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Modelling the impact of trapped lee waves on offshore wind farm power output 模拟捕获的背风波对海上风电场输出功率的影响
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-18 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1179-2023
S. Ollier, S. Watson
Abstract. Mesoscale meteorological phenomena, including atmosphericgravity waves (AGWs) and including trapped lee waves (TLWs), can result fromflow over topography or coastal transition in the presence of stableatmospheric stratification, particularly with strong capping inversions.Satellite images show that topographically forced TLWs frequently occuraround near-coastal offshore wind farms. Yet current understanding of howthey interact with individual turbines and whole farm energy output islimited. This parametric study investigates the potential impact of TLWs ona UK near-coastal offshore wind farm, Westermost Rough (WMR), resulting fromwesterly–southwesterly flow over topography in the southeast of England. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling (using Ansys CFX) of TLWsituations based on real atmospheric conditions at WMR was used to betterunderstand turbine level and whole wind farm performance in this parametricstudy based on real inflow conditions. These simulations indicated that TLWshave the potential to significantly alter the wind speeds experienced by andthe resultant power output of individual turbines and the whole wind farm.The location of the wind farm in the TLW wave cycle was an important factorin determining the magnitude of TLW impacts, given the expected wavelengthof the TLW. Where the TLW trough was coincident with the wind farm, theturbine wind speeds and power outputs were more substantially reducedcompared with when the TLW peak was coincident with the location of the windfarm. These reductions were mediated by turbine wind speeds and wake lossesbeing superimposed on the TLW. However, the same initial flow conditionsinteracting with topography under different atmospheric stability settingsproduce differing near-wind-farm flow. Factors influencing the flow withinthe wind farm under the different stability conditions include differing,hill and coastal transition recovery, wind farm blockage effects, and wakerecovery. Determining how much of the differences in wind speed and poweroutput in the wind farm resulted from the TLW is an area for futuredevelopment.
摘要中尺度气象现象,包括大气重力波(AGWs)和被困背风波(TLWs),可以在稳定的大气分层存在的情况下由地形流动或沿海过渡引起,特别是在强封盖逆温的情况下。卫星图像显示,地形强迫tlw经常发生在近岸海上风力发电场附近。然而,目前对它们如何与单个涡轮机和整个农场的能量输出相互作用的理解是有限的。这项参数研究调查了英国近岸海上风电场的潜在影响,该风电场是由英格兰东南部地形上的西南风流造成的。本研究基于实际入流条件的参数化研究,采用基于WMR真实大气条件的tlw情况的计算流体动力学(CFD)建模(使用Ansys CFX),更好地了解涡轮机水平和整个风电场的性能。这些模拟表明,tlw具有显著改变单个涡轮机和整个风电场所经历的风速和由此产生的功率输出的潜力。考虑到TLW的预期波长,风电场在TLW波周期中的位置是决定TLW影响大小的一个重要因素。当TLW槽位与风电场位置重合时,与TLW峰值与风电场位置重合时相比,风机风速和输出功率降低幅度更大。这些减少是由涡轮风速和尾迹损失叠加在TLW上介导的。然而,在不同的大气稳定性环境下,相同的初始流动条件与地形相互作用会产生不同的近风电场流动。不同稳定条件下影响风电场内流量的因素包括:差异、丘陵和海岸过渡恢复、风电场阻塞效应和尾迹恢复。确定风力发电场中风速和功率输出的差异有多大是由TLW造成的,这是未来发展的一个领域。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of wind profiles on ground-generation airborne wind energy system performance 风廓线对地面发电机载风能系统性能的影响
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-17 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1153-2023
Markus Sommerfeld, M. Dörenkämper, J. De Schutter, C. Crawford
Abstract. This study investigates the performance of pumping-mode ground-generation airborne wind energy systems (AWESs) by determining cyclical, feasible, power-optimal flight trajectories based on realistic vertical wind velocity profiles. These 10 min profiles, derived from mesoscale weather simulations at an offshore and an onshore site in Europe, are incorporated into an optimal control model that maximizes average cycle power by optimizing the trajectory. To reduce the computational cost, representative wind conditions are determined based on k-means clustering. The results describe the influence of wind speed magnitude and profile shape on the power, tether tension, tether reeling speed, and kite trajectory during a pumping cycle. The effect of mesoscale-simulated wind profiles on power curves is illustrated by comparing them to logarithmic wind profiles.Offshore, the results are in good agreement, while onshore power curves differ due to more frequent non-monotonic wind conditions. Results are references against a simplified quasi-steady-state model and wind turbine model. This study investigates how power curves based on mesoscale-simulated wind profiles are affected by the choice of reference height. Our data show that optimal operating heights are generally below 400 m with most AWESs operating at around 200 m.
