Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2273429
Helen Gyger
ABSTRACTIn mid-1972, the World Bank approved its first loan for a sites and services project, selecting Senegal for the location based on the country's prior experience with similar schemes. Through a close reading of documents in the Bank archive, this article explores the serious differences that emerged between the Bank and Senegal in shaping the project, focusing on three issues: determining whether slum clearance or upgrading should be used to manage existing unregulated urban settlements; eliminating government subsidies for moderate-income housing schemes in order to shift investment to sites and services; and setting appropriate standards for the new Bank-sponsored neighbourhood. Moreover, the partners conceived the project quite differently: while the Bank was fixed on the successful implementation of its first sites and services scheme, for Senegal, this project was only one element of a larger vision for Dakar, which reflected the ambitions of the country's first postcolonial president, Léopold Senghor, and was given shape in the 1967 master plan developed by French urban planner Michel Écochard. The article examines the completed project through the contrasting evaluations produced by the project partners, and considers the complex power dynamics of the relationship between the Bank and Senegal as aid lender and recipient.KEYWORDS: World bankSenegalDakarlow-cost housingsites and servicessquatter settlementsslum clearanceupgradinghousing subsidieshousing standardsLéopold SenghorMichel Écochard AcknowledgementMy sincere thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their insightful and productive feedback on an earlier version of this article.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Westebbe, “The Urbanization Problem,” 94, 95.2 Ayres, Banking on the Poor, 226. For further discussion of the political dimensions of the Bank’s poverty-alleviation efforts, see Pereira, “The World Bank’s ‘Assault on Poverty’.”3 Richard M. Westebbe, quoted in Oliver, “A Conversation,” 15–17.4 R. Venkateswaran and Jacques Yenny to Robert Sadove, “Senegal: Dakar – Project Identification Mission, September 21–24, 1970,” October 21, 1970, p. 1, Folder ID 1714698, World Bank Group Archives (hereafter WBGA). In this and subsequent references to World Bank files, the documents are listed by Folder ID only, with the corresponding Folder Title noted in the bibliography.5 See for example: Keare, “Affordable Shelter,” 3; Jones and Ward, “The World Bank’s ‘New’ Urban Management,” 35; Ramsamy, The World Bank, 81.6 Richard M. Westebbe to Moustepha Sar, September 30, 1970, Folder ID 1714698, WBGA. See [Westebbe], “Urbanization,” in Annual Report 1970.7 Westebbe, “The Urbanization Problem,” 81n1-3. Westebbe cited three texts: Abrams’s Man’s Struggle, and Turner’s “Uncontrolled Urban Settlement” and “The Barriada Movement.”8 Westebbe, “The Urbanization Problem,” 95.9 World Bank, Urbanization, 59–60.10 Ayres, Banking on the Poor, 162.
