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Southern regionalism: social science and regional-national planning in the interwar U.S. South 南方地区主义:两次世界大战期间美国南方的社会科学与区域-国家规划
IF 0.8 3区 历史学 0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2215731
S. Ramos
ABSTRACT In celebration of the 100th anniversary of the first meeting of the Regional Planning Association of America in New York City, there is also the chance to recognize concurrent interwar regionalisms from other parts of the United States. Howard W. Odum led the Southern regionalism initiative with colleagues from his Institute for Research in Social Science at the University of North Carolina. The South served as their laboratory, where resource development proposals became the model for national regional planning practice and beyond. Southern regionalists understood the regional scale entirely through the cultural lens of the social sciences to abstract, describe, and project it. The South’s secessionist past informed their cultural/territorial proposals for folk regional planning, which later functionalist modelling elided. As these histories reach their centenaries, the article considers Southern regionalism more fully in relation to the broader social science and regional planning thought of the interwar period.
为了庆祝美国区域规划协会在纽约召开的第一次会议100周年,我们也有机会认识到来自美国其他地区的两次世界大战之间的地区主义。霍华德·w·奥达姆和他在北卡罗莱纳大学社会科学研究所的同事们一起领导了南方地区主义倡议。南方是他们的实验室,在那里,资源开发建议成为国家区域规划实践乃至其他领域的典范。南方地区主义者完全通过社会科学的文化视角来理解地区尺度,对其进行抽象、描述和投射。南方的分离主义历史影响了他们对民间区域规划的文化/领土建议,后来的功能主义模型忽略了这一点。随着这些历史达到百年,本文将更全面地考虑南方地区主义与更广泛的社会科学和两次世界大战期间的区域规划思想的关系。
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引用次数: 0
The location of a railway station and its impact on urban planning in colonial Lahore 1846–1947 1846-1947年殖民地拉合尔火车站的位置及其对城市规划的影响
IF 0.8 3区 历史学 0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2215748
Naubada Ali, Zhou Qi
ABSTRACT In the nineteenth century, the impact of railways on urbanization was significant, despite initial predictions that its role would be limited to transportation. The presence of a railway station had impacted the urban fabric of Lahore during the colonial rule. It was the first purpose-built building by the British and it started the new era of urban expansion. Eventually, railway development turned out to be the fourth major settlement of Lahore. The objective of this paper is to highlight the contribution of railways in shaping the form and growth of Lahore. The methodology employed for this study consisted of collecting both primary and secondary data, followed by a comparative analysis of the urban context of pre-colonial Lahore and its development post the introduction of railways in the city.
在19世纪,铁路对城市化的影响是巨大的,尽管最初的预测是它的作用将仅限于运输。在殖民统治期间,火车站的存在影响了拉合尔的城市结构。这是英国人建造的第一座专门建筑,它开启了城市扩张的新时代。最终,铁路发展成为拉合尔的第四个主要定居点。本文的目的是强调铁路在塑造拉合尔的形式和发展方面的贡献。本研究采用的方法包括收集主要和次要数据,然后对前殖民时期拉合尔的城市环境及其在城市引入铁路后的发展进行比较分析。
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引用次数: 0
Bioregional urbanism: reflecting on the legacy of the RPAA through the lens of Jaqueline Tyrwhitt 生物地域性城市主义:通过杰奎琳·Tyrwhitt的镜头反思RPAA的遗产
IF 0.8 3区 历史学 0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2200649
E. Shoshkes
ABSTRACT The Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) was formed in 1923 to promote urban development based on the English Garden City ideal linked to the regionalism of Patrick Geddes. But Lewis Mumford, the RPAA’s principal spokesperson, incorporated his version of Geddes’ ideas in the RPAA’s agenda. Arguably the RPAA/Mumford’s vision of garden cities as a remedy for the problems of the sprawling metropolis incorrectly became identified with Geddes. This essay presents a more nuanced perspective by examining the RPAA and efforts to relaunch it, starting in the late 1930s, through the lens of Jaqueline Tyrwhitt, who was largely responsible for the revival of interest in Geddes’s ideas after World War Two. The paper traces the development of Tyrwhitt’s ideas as she introduces Geddes in his own words to a new generation, thus dispelling previous misconceptions, and formed an influential synthesis of Geddes’ bioregionalism and modernist urbanism that framed debates on post-war reconstruction. She put forward the urban constellation – a further development of Geddes’ concept of the conurbation – explicitly as an alternative to the relaunched RPAA’s call for decentralization, now as strategy for civil defense.
