Planning Perspectives最新文献

{"title":"How did the idea of the garden suburb emerge in the 1970s? An analysis based on the performance of the city of São Paulo company in São Paulo","authors":"Sidney Piochi Bernardini, Ana Carolina Capelozza Mano","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2259876","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2259876","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThe City of São Paulo Improvements and Freehold Land Company Ltd (Cia. City) was founded in London in 1911 to promote subdivisions in the urban fringes of the city of São Paulo. By adapting to the real estate development market in the 1950s and 1960s to expand its market, Cia. City continued as a land developer, expanding its business within the state of São Paulo. This article provides an overview of this trajectory to analyze its performance in the 1970s, based on three projects that it carried out: City Nova Piracicaba, City Ribeirão and City Barretos. Based on the following analyses: the conception of garden suburbs, the relationship with the municipality and legal arrangements; registry practices; as well as designing projects and advertisements, this article presents evidence that shows the permanence of characteristics of its performance until 1970s. The analysis of the three projects demonstrates the company's concern with the urban design of the projects and preserving the brand. The article also reveals that while the idea of the garden suburb remained throughout the whole period, its layouts changed substantially, departing from the original organic parcelling pattern. Otherwise, the proximity and relationship with the pre-existing city determined its location.KEYWORDS: Cia. Cityurban planningCity Garden Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 The architect Joseph-Antoine Bouvard had cooperated with Alphand in the parks and gardens service of Paris, having designed Parc des Buttes-Chaumont and Parc Montsouris, and had traveled to Buenos Aires in 1907 to redesign picturesque and landscape elements of the city. In 1911, he was invited by the Public Works Director of São Paulo, Victor da Silva Freire, to give a lecture in the state capital, which was followed by an invitation to provide consultancy services for the landscape remodeling of Vale do Anhangabaú in 1911(see Campos, Os rumos da cidade. Urbanismo e Modernização em São Paulo).2 Information in the actual law digitized by the Chamber of Deputies. Available at: <http://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/decret/1910-1919/decreto-9439-13-marco-1912-525606-publicacaooriginal-1-pe.html> Visited on Aug. 26, 2017.3 Bacelli, “A Presença da Companhia City em São Paulo e a implantação do primeiro Bairro-Jardim”, 25–52.4 The former Brazilian president Campos Sales, the former president of several Brazilian states (Piauí, Paraná, Ceará and Pernambuco) Sancho de Barros Pimentel and the Deputy Cincinato Braga were named as the politicians, and English banking establishments including Imperial and Foreign Corporation Ltd as financial agents, the enterprise that provided necessary working capital to City Company and to which its land was mortgaged (see Souza, O capital imobiliário e a produção do espaço urbano: o caso da Companhia City, 43–68).5 Andrade, ‘Barry Parker um arquiteto inglês na cidade de São Paulo’, 3–7. Bacelli, ‘A Presença da Comp","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136060842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The establishment process of Türk Traktör between 1948 and 1963: a critique of ‘modernization’ as development in Early Cold War Turkey","authors":"Murat Iplikci, Gülşah Aykaç","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2256331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2256331","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"82 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136072506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From zeilenbau slabs to community-building clusters. The contribution of Seoul to the planning of mass housing estates, 1962–2008","authors":"Marc Brossa","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2022.2150280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2022.2150280","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT More than half of the population of Seoul lives today in mass housing estates due to the housing policies initiated by the South Korean developmental regime. This paper aims to assert the degree of typomorphological innovation introduced by the large-scale construction of mass housing in the capital during the second half of the twentieth century to situate their contribution to modern housing. Twelve case studies have been redrawn according to eight morphological categories and compared through a timeline. The study period is structured in four phases to contextualize the cases with the socio-political background and broader housing architecture and planning developments. Stephen V. Ward’s typology of diffusion of modern planning concepts has been adopted as a conceptual framework to evaluate the degree of innovation. The research shows how site planning strategies based on parallel rows of housing blocks were consolidated as the most common morphology in the 1970s under the leadership of the public housing authority. A brief but intense period of innovation followed during the 1980s featuring clusters catering to community-building agendas. Nonetheless, the shift towards the private sector at the end of the decade curtailed housing innovation, and original solutions developed earlier were standardized by the market.","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"11 