Fontanella, Paolo Schito, Alberto Zasso, Marco Belloli, Andrea Sanvito, Giacomo Persico, Lijun Zhang, Ye Li, Yarong Zhou, Simone Mancini, Koen Boorsma, Ricardo Amaral, Axelle Viré, Christian W. Schulz, Stefan Netzband, Rodrigo Soto-Valle, David Marten, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Pau Trubat, Climent Molins, Roger Bergua, Emmanuel Branlard, Jason Jonkman, Amy Robertson","doi":"10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-8-1659-2023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This study reports the results of the second round of analyses of the Offshore Code Comparison, Collaboration, Continued, with Correlation and unCertainty (OC6) project Phase III. While the first round investigated rotor aerodynamic loading, here, focus is given to the wake behavior of a floating wind turbine under large motion. Wind tunnel experimental data from the UNsteady Aerodynamics for FLOating Wind (UNAFLOW) project are compared with the results of simulations provided by participants with methods and codes of different levels of fidelity. The effect of platform motion on both the near and the far wake is investigated. More specifically, the behavior of tip vortices in the near wake is evaluated through multiple metrics, such as streamwise position, core radius, convection velocity, and circulation. Additionally, the onset of velocity oscillations in the far wake is analyzed because this can have a negative effect on stability and loading of downstream rotors. Results in the near wake for unsteady cases confirm that simulations and experiments tend to diverge from the expected linearized quasi-steady behavior when the rotor reduced frequency increases over 0.5. Additionally, differences across the simulations become significant, suggesting that further efforts are required to tune the currently available methodologies in order to correctly evaluate the aerodynamic response of a floating wind turbine in unsteady conditions. Regarding the far wake, it is seen that, in some conditions, numerical methods overpredict the impact of platform motion on the velocity fluctuations. Moreover, results suggest that the effect of platform motion on the far wake, differently from original expectations about a faster wake recovery in a floating wind turbine, seems to be limited or even oriented to the generation of a wake less prone to dissipation.","PeriodicalId":46540,"journal":{"name":"Wind Energy Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135137322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Brief communication: On the definition of the low-level jet 简要交流:关于低空喷气机的定义
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1651-2023
Christoffer Hallgren, Jeanie A. Aird, Stefan Ivanell, Heiner Körnich, Rebecca J. Barthelmie, Sara C. Pryor, Erik Sahlée
Abstract. Low-level jets (LLJs) are examples of non-logarithmic wind speed profiles affecting wind turbine power production, wake recovery, and structural/aerodynamic loading. However, there is no consensus regarding which definition should be applied for jet identification. In this study we argue that a shear definition is more relevant to wind energy than a falloff definition. The shear definition is demonstrated and validated through the development of a European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) fifth-generation reanalysis (ERA5) LLJ climatology for six sites. Identification of LLJs and their morphology, frequency, and intensity is critically dependent on the (i) vertical window of data from which LLJs are extracted and (ii) the definition employed.
摘要低空射流(llj)是非对数风速分布影响风力涡轮机发电、尾流恢复和结构/气动载荷的例子。然而,对于应该采用哪种定义来识别喷气机,目前还没有达成一致意见。在这项研究中,我们认为剪切定义比衰减定义更与风能相关。通过欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)的第五代再分析(ERA5) LLJ气候学的发展,对六个站点的切变定义进行了论证和验证。llj的识别及其形态、频率和强度严重依赖于(i)提取llj的数据的垂直窗口和(ii)所采用的定义。
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引用次数: 0
Refining the airborne wind energy system power equations with a vortex wake model 用旋涡尾迹模型改进机载风能系统功率方程
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-11-08 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1639-2023
Filippo Trevisi, Carlo E. D. Riboldi, Alessandro Croce
Abstract. The power equations of crosswind Ground-Gen and Fly-Gen airborne wind energy systems (AWESs) flying in circular trajectories are refined to include the contribution from the aerodynamic wake, modeled with vortex methods. This reveals the effect of changing the turning radius, the wing geometry and the aerodynamic coefficients on aerodynamic performances and power production. A novel power coefficient is defined by normalizing the aerodynamic power with the wind power passing through a disk with a radius equal to the AWES wingspan, enabling the comparison of different designs for a given wingspan. The aspect ratio which maximizes this power coefficient is finite, and its analytical expression for an infinite turning radius is derived. By considering the optimal wing aspect ratio, the maximum power coefficient is found, and its analytical expression for an infinite turning radius is derived. Ground-Gen and Fly-Gen AWESs, with the same idealized characteristics, are compared in terms of power production, and later three AWESs from the literature are analyzed. With this modeling framework, Ground-Gen systems are found to have a lower power potential than Fly-Gen AWESs with the same geometry because the reel-out velocity makes Ground-Gen AWESs fly closer to their own wake.