1972年中期，世界银行批准了它的第一笔用地和服务项目贷款，根据塞内加尔以前实施类似计划的经验选择了该国作为地点。通过仔细阅读世行档案中的文件，本文探讨了世行与塞内加尔在制定项目过程中出现的严重差异，重点关注三个问题:确定是否应利用贫民窟清理或改造来管理现有的无监管城市住区;取消政府对中等收入住房计划的补贴，以便将投资转向场地和服务;并为世行资助的新社区制定适当的标准。此外，合作伙伴对该项目的构想也截然不同:虽然世界银行着眼于成功实施其第一个选址和服务方案，但对于塞内加尔来说，该项目只是达喀尔更大愿景的一个组成部分，该愿景反映了该国后殖民时期第一位总统lsamoold Senghor的雄心壮志，并在法国城市规划师Michel Écochard制定的1967年总体规划中得到了体现。本文通过项目合作伙伴提供的对比评估对已完成的项目进行了考察，并考虑了世行与作为援助贷款方和受援方的塞内加尔之间复杂的权力动态关系。关键词:世界银行塞内加尔达喀尔低成本住房场地和服务、住房安置、住房清理、住房补贴升级、住房标准、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金、薪金薪金等。披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1 .韦斯特布，《城市化问题》，1994年，95.2 .艾尔斯，《穷人的银行》，226。关于世界银行减轻贫困工作的政治层面的进一步讨论，见Pereira，“世界银行对贫困的攻击”。3 Richard M. Westebbe引自Oliver的《一次谈话》，15-17.4 R. Venkateswaran和Jacques Yenny致Robert Sadove的信，“塞内加尔:达喀尔-项目鉴定任务，1970年9月21日至24日”，1970年10月21日，第1页，文件夹编号1714698，世界银行集团档案(以下简称WBGA)。在此及以后对世界银行文件的引用中，文件仅按文件夹编号列出，并在参考书目中注明相应的文件夹标题例如:Keare，“负担得起的住房”，3;Jones and Ward，《世界银行的“新”城市管理》，第35期;Ramsamy，世界银行，81.6 Richard M. Westebbe致Moustepha Sar, 1970年9月30日，文件夹ID 1714698, WBGA。参见[Westebbe]，“城市化”，1970年年度报告。韦斯特布引用了三个文本:艾布拉姆斯的《人的斗争》，特纳的《不受控制的城市定居》和《Barriada运动》。8 Westebbe，“城市化问题”，95.9世界银行，城市化，59-60.10 Ayres，穷人的银行，162.11 Kamunyori等人，重新考虑，4.12 Ayres，穷人的银行，158.13 Mosley等人，援助与权力，1:33.14 Kamunyori等人，重新考虑，ii.15哈里斯和贾尔斯，《一个混杂的信息》，168.16德多米尼克和托利克，《专家，出口》，884.17怀特，《冲击》;科恩，“援助，密度。”1983年发表的两篇短文重申了该项目的基本事实，但没有给讨论增加任何实质性内容:Bop，“改善的地块”，Diop，“规划的栖息地”。18 Avermaete，“Coda”，476.19 Venkateswaran和Yenny to Sadove，“塞内加尔:达喀尔”，第1,7,6.20 Richard M. Westebbe致Bruce M. Cheek，“塞内加尔城市场地和服务项目”，1971年2月3日，第2页，文件夹ID 1714698, WBGA。21 Bruce M. Cheek致贷款委员会，“塞内加尔:要求银行援助资助城市场地和服务项目”，LC/0/71-10, 1971年1月26日，第3,4页，文件夹ID 1714698, WBGA。塞内加尔说，“第一批‘清理和排水地块’”是在其第二个四年计划(1965-1969)下准备的。塞内加尔共和国，“提交给欧洲发展基金的申请”[国际复兴开发银行翻译]，未注明日期[1969年11月]，经济档案部分，第3页，文件夹ID 1714698, wbga22 verni<e:1>， Volontarisme d'État, 65。早期的先驱包括姆萨迪纳(1915年)简陋的社区，最初配备了城市网格，但没有基础设施;见比贡，《历史》，1999年)和大达喀尔(1949年，网格和竖管;参见Salem, Grand Dakar, 21).23塞内加尔共和国，“申请提交”，经济档案部分，第5.24页，“塞内加尔:请求”，第5.25页，国际复兴开发银行(以下简称IBRD)和国际开发协会(以下简称IDA)，“1971年2月4日举行的贷款委员会会议记录”，LC/M/71-5, 1971年3月19日，第2页，文件夹ID 1714698, WBGA。 67 Blum，“1968年的桑格，”162.68年的lsamopold Senghor，社会主义的ssamopold Senghor和pratique du ssamugalais，引用于Skurnik，“lsamopold ssamadar Senghor，”356.69年的Cap Vert地区的州长，引用于verni<e:1>，志愿服务，État, 201.70 Collignon，“La lutte，”573.71 Cheek to Loan委员会，“塞内加尔:请求”，第1.72页。Westebbe认为，在承诺资助塞内加尔的一个项目之前，世界银行需要“对Pikine项目……以及使其明显成功的条件有一个很好的描述”;韦斯特布到奇克，“塞内加尔”，第1页。世界银行似乎没有进行自己的研究，但至少有一名世界银行官员可以看到地理学家Marc verni<e:1>编写的一份报告，网址是Étapes et modalit<e:1>;Jacques Yenny给Marc vernire的信，1971年11月4日，文件夹ID 1714699, WBGA.73 Raimundo Guarda给Donald Strombom，“塞内加尔:城市住区场地和社区设施的发展”，1971年10月15日，第2、5页，文件夹ID 1714699.74 Watson，“规划中的城市”，174、187、175页。有关类似问题的分析，但主要集中在非洲城市，请参阅Simon的“不确定的时代”。75 Melly，“路上的民族志”，385,386.76 vernire，“Pikine”，108.77 Ndione and guye, Pikine, 18.78 Roger Chaufournier to Loan Committee，“塞内加尔-站点和服务项目”，LC/O/ 72-72, 1972年5月10日，第1-2页，文件夹ID 1382488, WBGA.79 Huber to Chaufournier，“塞内加尔-站点和服务”，第4页。在麦克纳马拉的领导下，1968年至1974年间，国际复兴开发银行的贷款承诺增加了两倍，导致一些长期工作人员抱怨说，推动项目
{"title":"‘Living beyond its present means’: World Bank push and local pushback over lowest-cost housing for postcolonial Dakar","authors":"Helen Gyger","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2273429","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2273429","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn mid-1972, the World Bank approved its first loan for a sites and services project, selecting Senegal for the location based on the country's prior experience with similar schemes. Through a close reading of documents in the Bank archive, this article explores the serious differences that emerged between the Bank and Senegal in shaping the project, focusing on three issues: determining whether slum clearance or upgrading should be used