Pub Date : 2019-08-08DOI: 10.1177/1715163519867261
Joelle Walker
{"title":"Federal Election 2019: Why you need to get involved and tell our story","authors":"Joelle Walker","doi":"10.1177/1715163519867261","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163519867261","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46612,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Pharmacists Journal","volume":"152 1","pages":"343 - 344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1715163519867261","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46411176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-06DOI: 10.1177/1715163519865759
Jacqueline Donovan, R. Tsuyuki, Yazid N. Al Hamarneh, B. Bajorek
Objectives: To describe primary care pharmacists’ current scope of practice in relation to laboratory testing. Method: A 2-tiered search of key databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE) and grey literature with the following MeSH headings: prescribing, pharmacist/pharmacy, laboratory test, collaborative practice, protocols/guidelines. We focused on Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia for this review. Results: There is limited literature exploring primary care pharmacists’ scope of practice in relation to laboratory testing. The majority of literature is from the United States and Canada, with some from the United Kingdom and New Zealand and none from Australia. Overall, there is a difference in regulations between and within these countries, with the key difference being whether pharmacists access and/or order laboratory testing dependently or independently. Canadian pharmacists can access and/or order laboratory tests independently or dependently, depending on the province they practise in. US pharmacists can access and/or order laboratory tests dependently within collaborative practice agreements. In the United Kingdom, laboratory testing can be performed by independent prescribing pharmacists or dependently by supplementary prescribing pharmacists. New Zealand prescribing pharmacists can order laboratory testing independently. Most publications do not report on the types of laboratory tests used by pharmacists, but those that do predominantly resulted in positive patient outcomes. Discussion/Conclusion: Primary care pharmacists’ scope of practice in laboratory testing is presently limited to certain jurisdictions and is often performed in a dependent fashion. As such, a full scope of pharmacy services is almost entirely unavailable to patients in the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia. Just as in the case for pharmacists prescribing, evidence indicates better patient outcomes when pharmacists can access/order laboratory tests, but more research needs to be done alongside the implementation of local guidelines and practice standards for pharmacists who practise in that realm. Patients around the world deserve to receive a full scope of pharmacists’ practice, and lack of access to laboratory testing is one of the major obstacles to this. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2019;152:xx-xx.
{"title":"Barriers to a full scope of pharmacy practice in primary care: A systematic review of pharmacists’ access to laboratory testing","authors":"Jacqueline Donovan, R. Tsuyuki, Yazid N. Al Hamarneh, B. Bajorek","doi":"10.1177/1715163519865759","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163519865759","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To describe primary care pharmacists’ current scope of practice in relation to laboratory testing. Method: A 2-tiered search of key databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE) and grey literature with the following MeSH headings: prescribing, pharmacist/pharmacy, laboratory test, collaborative practice, protocols/guidelines. We focused on Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia for this review. Results: There is limited literature exploring primary care pharmacists’ scope of practice in relation to laboratory testing. The majority of literature is from the United States and Canada, with some from the United Kingdom and New Zealand and none from Australia. Overall, there is a difference in regulations between and within these countries, with the key difference being whether pharmacists access and/or order laboratory testing dependently or independently. Canadian pharmacists can access and/or order laboratory tests independently or dependently, depending on the province they practise in. US pharmacists can access and/or order laboratory tests dependently within collaborative practice agreements. In the United Kingdom, laboratory testing can be performed by independent prescribing pharmacists or dependently by supplementary prescribing pharmacists. New Zealand prescribing pharmacists can order laboratory testing independently. Most publications do not report on the types of laboratory tests used by pharmacists, but those that do predominantly resulted in positive patient outcomes. Discussion/Conclusion: Primary care pharmacists’ scope of practice in laboratory testing is presently limited to certain jurisdictions and is often performed in a dependent fashion. As such, a full scope of pharmacy services is almost entirely unavailable to patients in the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia. Just as in the case for pharmacists prescribing, evidence indicates better patient outcomes when pharmacists can access/order laboratory tests, but more research needs to be done alongside the implementation of local guidelines and practice standards for pharmacists who practise in that realm. Patients around the world deserve to receive a full scope of pharmacists’ practice, and lack of access to laboratory testing is one of the major obstacles to this. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2019;152:xx-xx.","PeriodicalId":46612,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Pharmacists Journal","volume":"152 1","pages":"317 - 333"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1715163519865759","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43385329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-08-05DOI: 10.1177/1715163519865571