摘要本研究通过基于真实的垂直风速剖面确定周期性、可行的功率最优飞行轨迹,研究了泵送模式地面发电机载风能系统(AWES)的性能。这10 min剖面来自欧洲近海和陆上站点的中尺度天气模拟,被纳入最优控制模型,通过优化轨迹最大化平均循环功率。为了降低计算成本,基于k均值聚类来确定具有代表性的风况。结果描述了在泵送周期中,风速大小和剖面形状对功率、系绳张力、系绳卷绕速度和风筝轨迹的影响。通过与对数风廓线的比较,说明了中尺度模拟风廓线对功率曲线的影响。在海上,结果非常一致,而陆上功率曲线由于更频繁的非单调风况而不同。结果对简化的准稳态模型和风力涡轮机模型具有参考价值。本研究调查了基于中尺度模拟风廓线的功率曲线如何受到参考高度选择的影响。我们的数据显示,最佳操作高度通常低于400 m,大多数AWES的运行速度约为200 m。
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引用次数: 0
Grand challenges in the design, manufacture, and operation of future wind turbine systems 未来风力涡轮机系统的设计、制造和运行面临的巨大挑战
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-11 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1071-2023
P. Veers, C. Bottasso, L. Manuel, J. Naughton, L. Pao, J. Paquette, A. Robertson, M. Robinson, S. Ananthan, T. Barlas, A. Bianchini, Henrik Bredmose, S. G. Horcas, J. Keller, H. A. Madsen, J. Manwell, P. Moriarty, S. Nolet, J. Rinker
Abstract. Wind energy is foundational for achieving 100 % renewable electricity production, and significant innovation is required as the grid expands and accommodates hybrid plant systems, energy-intensive products such as fuels, and a transitioning transportation sector. The sizable investments required for wind power plant development and integration make the financial and operational risks of change very high in all applications but especially offshore. Dependence on a high level of modeling and simulation accuracy to mitigate risk and ensure operational performance is essential. Therefore, the modeling chain from the large-scale inflow down to the material microstructure, and all the steps in between, needs to predict how the wind turbine system will respond and perform to allow innovative solutions to enter commercial application. Critical unknowns in the design, manufacturing, and operability of future turbine and plant systems arearticulated, and recommendations for research action are laid out. This article focuses on the many unknowns that affect the ability to pushthe frontiers in the design of turbine and plant systems. Modern turbinerotors operate through the entire atmospheric boundary layer, outside thebounds of historic design assumptions, which requires reassessing designprocesses and approaches. Traditional aerodynamics and aeroelastic modelingapproaches are pressing against the limits of applicability for the size and flexibility of future architectures and flow physics fundamentals. Offshore wind turbines have additional motion and hydrodynamic load drivers that are formidable modeling challenges. Uncertainty in turbine wakes complicates structural loading and energy production estimates, both around a single plant and for downstream plants, which requires innovation in plant operations and flow control to achieve full energy capture and loadalleviation potential. Opportunities in co-design can bring controlsupstream into design optimization if captured in design-level models of thephysical phenomena. It is a research challenge to integrate improvedmaterials into the manufacture of ever-larger components while maintainingquality and reducing cost. High-performance computing used in high-fidelity, physics-resolving simulations offer opportunities to improve design tools through artificial intelligence and machine learning, but even the high-fidelity tools are yet to be fully validated. Finally, key actionsneeded to continue the progress of wind energy technology toward even lowercost and greater functionality are recommended.