to manage existing unregulated urban settlements; eliminating government subsidies for moderate-income housing schemes in order to shift investment to sites and services; and setting appropriate standards for the new Bank-sponsored neighbourhood. Moreover, the partners conceived the project quite differently: while the Bank was fixed on the successful implementation of its first sites and services scheme, for Senegal, this project was only one element of a larger vision for Dakar, which reflected the ambitions of the country's first postcolonial president, Léopold Senghor, and was given shape in the 1967 master plan developed by French urban planner Michel Écochard. The article examines the completed project through the contrasting evaluations produced by the project partners, and considers the complex power dynamics of the relationship between the Bank and Senegal as aid lender and recipient.KEYWORDS: World bankSenegalDakarlow-cost housingsites and servicessquatter settlementsslum clearanceupgradinghousing subsidieshousing standardsLéopold SenghorMichel Écochard AcknowledgementMy sincere thanks to the anonymous reviewers for their insightful and productive feedback on an earlier version of this article.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Westebbe, “The Urbanization Problem,” 94, 95.2 Ayres, Banking on the Poor, 226. For further discussion of the political dimensions of the Bank’s poverty-alleviation efforts, see Pereira, “The World Bank’s ‘Assault on Poverty’.”3 Richard M. Westebbe, quoted in Oliver, “A Conversation,” 15–17.4 R. Venkateswaran and Jacques Yenny to Robert Sadove, “Senegal: Dakar – Project Identification Mission, September 21–24, 1970,” October 21, 1970, p. 1, Folder ID 1714698, World Bank Group Archives (hereafter WBGA). In this and subsequent references to World Bank files, the documents are listed by Folder ID only, with the corresponding Folder Title noted in the bibliography.5 See for example: Keare, “Affordable Shelter,” 3; Jones and Ward, “The World Bank’s ‘New’ Urban Management,” 35; Ramsamy, The World Bank, 81.6 Richard M. Westebbe to Moustepha Sar, September 30, 1970, Folder ID 1714698, WBGA. See [Westebbe], “Urbanization,” in Annual Report 1970.7 Westebbe, “The Urbanization Problem,” 81n1-3. Westebbe cited three texts: Abrams’s Man’s Struggle, and Turner’s “Uncontrolled Urban Settlement” and “The Barriada Movement.”8 Westebbe, “The Urbanization Problem,” 95.9 World Bank, Urbanization, 59–60.10 Ayres, Banking on the Poor, 162.","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"1 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135934650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2272144
Andre Krammer, Friedrich Hauer
This paper presents a periodized overview of informal urbanization in Vienna in the twentieth century. It offers a new perspective on the evolution of planning discourse and the phenomenon’s handling by planning authorities. The variegated manifestations of ‘Informal Vienna’ triggered an ongoing dispute on how orderly city development could be re-established after 1945. Our approach combines quantitative and qualitative aspects and illuminates not only the shifting significance of informal urbanization over several decades – especially in their lengthy formalization process – but also highlights the co-evolution of formal planning and the Viennese informal ‘grand project’.