摘要对沿圆形轨迹飞行的侧风Ground-Gen和Fly-Gen机载风能系统(AWESs)的功率方程进行了改进,以考虑气动尾流的贡献,并采用涡流方法建模。这揭示了改变转弯半径、机翼几何形状和气动系数对气动性能和功率产生的影响。通过将空气动力归一化为风力通过半径等于awe翼展的圆盘,定义了一种新的功率系数,从而可以对给定翼展的不同设计进行比较。使该功率系数最大化的展弦比是有限的,并推导了其在无限转弯半径下的解析表达式。在考虑最优翼展弦比的情况下,求出了最大功率系数,并推导了其在无限转弯半径下的解析表达式。将具有相同理想化特性的Ground-Gen和Fly-Gen AWESs在发电量方面进行比较,然后对文献中的三种AWESs进行分析。通过这个建模框架,我们发现Ground-Gen系统的功率潜力比具有相同几何形状的fly - gen AWESs低,因为旋转速度使Ground-Gen AWESs飞得更靠近它们自己的尾迹。
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引用次数: 0
Extreme wind turbine response extrapolation with the Gaussian mixture model 基于高斯混合模型的极端风力机响应外推
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1613-2023
Xiaodong Zhang, Nikolay Dimitrov
Abstract. The wind turbine extreme response estimation based on statistical extrapolation necessitates using a minimal number of simulations to calculate a low exceedance probability. The target exceedance probability associated with a 50-year return period is 3.8×10-7, which is challenging to evaluate with a small prediction error. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the distribution of the wind turbine response might be multimodal, and the extremes belong to a different statistical population than the main body of the distribution. Traditional theoretical probability distributions, mostly unimodal, may not be suitable for this task. The problem could be alleviated by applying a fit specifically on the tail of the distribution. Yet, a single unimodal distribution may not be sufficient for modeling diverse wind turbine responses, and an inappropriate distribution model could lead to significant prediction errors, including bias and variance errors. The Gaussian mixture model, a probabilistic and flexible mixture distribution model used extensively for clustering and density estimation tasks, is infrequently applied in the wind energy sector. This paper proposes using the Gaussian mixture model to extrapolate extreme wind turbine responses. The performance of two approaches is evaluated: (1) parametric fitting first and aggregation afterward and (2) data aggregation first followed by fitting. Different distribution models are benchmarked against the Gaussian mixture model. The results show that the Gaussian mixture model is capable of estimating a low exceedance probability with minor bias error, even with limited simulation data, and demonstrates flexibility in modeling the distributions of varying response variables.