摘要风能是实现100 % 可再生电力生产,随着电网的扩展和适应混合动力发电厂系统、燃料等能源密集型产品以及转型的交通部门,需要进行重大创新。风电场开发和集成所需的大量投资使所有应用程序(尤其是海上应用程序)的财务和运营风险都非常高。依赖高水平的建模和模拟精度来降低风险和确保运营性能至关重要。因此,从大规模流入到材料微观结构的建模链,以及其间的所有步骤,都需要预测风力涡轮机系统将如何响应和执行,以允许创新解决方案进入商业应用。阐明了未来涡轮机和电厂系统的设计、制造和可操作性中的关键未知因素,并提出了研究行动建议。本文关注的是影响涡轮机和发电厂系统设计突破前沿能力的许多未知因素。现代涡轮机在整个大气边界层运行,在历史设计假设的边界之外,这需要重新评估设计过程和方法。传统的空气动力学和气动弹性建模方法正在挑战未来结构的尺寸和灵活性以及流动物理基础的适用性极限。海上风力涡轮机具有额外的运动和流体动力学负载驱动器,这是巨大的建模挑战。涡轮机尾流的不确定性使单个工厂和下游工厂的结构负荷和能源生产估计复杂化,这需要在工厂运营和流量控制方面进行创新,以实现完全的能源捕获和负荷减轻潜力。若在物理现象的设计级模型中捕捉到,联合设计中的机会可以将控制流带入设计优化。在保持质量和降低成本的同时,将改进的材料集成到更大部件的制造中是一项研究挑战。高保真度、物理解析模拟中使用的高性能计算为通过人工智能和机器学习改进设计工具提供了机会,但即使是高保真度工具也有待充分验证。最后,建议采取关键行动,继续推动风能技术朝着更低、更大的功能发展。
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引用次数: 13
Investigating the physical mechanisms that modify wind plant blockage in stable boundary layers 研究在稳定边界层中改变风电场阻塞的物理机制
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-07-04 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1049-2023
M. Sanchez Gomez, J. Lundquist, J. Mirocha, R. Arthur
Abstract. Wind plants slow down the approaching wind, a phenomenon known as blockage. Wind plant blockage undermines turbine performance for front-row turbines and potentially for turbines deeper into the array. We use large-eddy simulations to characterize blockage upstream of a finite-size wind plant in flat terrain for different atmospheric stability conditions and investigate the physical mechanisms modifying the flow upstream of the turbines. To examine the influence of atmospheric stability, we compare simulations of two stably stratified boundary layers using the Weather Research and Forecasting model in large-eddy simulation mode, representing wind turbines using the generalized actuator disk approach. For a wind plant, a faster cooling rate at the surface, which produces stronger stably stratified flow in the boundary layer, amplifies blockage. As a novelty, we investigate the physical mechanisms amplifying blockage by evaluating the different terms in the momentum conservation equation within the turbine rotor layer. The velocity deceleration upstream of a wind plant is caused by an adverse pressure gradient and momentum advection out of the turbine rotor layer. The cumulative deceleration of the flow upstream of the front-row turbines instigates vertical motions. The horizontal flow is diverted vertically, reducing momentum availability in the turbine rotor layer. Although the adverse pressure gradient upstream of the wind plant remains unchanged with atmospheric stability, vertical advection of horizontal momentum is amplified in the more strongly stable boundary layer, mainly by larger shear of the horizontal velocity, thus increasing the blockage effect.