美国区域规划协会(RPAA)成立于1923年,以帕特里克·格迪斯的地方主义思想为基础,以英国花园城市为理念,促进城市发展。但RPAA的首席发言人刘易斯·芒福德(Lewis Mumford)将他对格迪斯观点的看法纳入了RPAA的议程。可以说,RPAA/Mumford的花园城市愿景是对无序扩张的大都市问题的补救措施,错误地与Geddes等同起来。本文通过杰奎琳·蒂尔维特(jacqueline Tyrwhitt)的视角,从20世纪30年代末开始审视RPAA和重新启动它的努力,呈现了一个更细致入微的视角。蒂尔维特在二战后对格迪斯的思想重新产生兴趣,在很大程度上要负责任。这篇论文追溯了Tyrwhitt思想的发展,她用格迪斯自己的话向新一代介绍了格迪斯,从而消除了之前的误解,并形成了一个有影响力的综合格迪斯的生物地域主义和现代主义城市主义,为战后重建的辩论提供了框架。她提出了城市星座——这是Geddes的城市概念的进一步发展——明确地作为重新启动的RPAA对权力下放的呼吁的替代方案,现在作为民防战略。
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引用次数: 0
An analysis of the small planned towns built for the workers of the Badajoz Plan dams in Spain 为西班牙巴达霍斯大坝工人建造的小城镇规划分析
IF 0.8 3区 历史学 0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2198499
P. Plasencia-Lozano, Marina Bargón-García
ABSTRACT One of the most interesting urbanistic ensembles of the twentieth century in Spain is the towns planned and built near the large dams to provide services for their construction and operation. In the Province of Badajoz four very large dams were built by the central administration, which also promoted the construction of workers’ towns in the surrounding area. These towns are unique components of the rural Extremadura landscape. Without them, the dams could not have been built in the Spain of Franco’s dictatorship, and they are a testimony to action carried out in the territory, how work was organized and how the integrating relationship of buildings and nature was understood as a particular conception of the landscape. This article first reviews the historical context, both from the point of view of planned urbanization concerning company towns and the Badajoz Plan itself. The villages are describe based on field visits and documents found in the AGA archives in Alcala de Henares and the offices of the Guadiana Water Board in Mérida; lastly, the data are analysed, and some conclusions are arrived at.
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引用次数: 0
The social psychologist as planner: the pioneering work of Oscar Oeser in urban and rural communities in mid-twentieth century Australia 作为规划师的社会心理学家:奥斯卡·欧瑟在20世纪中期澳大利亚城市和农村社区的开创性工作
IF 0.8 3区 历史学 0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2023-05-15 DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2192515
M. Amati, R. Buchanan
ABSTRACT Oscar Oeser was a polymath import to the Antipodes, primarily known as a social psychologist and as the founding Professor of Psychology at the University of Melbourne. But he was also a very effective network builder, and an important conduit for overseas ideas – not least with respect to urban and rural planning. With interest in urban planning surging in the immediate post-Second World War period, Oeser undertook a joint project with the Head of Architecture at Melbourne, Brian Lewis, along with a number of other notable figures. The project involved surveying and re-imagining the down-at-heel suburb of Prahran. It was ambitious in its empirical scope, and it showcased Oeser's sensitivity to the ‘human elements’ in planning that prefigured current participatory models. Nonetheless, the Prahran project's impact was muted and ambiguous, its data selectively co-opted by local politicians and public servants to serve a pragmatic modernist agenda. Oeser's subsequent planning work featured innovative approaches to designing remote rural communities and indigenous housing. Oeser's overall legacy in planning was thus a historically contingent one: it tells us something about what might have been as much as what was.