1","pages":"1041 - 1077"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139343040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical cartographies for assessing and designing with planning legacies: the case of Jaap Bakema’s Open Society in ‘t Hool, the Netherlands","authors":"Juan Sanz Oliver, Gregory Bracken, Víctor Muñoz Sanz","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2248463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2248463","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Open Society appeared as a concept in planning discourse at the Congrès International d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM XI). It attempted to create urban conditions which would allow society to prosper. Despite its good theoretical intentions, the project did not always translate well into practice. We observe that historic approaches and tools have tended to be neglected in urban regeneration projects and discussions, yet we think that they can bring valuable urban transformations. This paper therefore considers the extent to which historic planning tools and theories can be useful for assessing built projects to provide fresh approaches for urban renovation. This paper will reappraise the concept of the Open Society empirically by analysing, critiquing, and imagining its relevance in twenty-first-century planning projects and discourse. This research uses a mostly qualitative approach through critical cartographies as a main medium and to draw conclusions that highlight the power relations in the Dutch neighbourhood of ‘t Hool (Eindhoven) as well as the local conditions and materials that can enable them to plan for a more resilient future. We aim to bridge the gap between theory and practice through a methodology that allows for a broader and deeper understanding of place, history, potentials, and urgencies.","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"38 1","pages":"1103 - 1117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47028699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Construção do Algarve. Arquitectura Moderna, Regionalismo e Identidade no Sul de Portugal, 1925–1965 [Algarve Building. Modernism, Regionalism and Architecture in the South of Portugal, 1925–1965]","authors":"Carla Garrido de Oliveira","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2248726","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2248726","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"38 1","pages":"1133 - 1135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46790081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Housing low-income populations as a Cold War geostrategic tool. The case of the Instituto de Credito Territorial’s Ciudad Kennedy in Colombia","authors":"Victoria Eugenia Sanchez Holguin","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2248473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2248473","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis article demonstrates how two different, but related processes converge in the Ciudad Kennedy neighbourhood, built by the Instituto de Credito Territorial (ICT) on the outskirts of Bogotá, the capital of Colombia, at the beginning of the 1960s. The ICT, the Colombian state agency responsible for building low-income housing, sought various means of addressing a housing crisis that had been exacerbated since the 1950s by significant rural migration into the country's urban centres. In this context, the ICT collaborated closely with the Inter-American Housing and Planning Center (CINVA). In tandem, the U.S. government approved budgeting for the programme Alliance for Progress. This programme for foreign aid and regional cooperation cemented the U.S. effort to consolidate its influence in Latin America as part of its Cold War geostrategy. Housing being one of the Alliance's primary means of achieving its goals, Ciudad Kennedy represented the measure by which the success of American foreign policy in Latin America could be assessed. By considering housing produced by the ICT in Colombia as a geopolitical tool in the 1960s, Ciudad Kennedy illustrates how the U.S. enhanced its relationships with Latin America through U.S. technicians and foreign aid programmes, such as the Alliance for Progress.KEYWORDS: Ciudad KennedyColombiaAlliance for ProgressInstituto de Credito TerritorialICTCINVAself-help housing Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 Del Real, “Building a Continent”; Benmergui, “The Alliance for Progress and Housing Policy”; Renner, “Housing Diplomacy”; Gorelik, “Pan-American routes,” Offner, “Homeownership and Social Welfare in the Americas.”2 Hernández, Bhabha for Architects, 15.3 Schoultz, Beneath the United States, xv.4 Escobar, Encountering Development, 34.5 The possibility to buy land in Techo was already discussed in a board meeting in 1955. ICT, Board of Directors, “Minute 725,” 0274; “Minute 18,” 0143.6 Instituto de Crédito Territorial, Una política de vivienda para Colombia.7 Instituto de Crédito Territorial, La demanda de viviendas en los programas del ICT, 27.8 Escala, “Ciudad Kennedy,” 8–17.9 Rudell, “Community Development in Ciudad Kennedy,” 8.10 Mendes Ferreira and Gorovitz, A Invenção da Superquadra.11 Instituto de Crédito Territorial, Ciudad Kennedy una realidad, 17.12 Perry, The Neighborhood Unit; Sert, Can our Cities Survive?13 Gaitán Cortés presented the concept to the board of directors. ICT, Board of Directors, “Minute 325,” 744–6. On Sert and the Pilot Plan for Bogotá, see: Schnitter, José Luis Sert y Colombia.14 High-rise buildings for multifamily housing populate the plans, projects, and