{"title":"Taming ‘wild’ Vienna? The handling of informal settlements by the planning authorities – perspectives, discourse, (counter)actions in the interwar and post-war periods","authors":"Andre Krammer, Friedrich Hauer","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2272144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2272144","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a periodized overview of informal urbanization in Vienna in the twentieth century. It offers a new perspective on the evolution of planning discourse and the phenomenon’s handling by planning authorities. The variegated manifestations of ‘Informal Vienna’ triggered an ongoing dispute on how orderly city development could be re-established after 1945. Our approach combines quantitative and qualitative aspects and illuminates not only the shifting significance of informal urbanization over several decades – especially in their lengthy formalization process – but also highlights the co-evolution of formal planning and the Viennese informal ‘grand project’.","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136068132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2272737
Wojciech Korbel
Since the political transformation initiated in 1989, there has been a continuous discussion in Poland on the directions of reforming the spatial planning system and the principles of shaping space. It has been accompanied by numerous statutory changes. Despite this, the issue of the quality of local space and the importance of urban composition in the spatial policy remain an unresolved, pressing problem requiring new regulations. In the search for these solutions, the historic Ordinance on the Law of Building and Development of Settlements of 1928, which created the system framework in the spatial development of the country reborn after World War I, is of particular importance. 95 years after the promulgation of this regulation, the system solutions adopted at that time as crucial to Poland's spatial development were analyzed. The aim of the study was to identify tools introduced in 1928 for shaping space at the local level, in the nature of operational urban planning instruments. The identified regulations were confronted with contemporary solutions. The results indicate a strongly marginalized range of tools of real space shaping in the current legislation and the need for changes, referring to the solutions identified in the study as a forgotten legacy.
{"title":"Local planning in the national provisions of the Polish Building Code of 1928 - a forgotten legacy","authors":"Wojciech Korbel","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2272737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2272737","url":null,"abstract":"Since the political transformation initiated in 1989, there has been a continuous discussion in Poland on the directions of reforming the spatial planning system and the principles of shaping space. It has been accompanied by numerous statutory changes. Despite this, the issue of the quality of local space and the importance of urban composition in the spatial policy remain an unresolved, pressing problem requiring new regulations. In the search for these solutions, the historic Ordinance on the Law of Building and Development of Settlements of 1928, which created the system framework in the spatial development of the country reborn after World War I, is of particular importance. 95 years after the promulgation of this regulation, the system solutions adopted at that time as crucial to Poland's spatial development were analyzed. The aim of the study was to identify tools introduced in 1928 for shaping space at the local level, in the nature of operational urban planning instruments. The identified regulations were confronted with contemporary solutions. The results indicate a strongly marginalized range of tools of real space shaping in the current legislation and the need for changes, referring to the solutions identified in the study as a forgotten legacy.","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136068122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2271885
Gazmend Uka
This study examines the literature on social housing in Yugoslavia and Kosovo, and covers different topics and approaches. By combining findings spanning the periods of development, construction techniques, Yugoslavian particularities, social approaches, standardization, finance, and investment, it takes a comprehensive approach, hitherto missing. The literature review is conducted at two levels: the central level in Yugoslavia and the local level in Kosovo. While there is a massive gap in the local context, the aim is not to fill this gap but to demonstrate how one can begin to address and gain insights into social housing in 1970s Kosovo. The urban planning and design principles that influenced social housing in Yugoslavia were also present in Kosovo, as in other Yugoslav cities, but to varying extents and on a smaller scale.