摘要风力发电厂减缓了接近的风,这种现象被称为阻塞。风电场堵塞破坏了前排涡轮机的涡轮机性能,并可能破坏阵列中更深的涡轮机的性能。我们使用大涡模拟来表征不同大气稳定性条件下平坦地形中有限尺寸风电场上游的阻塞,并研究改变涡轮机上游流量的物理机制。为了检验大气稳定性的影响,我们在大涡模拟模式下比较了使用天气研究和预测模型对两个稳定分层边界层的模拟,使用广义致动器盘方法表示风力涡轮机。对于风力发电厂来说,表面更快的冷却速度会在边界层产生更强的稳定分层流,从而加剧堵塞。作为一项新颖的研究,我们通过评估涡轮机转子层内动量守恒方程中的不同项来研究放大阻塞的物理机制。风电场上游的速度减速是由涡轮机转子层外的反向压力梯度和动量平流引起的。前排涡轮机上游流量的累积减速度引起垂直运动。水平流垂直转向,降低了涡轮机转子层中的动量可用性。尽管风电场上游的不利压力梯度与大气稳定性保持不变,但在更稳定的边界层中,水平动量的垂直平流被放大,主要是由于水平速度的较大剪切,从而增加了阻塞效应。
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引用次数: 2
The eco-conscious wind turbine: design beyond purely economic metrics 具有生态意识的风力涡轮机:超越纯粹经济指标的设计
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-23 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1029-2023
H. Canet, A. Guilloré, C. Bottasso
Abstract. Wind turbines are designed to minimize the economic cost of energy, a metric aimed at making wind competitive with other energy-producing technologies. However, now that wind energy is competitive, how can we increase its value for the environment and for society? And how much would environmental and societal gains cost other stakeholders, such as investors or consumers? This paper tries to answer these questions, limitedly to climate-related environmental impacts, from the perspective of wind turbine design. Although wind turbines produce green renewable energy, they also havevarious impacts on the environment, as do all human endeavors. Among allimpacts, the present work adopts the environmental effects produced by aturbine over its entire life cycle, expressed in terms of CO2-equivalentemissions. A new approach to design is proposed, whereby Pareto fronts ofsolutions are computed to define optimal trade-offs between economic andenvironmental goals. The new proposed methodology is demonstrated on the redesign of a baseline 3 MW wind turbine at two locations in Germany, differing for typical wind speeds but within the same energy market. Among other results, it is found that, in these conditions, a 1 % increase in the cost of energy can buy about a 5 % decrease in the environmental impact of the turbine. Additionally, it is also observed that in the specific case of Germany, very low-specific-power designs are typically favored, because they produce more energy at low wind speeds, where both the economic and environmental values of wind are higher. Furthermore, it is found that the CO2-equivalent emissions displaced by a wind turbine are 1 order of magnitude larger than the produced emissions. Although limited to the sole optimization of wind-generating assets at twodifferent locations, these results suggest the existence of newopportunities for the future development of wind energy where, by shiftingthe focus slightly away from a purely cost-driven short-term perspective, longer-term benefits for the environment (and, in turn, for society) may be obtained.