ideas that the agency intended to realize since the mid-1940s. ICT, Board of Directors, “Minute 237,” 502. Instituto de Crédito Territorial, Vivienda.15 Instituto de Crédito Territorial, Ciudad Kennedy una realidad.16 ICT, Board of Directors, “Minute 21,” 274.17 ICT, Board o","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134947713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Planning, history … and the environment?","authors":"J. R. Gold, Margaret M. Gold","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2248729","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2248729","url":null,"abstract":"We occasionally remind ourselves that Planning Perspectives’ subtitle states that it is ‘an international journal of history, planning and the environment’. Most of that needs little clarification. The journal’s international character is shown, issue by issue, by its contents and editorial board. There is also no doubt about its commitment to planning and history, given that the planning process studied historically is a required feature in the articles that we publish. Where the reminder is perhaps necessary stems from inclusion of the words ‘the environment’. When preceded by the definite article, a focus on the environment would seem to imply something rather different from what is normally seen in this journal – at least with regard to that term’s contemporary meaning and emotive associations. It might well suggest planning historians pursuing a critical ecological agenda, taking their place alongside other scholars interested in issues such as climate change, disease control, deforestation, desertification, landscape conservation, urban environmental quality, and equitable resource distribution. These, it must be confessed, are not themes commonly articulated in the pages of Planning Perspectives. Yet planning interventions are inherently concerned with environmental matters even if the focus for many planning historians has more often been on the scale of the plan and the vision of the planning process rather than environment per se. The study of environmental regulations, for example, is demonstrably important for planning history, whether the subject concerned is nineteenth-century sanitary reform, interwar suburbanization and green belts, linearity and urban growth, colonial and neo-colonial exploitation of resources, sustainability and smart growth principles, resilience and environmental justice, or a host of other issues. Two questions perhaps worth asking therefore are, first, what was originally meant when the word ‘environment’ was included in the journal’s sub-title? and, secondly, what could or should it mean today? The first question, unlike the second, is relatively easy to answer. Environmental debate was very different when Planning Perspectives was launched in the mid-1980s. Understandings of environment from that time were primarily linked to alerting a sceptical public about the dangers of an imminent environmental crisis and the need for global ecological security. Prior to the publication of the Brundtland Report and the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – two landmark events dating from 1987 and 1988 respectively – environmentalist thought generally lacked the direction, conceptual sophistication, and evidence-backed clarity that it has latterly achieved. Against that background, it was perhaps inevitable that there would be a degree of imprecision about what might appear in the journal under the environmental banner; a lack of clarity that, incidentally, had a useful permissiveness for a n","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"38 1","pages":"925 - 928"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42268047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On balance: architecture and vertigo","authors":"Amy Butt","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2248728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2248728","url":null,"abstract":"economic urgencies, in particular the postwar increase of private car ownership and the subsequent rise of car traffic in the city. Responses to this situation included the construction of the subway, the demolition in 1939 of the elevated railway line ‘EL,’ the public debate and political rift over the above-ground Midtown Manhattan Expressway and the under-ground Mid-Manhattan underpass proposed by Robert Moses, and the proposals for new lighting systems and covered walkways. At the same time, the fragmented urban structure of small buildings, which surrounded the avenue at the beginning of the twentieth century was replaced by towers with curtain walls occupying one block each. This transformed the Avenue of Americas into a skyscraper boulevard, somewhat contradicting the supposed Pan-American identity. The new transformation also highlighted the delicate relationship between the skyscrapers and the surrounding urban fabric. To visualize her analysis Barioglio presents useful axonometric views of this urban transformation at the end of the book. Interestingly, the book also portrays the actors that were directly involved in the transformation, including the Rockefellers. In this context, it also focuses on the pivotal contribution of associations promoting and protecting the interests of the property owners, such as the Sixth Avenue Association and the Avenue of the Americas Association. Finally, ‘Avenue of Americas’ opens new research questions on the ‘delirious’ transformation of New York, the capitalist city par excellence Highlighting both the symbolic and physical conversion of 6th Avenue, drawing and retracing its multiple nuances and contradictions, Barioglio’s