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引用次数: 0
Urbanistica comparada en los albores de la modernidad. Burguesia, Espacio Urbano y Proyecto de Ciudad [Comparative urbanism at dawn of modernity. Bourgeoisie, Urban Space and Project of the City] 现代黎明的比较城市主义。资产阶级、城市空间与城市项目[现代性黎明的比较城市主义]。《城市空间与城市项目》
IF 0.8 3区 历史学 0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2023-05-04 DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2202114
Gaia Caramellino
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引用次数: 0
Plague, quarantine, and environmental design in nineteenth century Odesa 19世纪敖德萨的鼠疫、检疫和环境设计
IF 0.8 3区 历史学 0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2023-04-28 DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2204494
Maya Gervits
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引用次数: 0
Résonnances oasiennes. Approches sensibles de l’urbain au Sahara [Resonances from the Oases. Sensitive approaches to the urban in the Sahara] Résonnances绿洲。认可撒哈拉城市的敏感性[绿洲的共鸣。撒哈拉城市的敏感方法]
IF 0.8 3区 历史学 0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2023-04-24 DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2202119
N. Lafi
land and its conversion into a dynamic and thriving new core for London. Importantly, landscape transformation is seen as the key to project justification. So, why the difference in tone as well as content? Part of the reason stems from narrative. The Olympics, and most things connected with them, are habitually enmeshed in powerful narratives, with proponents and critics of the Games trading diametrically opposed views legitimized by contrasting metanarratives of historical meaning and current worth. However, an additional factor in the case of London 2012 are the starting points taken for analysis. Judgments about legacy made when the starting point is 1980 might well be different than when analysis begins with the bid promises of the early twenty-first century. Relatively few academic researchers would have been personally familiar with the lower Lea Valley before the clearance and soil cleansing programme started; an element that perhaps underpins a current tendency to downplay the extent of the area’s blighted industrial past. By contrast, many of the planning practitioners had witnessed the profound dereliction that characterized the area in the late twentieth century and took it as part of their moral imperative for working to bring about change. The state of the landscape, the blocked watercourses, and the environmental contamination were essential parts of the rationale for the legacy that was to be created. Yet in many ways, the divergences in these accounts essentially reflect the state of the art. The historiography of London 2012 as well as its legacy remain at a formative stage, with many different voices supporting and contesting prevailing interpretations. Excellent in their own ways and offering consistent and substantiated viewpoints, State of the Legacy and Play the Game provide useful contributions towards improving our understanding of the urban legacy of this landmark sporting and cultural festival. As such, they are steps on the road towards formulating the other, more subtly textured tales that are yet to be told.
并将其转变为一个充满活力和繁荣的伦敦新核心。重要的是,景观改造被视为项目合理性的关键。那么,为什么语气和内容都有所不同呢?部分原因源于叙事。奥运会,以及与之相关的大多数事物,都习惯性地卷入了强有力的叙事之中,奥运会的支持者和批评者们交换着截然相反的观点,通过对比历史意义和当前价值的元叙事来合法化。然而,2012年伦敦奥运会的另一个因素是分析的起点。以1980年为起点对遗产的判断,很可能与以21世纪初的申办承诺为起点的分析有所不同。在清理和土壤净化计划开始之前,很少有学术研究人员个人熟悉利亚河谷下游;这一因素可能支持了当前淡化该地区衰落的工业历史程度的趋势。相比之下,许多规划从业人员目睹了20世纪后期该地区严重的遗弃现象,并将其视为努力实现变革的道德责任的一部分。景观状况、堵塞的水道和环境污染是要创造的遗产的基本原理。然而,在许多方面,这些说法的分歧本质上反映了技术的现状。2012年伦敦奥运会的历史编纂及其遗产仍处于形成阶段,有许多不同的声音支持和争论主流的解释。《遗产的状态》和《玩游戏》以各自的方式出色地提供了一致和确凿的观点,为提高我们对这个具有里程碑意义的体育和文化节日的城市遗产的理解做出了有益的贡献。就其本身而言,它们是在形成另一个尚未被讲述的更微妙的故事的道路上迈出的一步。
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引用次数: 0
The post-war reconstruction planning of London 伦敦战后重建规划
IF 0.8 3区 历史学 0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2023-04-21 DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2200400
P. Larkham, David Adams
ABSTRACT The replanning of London following the Second World War is, in many ways, a familiar story. However it has often been told in fragments, usually prioritizing the best-known plans and the involvement of Professor Patrick Abercrombie. This paper positions the replanning more widely, considering a hierarchy from region to specific locales, and the problems of fragmented planning within such a structure. It explores issues of agents, agency and authority. The sanitized and orderly vision of a new London is set against a more complex and disordered reality of reconstruction-plan production. The urgency, scale and complexity of the task, and questions of why should ‘author’ plans, are significant issues. The realities of postwar London have been shaped by a messy and misunderstood process.