摘要风力涡轮机的设计是为了最小化能源的经济成本,这是一个旨在使风能与其他能源生产技术具有竞争力的指标。然而,既然风能具有竞争力,我们如何才能增加它对环境和社会的价值?环境和社会收益会让其他利益相关者(如投资者或消费者)付出多少代价?本文试图从风力发电机设计的角度来回答这些问题,但仅限于与气候相关的环境影响。虽然风力涡轮机产生绿色可再生能源,但它们也对环境产生各种影响,就像所有人类活动一样。在所有影响中,本研究采用了涡轮机在其整个生命周期中产生的环境影响,以二氧化碳当量排放量表示。提出了一种新的设计方法,通过计算解决方案的帕累托前沿来定义经济和环境目标之间的最佳权衡。新提出的方法在德国两个地点的基线3兆瓦风力涡轮机的重新设计中得到了证明,这两个地点的典型风速不同,但在同一能源市场。在其他结果中,发现,在这些条件下,能源成本增加1%可以购买涡轮机对环境影响减少约5%。此外,还观察到,在德国的具体情况下,非常低比功率的设计通常受到青睐,因为它们在低风速下产生更多的能量,在低风速下,风的经济和环境价值都更高。此外,发现由风力涡轮机取代的二氧化碳当量排放量比产生的排放量大1个数量级。虽然仅限于两个不同地点的风力发电资产的唯一优化,但这些结果表明,风能未来发展存在新的机会,通过将焦点从纯粹的成本驱动的短期角度稍微转移,可以获得对环境(反过来,对社会)的长期效益。
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引用次数: 0
Generalized analytical body force model for actuator disc computations of wind turbines 风力机作动盘计算的广义解析体力模型
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-20 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-1017-2023
J. Sørensen
Abstract. A new generalized analytical model for representing body forces in numerical actuator disc models of wind turbines is proposed and compared to results from a blade element momentum (BEM) model. The model is an extension of a previously developed load model, which was based on the rotor disc being subject to a constant circulation, modified for tip and root effects, corresponding to an optimum design case. By adding a parabolic circulation distribution, corresponding to a solid-body approach of the flow in the near wake, it is possible to take into account losses associated with off-design cases, corresponding to pitch regulation at high wind speeds. The advantage of the model is that it does not depend on any detailed knowledge concerning the actual wind turbine being analysed but only requires information about the thrust coefficient and tip-speed ratio. The model is validated for different wind turbines operating under a wide range of operating conditions. The comparisons show generally an excellent agreement with the BEM model even at very small thrust coefficients and tip-speed ratios.
摘要提出了一种新的用于表示风力机作动盘数值模型中体力的广义解析模型,并与叶片元动量(BEM)模型的结果进行了比较。该模型是先前开发的负载模型的扩展,该模型基于转子盘受到恒定循环的影响,修改了尖端和根部效应,对应于最佳设计情况。通过添加抛物线循环分布,对应于近尾迹的固体流动方式,可以考虑与非设计情况相关的损失,对应于高风速下的螺距调节。该模型的优点是,它不依赖于任何有关实际风力涡轮机的详细知识,而只需要有关推力系数和叶尖速比的信息。该模型在不同的风力机运行条件下进行了验证。比较表明,即使在很小的推力系数和叶尖速比下,与边界元模型的一致性也很好。
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引用次数: 1
Vortex model of the aerodynamic wake of airborne wind energy systems 机载风能系统气动尾流的旋涡模型
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-14 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-999-2023
Filippo Trevisi, C. Riboldi, A. Croce
Abstract. Understanding and modeling the aerodynamic wake of airborne wind energy systems (AWESs) is crucial for estimating the performance and defining the design of such systems, as tight trajectories increase induced velocities and thus decrease the available power, while unnecessarily large trajectories increase power losses due to the gravitational potential energy exchange. The aerodynamic wake of crosswind AWESs flying circular trajectories is studied here with vortex methods. The velocities induced at the AWES from a generic helicoidal vortex filament, trailed by a position on the AWES wing, are modeled with an expression for the near vortex filament and one for the far vortex filament. The near vortex filament is modeled as the first half rotation of the helicoidal filament, with its axial component being neglected. The induced drag due to the near wake, built up from near vortex filaments, is found to be similar to the induced drag the AWES would have in forward flight. The far wake is modeled as two semi-infinite vortex ring cascades with opposite intensity. An approximate solution for the axial induced velocity at the AWES is given as a function of the radial (known) and axial (unknown) position of the vortex rings. An explicit and an implicit closure model are introduced to link the axial position of the vortex rings with the other quantities of the model. The aerodynamic model, using the implicit closure model for the far wake, is validated with the lifting-line free-vortex wake method implemented in QBlade. The model is suitable to be used in time-marching aero-servo-elastic simulations and in design and optimization studies.