{"title":"A review of housing policy in post-war Yugoslavia and Kosovo","authors":"Gazmend Uka","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2271885","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2271885","url":null,"abstract":"This study examines the literature on social housing in Yugoslavia and Kosovo, and covers different topics and approaches. By combining findings spanning the periods of development, construction techniques, Yugoslavian particularities, social approaches, standardization, finance, and investment, it takes a comprehensive approach, hitherto missing. The literature review is conducted at two levels: the central level in Yugoslavia and the local level in Kosovo. While there is a massive gap in the local context, the aim is not to fill this gap but to demonstrate how one can begin to address and gain insights into social housing in 1970s Kosovo. The urban planning and design principles that influenced social housing in Yugoslavia were also present in Kosovo, as in other Yugoslav cities, but to varying extents and on a smaller scale.","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"12 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134902561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-19DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2268948
Carlos Nunes Silva
"In the Skin of the City. Spatial transformation in Luanda." Planning Perspectives, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2
《城市之皮》罗安达的空间转型。”《规划展望》，印前(印前)，第1-2页
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Pub Date : 2023-10-18DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2268945
Victoria Grau, Max Welch Guerra
"Unabhängige Historikerkommission “Planen und Bauen im Nationalsozialismus” [Independent Commission of Historians “Planning and Construction during National Socialism”." Planning Perspectives, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2
Unabhängige historikercommission " Planen und Bauen im Nationalsozialismus "[独立历史学家委员会"国家社会主义时期的规划和建设"。《规划展望》，印前(印前)，第1-2页
{"title":"Unabhängige Historikerkommission “Planen und Bauen im Nationalsozialismus” [Independent Commission of Historians “Planning and Construction during National Socialism” <b>Unabhängige Historikerkommission “Planen und Bauen im Nationalsozialismus” [Independent Commission of Historians “Planning and Construction during National Socialism”</b> , i.e. edited by Wolfgang Benz, Tilman Harlander, Elke Pahl-Weber, Wolfram Pyta, Adelheid von Saldern, Wolfgang Schäche, and Regina Stephan], <i>Planen und …","authors":"Victoria Grau, Max Welch Guerra","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2268945","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2268945","url":null,"abstract":"\"Unabhängige Historikerkommission “Planen und Bauen im Nationalsozialismus” [Independent Commission of Historians “Planning and Construction during National Socialism”.\" Planning Perspectives, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135883384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2268944
John Foot
"Tra simili, Storie incrociate dei quartieri italiani del secondo dopoguerra [Of the same type: connected stories of Italian neighbourhoods since the Second World War]." Planning Perspectives, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2
“同样的，story incroated dei quartieri italiani del secondo dopoguerra(同类型:二战以来意大利社区的相互关联的故事)。”《规划展望》，印前(印前)，第1-2页
{"title":"Tra simili, Storie incrociate dei quartieri italiani del secondo dopoguerra [Of the same type: connected stories of Italian neighbourhoods since the Second World War] <b>Tra simili, Storie incrociate dei quartieri italiani del secondo dopoguerra [Of the same type: connected stories of Italian neighbourhoods since the Second World War]</b> , by Filippo De Pieri, Macerata, Quodlibet Studio, 2022, 299 pp., € 22(paperback)","authors":"John Foot","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2268944","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2268944","url":null,"abstract":"\"Tra simili, Storie incrociate dei quartieri italiani del secondo dopoguerra [Of the same type: connected stories of Italian neighbourhoods since the Second World War].\" Planning Perspectives, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136033139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2268946
John R. Gold
Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes1 Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons”
点击放大图片点击缩小图片注1哈丁，“公地的悲剧”
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Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2268942
Leandro Benmergui
"Historia y memoria de villas y favelas." Planning Perspectives, ahead-of-print(ahead-of-print), pp. 1–2
“别墅与贫民窟的历史与记忆。”《规划展望》，印前(印前)，第1-2页
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