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引用次数: 0
À Beira da Cidade: Política e Poética do Loteamento [On the edge of the city: politics and poetics of land subdivision] 在城市的边缘:土地细分的政治和诗学[在城市的边缘:土地细分的政治和诗学]
IF 0.8 3区 历史学 0 ARCHITECTURE Pub Date : 2023-04-21 DOI: 10.1080/02665433.2023.2202120
Rafael Soares Gonçalves
city that also was the object of a project by architect and anthropologist Salima Naji. Also focusing on Tiznit, Noha Gamal Said proposes a ‘senso-social’ (209) analysis of both soundscapes and inhabitants’ practices. Situated between ethnography and urban studies, this approach allows the reader to both understand the nature of urban space and to reflect on methodology. Echoing such reflections, the chapter by Salima Naji deciphers the responsibility of architects and planners, in dialogue with authorities and inhabitants, to choose areas to be restored or transformed. She insists on the fragile memory of places and on the similarly fragile link between inhabitants’ practices and the urban form vis-à-vis potentially violent interventions. The last chapter by Irène Carpentier, David Goeury, and Zakaria Kadiri and the general conclusion, points to the fragility of collective memory in historical oases, to the importance of a study through the method and concept of urban ambiances and on the dangers these unique spaces are presently facing, including the emergence of entrepreneurial attitudes to urban renovation that tend to ignore the spirit of collective governance and the notion of common good: ‘Living together and doing together were articulated in a network of constant community engagements that were always collectively debated (...) The entanglement of the modalities of negotiation was progressively broken by the development of new categories of public action in the name of rationality and technical progress’ (340). Overall, this highly interesting book constitutes an important contribution not only to knowledge about these areas, but also to the methodological reflection of urban research in general.
这座城市也是建筑师和人类学家萨利玛·纳吉项目的目标。同样关注Tiznit,Noha Gamal Said提出了对声景和居民实践的“感觉社会”(209)分析。这种方法介于民族志和城市研究之间,使读者既能理解城市空间的本质,又能反思方法论。Salima Naji的这一章呼应了这些思考,解读了建筑师和规划者在与当局和居民对话时选择修复或改造区域的责任。她坚持认为,对于潜在的暴力干预,地方的记忆是脆弱的,居民的做法和城市形式之间的联系也是脆弱的。Irène Carpentier、David Goeury和Zakaria Kadiri的最后一章以及一般结论指出了历史绿洲中集体记忆的脆弱性,指出了通过城市环境的方法和概念进行研究的重要性,以及这些独特空间目前面临的危险,包括对城市改造的企业家态度的出现,这种态度往往忽视集体治理的精神和共同利益的概念:“共同生活和共同行动是在一个不断的社区参与网络中表达的,这些网络总是在集体辩论中(…)谈判模式的纠缠逐渐被以理性和技术进步的名义发展新的公共行动类别’(340)。总的来说,这本非常有趣的书不仅对这些领域的知识做出了重要贡献,而且对城市研究的方法论反思也做出了重大贡献。
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引用次数: 0
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Planning Perspectives
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