摘要基于统计外推的风力发电机极端响应估计需要使用最少的模拟次数来计算低超越概率。与50年回报期相关的目标超额概率为3.8×10-7,在预测误差较小的情况下对其进行评估具有挑战性。由于风力发电机响应的分布可能是多模态的,并且极端情况属于与分布主体不同的统计总体,因此情况进一步复杂化。传统的理论概率分布,大多是单峰的,可能不适合这个任务。这个问题可以通过专门对分布的尾部应用拟合来缓解。然而,单一的单峰分布可能不足以模拟不同的风力发电机响应,不适当的分布模型可能导致显著的预测误差,包括偏差和方差误差。高斯混合模型是一种广泛用于聚类和密度估计任务的概率和灵活的混合分布模型,在风能领域的应用很少。本文提出利用高斯混合模型外推风力机的极端响应。对两种方法的性能进行了评价:(1)先进行参数拟合,然后进行聚集;(2)先进行数据聚集,然后进行拟合。根据高斯混合模型对不同的分布模型进行基准测试。结果表明,即使在有限的模拟数据下,高斯混合模型也能以较小的偏差估计出较低的超越概率,并且在模拟不同响应变量的分布方面表现出灵活性。
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引用次数: 0
Forced-motion simulations of vortex-induced vibrations of wind turbine blades – a study of sensitivities 风力涡轮机叶片涡激振动的强迫运动模拟-敏感性研究
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-10-27 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1625-2023
Christian Grinderslev, Felix Houtin-Mongrolle, Niels Nørmark Sørensen, Georg Raimund Pirrung, Pim Jacobs, Aqeel Ahmed, Bastien Duboc
Abstract. Vortex-induced vibrations on wind turbine blades are a complex phenomenon not predictable by standard engineering models. For this reason, higher-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods are needed. However, the term CFD covers a broad range of fidelities, and this study investigates which choices have to be made when wanting to capture the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) phenomenon to a satisfying degree. The method studied is the so-called forced-motion (FM) approach, where the structural motion is imposed on the CFD blade surface through mode shape assumptions rather than fully coupled two-way fluid–structure interaction. In the study, two independent CFD solvers, EllipSys3D and Ansys CFX, are used and five different turbulence models of varying fidelities are tested. Varying flow scenarios are studied with low to high inclination angles, which determine the component of the flow in the spanwise direction. In all scenarios, the cross-sectional component of the flow is close to perpendicular to the chord of the blade. It is found that the low-inclination-angle and high-inclination-angle scenarios, despite having a difference equivalent to up to only a 30∘ azimuth, have quite different requirements of both grid resolution and turbulence models. For high inclination angles, where the flow has a large spanwise component from the tip towards the root, satisfying results are found from quite affordable grid sizes, and even with unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) k–ω turbulence, the result is quite consistent with models resolving more of the turbulent scales. For low inclination, which has a high degree of natural vortex shedding, the picture is the opposite. Here, even for scale-resolving turbulence models, a much finer grid resolution is needed. This allows us to capture the many incoherent vortices, which have a large impact on the coherent vortices, which in turn inject power into the blade or extract power. It is found that a good consistency is seen using different variations of the higher-fidelity hybrid RANS–large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence models, like improved delayed detached eddy simulation (IDDES), stress-blended eddy simulation (SBES) and k–ω scale-adaptive simulation (SAS) models, which agree well for various flow conditions and imposed amplitudes. This study shows that extensive care and consideration are needed when modeling 3D VIVs using CFD, as the flow phenomena, and thereby solver requirements, rapidly change for different scenarios.