摘要了解和建模机载风能系统(AWES)的空气动力学尾流对于估计此类系统的性能和定义此类系统的设计至关重要,因为紧凑的轨迹会增加诱导速度,从而降低可用功率,而不必要的大轨迹会因引力势能交换而增加功率损失。本文用旋涡方法研究了侧风AWES绕圆飞行轨迹的气动尾流。由AWES机翼上的一个位置跟踪的普通螺旋涡丝在AWES处诱导的速度,用近涡丝和远涡丝的一个表达式建模。近涡灯丝被建模为螺旋灯丝的前半周旋转,忽略了其轴向分量。由近涡丝建立的近尾流引起的诱导阻力与AWES在前向飞行中的诱导阻力相似。远尾流被建模为两个强度相反的半无限旋涡环形叶栅。给出了AWES处轴向诱导速度的近似解,作为涡环径向(已知)和轴向(未知)位置的函数。引入了显式和隐式闭合模型,将涡环的轴向位置与模型的其他量联系起来。该气动模型采用了远尾流的隐式闭合模型,并用QBlade中的升力线自由涡尾流方法进行了验证。该模型适用于时间推进气动伺服弹性仿真以及设计和优化研究。
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引用次数: 2
From shear to veer: theory, statistics, and practical application 从剪切到转向:理论、统计学和实际应用
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-13 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-975-2023
M. Kelly, M. P. van der Laan
Abstract. In the past several years, wind veer – sometimes called “directional shear” – has begun to attract attention due to its effects on wind turbines and their production, particularly as the length of manufactured turbine blades has increased. Meanwhile, applicable meteorological theory has not progressed significantly beyond idealized cases for decades, though veer's effect on the wind speed profile has been recently revisited.On the other hand the shear exponent (α) is commonly used in wind energy for vertical extrapolation of mean wind speeds, as well as being a key parameter for wind turbine load calculations and design standards. In this work we connect the oft-used shear exponent with veer, both theoretically and for practical use. We derive relations for wind veer from the equations of motion, finding the veer to be composed of separate contributions from shear and vertical gradients of crosswind stress.Following from the theoretical derivations, which are neither limited to the surface layer nor constrained by assumptions about mixing length or turbulent diffusivities, we establish simplified relations between the wind veer and shear exponent for practical use in wind energy. We also elucidate the source of commonly observed stress–shear misalignment and its contribution to veer, noting that our new forms allow for such misalignment. The connection between shear and veer is further explored through analysis of one-dimensional (single-column) Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes solutions, where we confirm our theoretical derivations as well as the dependence of mean shear and veer on surface roughness and atmospheric boundary layer depth in terms of respective Rossby numbers. Finally we investigate the observed behavior of shear and veer across different sites and flow regimes (including forested, offshore, and hilly terrain cases) over heights corresponding to multi-megawatt wind turbine rotors, also considering the effects of atmospheric stability. From this we find empirical forms for the probability distribution of veer during high-veer (stable) conditions and for the variability in veer conditioned on wind speed. Analyzing observed joint probability distributions of α and veer, we compare the two simplified forms we derived earlier and adapt them to ultimately arrive at more universally applicable equations to predict the mean veer in terms of observed (i.e., conditioned on) shear exponent; lastly, the limitations, applicability, and behavior of these forms are discussed along with their use and further developments for both meteorology and wind energy.