book is a unique case study to dissect American history, including the discussion and experimentation of regeneration models for the post-war city. The book is written from the perspective of an outsider with European/Italian cultural background. As such, it contributes to an understanding the multi-faceted trajectories and flows of urban design ideas and provides ground-breaking new reflections on the role of policies, socio-economic aspects and regulatory instruments in the decision-making processes of New York.","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"38 1","pages":"1136 - 1138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46095581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cities alive: Jane Jacobs, Christopher Alexander, and the roots of Urban Renaissance","authors":"J. Monclús","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2248730","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2248730","url":null,"abstract":"chapter 5 ‘Thrills of Gravity’ which looks at the ‘ilinx’ of the ferris wheel and rollercoaster as precursors to contemporary adventure tourism which reframes ‘high-rise architecture as a playground’ (161), where architecture is complicit in turning ‘the experience of the abyss into a packaged thrill’ (173) consumed as part of the experience economy. Chapter 6 maintains this focus on architectural design, insightfully drawing a line which posits that ‘if weightlessness is a central tenet of modernism, and depthlessness the main attribute of postmodern space, a condition of groundlessness appeared to define the edgy architectural landscape at the dawn of the new millennium’ (198), playful and liberatory but vulnerable to commercial appropriation. In fact this tension between architecture and experience permeates On Balance, and this is addressed directly in the final chapter 7 ‘Architectures of Vertigo’ which takes an in-depth look at the architectural ‘edge’ as a spatial condition, as a signifier of luxury and power, and as a site where the ‘pursuit of intense individual experiences’ (229) are integral to tourist economies ‘reducing the abyss to a themed experience’ (229). Through these accounts of spatial experiences On Balance also makes us aware of the history of vertigo as a story of great loss, as these practices are continually co-opted by neoliberalism or subsumed within the experience economy. I do not hold out hope that I will grow comfortable on the edge of the abyss, balancing on beams or dancing on cornices. Vertigo remains an experience which unexpectedly overwhelms me, and one which, as Deriu puts forward, occurs all the more frequently in spaces which unthinkingly adopt a language of height or transparency in a manner which can be considered ablest and ageist. Vertigo is, as Goethe found, an experience that is ‘troubling’. It is the sensory and bodily experience of estrangement, it untethers certainties and I must bring myself back to a world that no longer seems as solid as it once did. But vertigo can also hold an edifice in a state of suspension, revealing the seemingly intractable and implacable to be precarious and vulnerable to change. It offers the fleeting promise that architectural reality could be subtly but substantially remade, that it might be possible to overturn the weight of entrenched patterns of spatial injustice or at least challenge their foundational assumptions. As this book insightfully concludes, the unsettling experience of vertigo is one that may help us acknowledge our own unstable position enabling us to rethink the ways in which we imagine and inhabit our environments. Vertigo threatens to trouble us, but we cannot deny that there is cause to be troubled.","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"38 1","pages":"1138 - 1140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42247037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manila’s Architectural Heritage 1571-1960. Volume 1 The Center: Intramuros, Binondo, San Nicolas, Tondo","authors":"I. Morley","doi":"10.1080/02665433.2023.2248731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02665433.2023.2248731","url":null,"abstract":"gence of history and traditional knowledge. Mehaffy then embarks on a genuinely ambitious philosophical digression, which somewhat distracts from the main purpose of the book (section III), followed by arguments on the link between the New Urban Agenda and the principles of Jacobs and Alexander (section IV). Finally, in section V he recapitulates around five key lessons with corresponding ‘hopeful examples’: the first, connectivity, is illustrated by the city of Portland, Oregon; the second, opportunities for all, by the exceptional experience of Medellín/Colombia; the third, adaptation, by Alexander’s own project for the Eishin School in Tokyo; the fourth, environmental sustainability, by Freiburg/Germany; and the fifth, system reformwith the example of the plans for the recovery of New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, in which the author was involved. Despite the scepticism and mistrust that may be aroused by some superficial readings or those that seek to apply Jacobs’ or Alexander’s principles literally to current urban realities, re-reading them, as Mehaffy acknowledges, allows us to test their ideas, verify them, modify them, combine them with others and, if they seem useful, proceed to apply them constructively or, failing that, revise them as convenient.","PeriodicalId":46569,"journal":{"name":"Planning Perspectives","volume":"38 1","pages":"1140 - 1142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45908752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}