摘要风力涡轮机叶片涡激振动是一种复杂的现象,标准工程模型无法预测。因此,需要更高保真度的计算流体动力学(CFD)方法。然而,CFD这个术语涵盖了广泛的保真度,本研究探讨了在想要捕捉到令人满意的涡激振动(VIV)现象时必须做出哪些选择。所研究的方法是所谓的强迫运动(FM)方法,其中通过模态振型假设而不是完全耦合的双向流固耦合作用将结构运动施加到CFD叶片表面。在研究中,使用了两个独立的CFD求解器EllipSys3D和Ansys CFX,并测试了五种不同保真度的不同湍流模型。研究了低倾角到高倾角的不同流动情况,确定了沿展向流动的组成。在所有情况下,流的横截面分量都接近于垂直于叶片弦。研究发现,在低倾角和高倾角情况下,网格分辨率和湍流模型的要求大不相同,尽管两者的差异只相当于30个°角。对于高倾斜角,其中流动从尖端到根部有很大的展向分量,在相当可承受的网格尺寸下发现了令人满意的结果,即使是非定常的reynolds -average Navier-Stokes (URANS) k -ω湍流,结果与解决更多湍流尺度的模型相当一致。对于低倾斜度,具有高度的自然旋涡脱落,图像是相反的。在这里,即使是尺度分辨的湍流模型,也需要更精细的网格分辨率。这使我们能够捕捉到许多非相干涡旋,它们对相干涡旋有很大的影响,而相干涡旋反过来又向叶片注入动力或提取动力。研究发现,使用不同的高保真混合ranss -大涡模拟(LES)湍流模型,如改进的延迟分离涡模拟(IDDES)、应力混合涡模拟(SBES)和k -ω尺度自适应模拟(SAS)模型,可以看到良好的一致性,这些模型对各种流动条件和施加幅度都很一致。该研究表明,在使用CFD对三维viv进行建模时,由于流动现象以及求解器的要求在不同的场景下会迅速变化,因此需要广泛的关注和考虑。
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引用次数: 0
OF2: coupling OpenFAST and OpenFOAM for high-fidelity aero-hydro-servo-elastic FOWT simulations OF2:耦合OpenFAST和OpenFOAM高保真的气动-液压-伺服-弹性fot仿真
Q2 Energy Pub Date : 2023-10-24 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1597-2023
Guillén Campaña-Alonso, Raquel Martín-San-Román, Beatriz Méndez-López, Pablo Benito-Cia, José Azcona-Armendáriz
Abstract. The numerical study of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) requires accurate integrated simulations which consider the aerodynamic, hydrodynamic, servo and elastic responses of these systems. In addition, the floating system dynamics couplings need to be included to calculate the excitation over the ensemble accurately. In this paper, a new tool has been developed for coupling NREL's aero-servo-elastic tool OpenFAST with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) toolbox OpenFOAM. OpenFAST is used to model the rotor aerodynamics along with the flexible response of the different components of the wind turbine and the controller at each time step considering the dynamic response of the platform. OpenFOAM is used to simulate the hydrodynamics and the platform's response considering the loads from the wind turbine. The whole simulation environment is called OF2 (OpenFAST and OpenFOAM). The OC4 DeepCWind semi-submersible FOWT together with NREL's 5 MW wind turbine has been simulated using OF2 under two load cases. The purpose of coupling these tools to simulate FOWT is to obtain high-fidelity results for design purposes, thereby reducing the computational time compared with the use of CFD simulations both for the rotor aerodynamics, which usually consider rigid blades, and for the platform's hydrodynamics. The OF2 approach also allows us to include the aero-servo-elastic couplings that exist on the wind turbine along with the hydrodynamic system resolved by CFD. High-complexity situations of floating offshore wind turbines, like storms, yaw drifts, weather vanes or mooring line breaks, which imply high displacements and rotations of the floating platform or relevant non-linear effects, can be resolved using OF2, overcoming the limitation of many state-of-the-art potential hydrodynamic codes that assume small displacements of the platform. In addition, all the necessary information for the FOWT calculation and design processes can be obtained simultaneously, such as the pressure distribution at the platform components and the loads at the tower base, fairleads tension, etc. Moreover, the effect of turbulent winds and/or elastic blades could be taken into account to resolve load cases from the design and certification standards.
摘要浮式海上风力机的数值研究需要精确的综合仿真,综合考虑浮式海上风力机的气动、水动力、伺服和弹性响应。此外,还需要考虑浮动系统的动力学耦合,以便准确地计算系综上的激励。本文开发了一种新的工具,用于将NREL的气动伺服弹性工具OpenFAST与计算流体动力学(CFD)工具箱OpenFOAM耦合起来。考虑平台的动态响应,利用OpenFAST对转子空气动力学以及风力机各部件和控制器在每个时间步的柔性响应进行建模。使用OpenFOAM模拟了考虑风力涡轮机载荷的流体力学和平台响应。整个仿真环境称为OF2 (OpenFAST和OpenFOAM)。OC4 DeepCWind半潜式FOWT和NREL的5mw风力涡轮机在两种负载情况下使用OF2进行了模拟。耦合这些工具来模拟FOWT的目的是为了获得高保真度的设计结果,从而与使用CFD模拟转子空气动力学(通常考虑刚性叶片)和平台流体动力学相比,减少了计算时间。OF2方法还允许我们将风力涡轮机上存在的气动-伺服-弹性联轴器与CFD解决的流体动力系统包括在内。浮式海上风力涡轮机的高复杂性情况,如风暴、偏航漂移、风向标或系泊线断裂,意味着浮式平台的高位移和旋转或相关的非线性效应,可以使用OF2解决,克服了许多最先进的潜在水动力代码的限制,假设平台的小位移。此外,还可以同时获得平台构件压力分布和塔基荷载、导通导联张力等计算和设计过程所需的全部信息。此外,可以考虑紊流风和/或弹性叶片的影响,以解决设计和认证标准中的负载情况。
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Wind Energy Science
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