摘要在过去的几年里,风转向——有时被称为“定向剪切”——由于其对风力涡轮机及其生产的影响,特别是随着制造的涡轮机叶片长度的增加,已经开始引起人们的注意。与此同时,几十年来适用的气象理论并没有在理想化的情况下取得显著进展,尽管最近重新研究了风对风速廓线的影响。另一方面,剪切指数(α)通常用于风能平均风速的垂直外推,也是风力机荷载计算和设计标准的关键参数。在这项工作中,我们将经常使用的剪切指数与转向联系起来,理论和实际应用。我们从运动方程中推导出风转向的关系,发现风转向是由侧风应力的切变和垂直梯度的单独贡献组成的。根据理论推导,既不局限于表层,也不受混合长度或湍流扩散率假设的约束,我们建立了风转向和切变指数之间的简化关系,用于风能的实际应用。我们还阐明了通常观察到的应力-剪切错位的来源及其对转向的贡献,并指出我们的新形式允许这种错位。通过对一维(单柱)reynolds -average Navier-Stokes解的分析,进一步探讨了切变和转向之间的联系,其中我们证实了我们的理论推导以及平均切变和转向对表面粗糙度和大气边界层深度的依赖。最后,我们研究了观察到的剪切和转向行为,跨越不同的地点和流动状态(包括森林,海上和丘陵地形情况),对应于多兆瓦级风力涡轮机转子的高度,也考虑了大气稳定性的影响。由此,我们找到了大转向(稳定)条件下转向概率分布的经验形式,以及风速条件下转向变异性的经验形式。通过分析观测到的α和转向的联合概率分布,我们比较了前面推导的两种简化形式,并对它们进行了调整,最终得出了更普遍适用的方程,以观测到的(即以)剪切指数为条件来预测平均转向;最后,讨论了这些形式的局限性,适用性和行为,以及它们在气象学和风能方面的使用和进一步发展。
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引用次数: 0
Grand challenges in the digitalisation of wind energy 风能数字化面临的重大挑战
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-07 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-947-2023
A. Clifton, S. Barber, Andrew Bray, P. Enevoldsen, Jason M. Fields, A. Sempreviva, Lindy Williams, J. Quick, M. Purdue, Philip Totaro, Yu-Shan Ding
Abstract. The availability of large amounts of data is starting to impact how thewind energy community works. From turbine design to plant layout,construction, commissioning, and maintenance and operations, newprocesses and business models are springing up. This is the process ofdigitalisation, and it promises improved efficiency and greater insight,ultimately leading to increased energy capture and significant savingsfor wind plant operators, thus reducing the levelised cost of energy.Digitalisation is also impacting research, where it is both easing andspeeding up collaboration, as well as making research results moreaccessible. This is the basis for innovations that can be taken up byend users. But digitalisation faces barriers. This paper uses aliterature survey and the results from an expert elicitation to identifythree common industry-wide barriers to the digitalisation of windenergy. Comparison with other networked industries and past and ongoinginitiatives to foster digitalisation show that these barriers can onlybe overcome by wide-reaching strategic efforts, and so we see these as“grand challenges” in the digitalisation of wind energy. They are,first, creating FAIR data frameworks; secondly, connecting people and data to foster innovation; and finally, enabling collaboration and competition between organisations. The grand challenges in the digitalisation of wind energy thus include a mix of technical, cultural, and business aspects thatwill need collaboration between businesses, academia, and government tosolve. Working to mitigate them is the beginning of a dynamic processthat will position wind energy as an essential part of a global cleanenergy future.
摘要大量数据的可用性开始影响风能社区的工作方式。从涡轮机设计到工厂布局、施工、调试、维护和运营,新的流程和商业模式如雨后春笋般涌现。这是一个数字化的过程,它有望提高效率和洞察力,最终为风电场运营商带来更多的能源捕获和显著节约,从而降低能源的水平化成本。数字化也在影响研究,它既缓解了合作,又加快了合作速度,同时也使研究结果更容易获得。这是最终用户可以接受的创新的基础。但数字化面临障碍。本文利用一项环境调查和专家启发的结果,确定了风能数字化的三个常见行业障碍。与其他网络化行业以及过去和未来促进数字化的举措相比,这些障碍只有通过广泛的战略努力才能克服,因此我们认为这些是风能数字化的“重大挑战”。它们首先是创建FAIR数据框架;第二,将人与数据联系起来,促进创新;最后,促进组织之间的合作和竞争。因此,风能数字化的巨大挑战包括技术、文化和商业方面的混合,需要企业、学术界和政府之间的合作来解决。努力缓解这些问题是一个动态过程的开始,该过程将把风能定位为全球清洁能源未来的重要组成部分。
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引用次数: 7
Quantification and correction of motion influence for nacelle-based lidar systems on floating wind turbines 基于吊舱的激光雷达系统对漂浮式风力涡轮机运动影响的量化和校正
IF 4 Q3 GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.5194/wes-8-925-2023
Moritz Gräfe, Vasilis Pettas, J. Gottschall, P. Cheng
Abstract. Inflow wind field measurements from nacelle-based lidar systems offer great potential for different applications including turbine control, loadvalidation, and power performance measurements. On floating wind turbines nacelle-based lidar measurements are affected by the dynamic behavior ofthe floating foundations. Therefore, the effects on lidar wind speed measurements induced by floater dynamics must be understood. In this work, we investigate the influence of floater motions on wind speed measurements from forward-looking nacelle-based lidar systems mounted on floatingoffshore wind turbines (FOWTs) and suggest approaches for correcting motion-induced effects. We use an analytical model, employing the guide for the expression of uncertainty in measurements (GUM) methodology and a numerical lidar simulation for the quantification of uncertainties. It is found that the uncertainty of lidar wind speed estimates is mainly caused by the fore–aft motion of the lidar, resulting from the pitch displacement of the floater. Therefore, the uncertainty is heavily dependent on the amplitude and the frequency of the pitch motion. The bias of 10 min mean wind speed estimates is mainly influenced by the mean pitch angle of the floater and the pitch amplitude. We correct motion-induced biases in time-averaged lidar wind speed measurements with a model-based approach, employing the developed analytical model for uncertainty and bias quantification. Testing of the approach with simulated dynamics from two different FOWT concepts shows good results with remaining mean errors below 0.1 m s−1. For the correction of motion-induced fluctuation in instantaneous measurements, we use a frequency filter to correct fluctuations caused by floater pitch motions for instantaneous measurements. The correction approach's performance depends on the pitch period and amplitude of the FOWT design.
摘要基于机舱的激光雷达系统的流入风场测量为不同的应用提供了巨大的潜力,包括涡轮机控制、负载验证和功率性能测量。在浮动风力涡轮机上,基于机舱的激光雷达测量受到浮动基础动态行为的影响。因此,必须了解漂浮物动力学对激光雷达风速测量的影响。在这项工作中,我们研究了漂浮物运动对安装在漂浮式离岸风力涡轮机(FOWT)上的基于机舱的前瞻性激光雷达系统风速测量的影响,并提出了校正运动引起的影响的方法。我们使用分析模型,采用测量不确定性表达指南(GUM)方法和激光雷达数值模拟来量化不确定性。研究发现,激光雷达风速估计的不确定性主要是由漂浮物的俯仰位移引起的激光雷达的前后运动引起的。因此,不确定性在很大程度上取决于俯仰运动的幅度和频率。10的偏差 最小平均风速估计主要受浮筒的平均桨距角和桨距振幅的影响。我们使用基于模型的方法校正了时间平均激光雷达风速测量中由运动引起的偏差,采用了所开发的不确定性和偏差量化分析模型。使用来自两个不同FOWT概念的模拟动力学对该方法进行的测试显示出良好的结果,剩余平均误差低于0.1 m s−1.为了校正瞬时测量中的运动引起的波动,我们使用频率滤波器来校正瞬时测量的浮子俯仰运动引起的变化。校正方法的性能取决于FOWT设计的基音周期和幅度。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Wind Energy Science
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