Erin Davis, R. Braha, Shannon McAlorum, Debbie Kelly
The move from a Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy to a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, both in the United States and in Canada, has been accompanied by a general move towards increased prepharmacy admission requirements and longer pharmacy programs. Historically, the most thoroughly researched pharmacy admissions variables include grade point average (GPA), Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT), interviews and critical thinking tests. Most programs now require a combination of academic (GPA ± PCAT) and nonacademic characteristics (e.g., interviews, volunteering, critical thinking tests, essays). This review focuses on GPA and the PCAT as academic admissions measures and the interview (both traditional and the multiple mini-interview) and critical thinking tests as nonacademic measures. There is evidence that prepharmacy GPA, the PCAT and admissions interviews are correlated with academic success in a pharmacy program. Repeating a prepharmacy course is a negative predictor of academic success. The multiple mini-interview and various critical thinking tests have been studied in pharmacy admissions, but the evidence to date does not support their use for predicting success. Several areas require further research, including finding an effective measure of reasoning and critical thinking skills. The relationship between admission test scores and clinical performance also requires further study, as academic achievement in pharmacy programs has been the main measure of success to date.
{"title":"A brief history of pharmacy admissions in North America","authors":"Erin Davis, R. Braha, Shannon McAlorum, Debbie Kelly","doi":"10.1177/1715163519865571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163519865571","url":null,"abstract":"The move from a Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy to a Doctor of Pharmacy degree, both in the United States and in Canada, has been accompanied by a general move towards increased prepharmacy admission requirements and longer pharmacy programs. Historically, the most thoroughly researched pharmacy admissions variables include grade point average (GPA), Pharmacy College Admissions Test (PCAT), interviews and critical thinking tests. Most programs now require a combination of academic (GPA ± PCAT) and nonacademic characteristics (e.g., interviews, volunteering, critical thinking tests, essays). This review focuses on GPA and the PCAT as academic admissions measures and the interview (both traditional and the multiple mini-interview) and critical thinking tests as nonacademic measures. There is evidence that prepharmacy GPA, the PCAT and admissions interviews are correlated with academic success in a pharmacy program. Repeating a prepharmacy course is a negative predictor of academic success. The multiple mini-interview and various critical thinking tests have been studied in pharmacy admissions, but the evidence to date does not support their use for predicting success. Several areas require further research, including finding an effective measure of reasoning and critical thinking skills. The relationship between admission test scores and clinical performance also requires further study, as academic achievement in pharmacy programs has been the main measure of success to date.","PeriodicalId":46612,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Pharmacists Journal","volume":"152 1","pages":"370 - 375"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1715163519865571","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42607616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-29DOI: 10.1177/1715163519861420
J. Papastergiou, M. Luen, S. Tencaliuc, Wilson Li, B. V. D. van den Bemt, S. Houle
Background: The health risks associated with poor medication practices in the home suggest that patients would benefit from home-based medication reviews that could detect and resolve these issues. However, remuneration for home visits often excludes ambulatory, nonhomebound patients. A subset of these patients have issues that cannot be adequately identified and resolved during the course of a typical pharmacy-based medication review. Purpose: This study aims to characterize the prevalence and nature of “hidden in the home” medication management issues in nonhomebound patients. Methods: Pharmacists facilitated subject enrollment among patients at 6 community pharmacies in Toronto over a 15-month period, from January 2016 to March 2017. Patients taking 5 or more chronic medications who were ambulatory (able to visit the pharmacy) and scored 3 points or higher on a prescreening questionnaire were invited to participate. Visits included a standard medication review, the identification of drug therapy problems and an assessment of the patient’s medication and organization/storage practices, followed by a medication cabinet cleanup. Results: One hundred patients were recruited, with a mean age of 76.9 years and taking on average 10 chronic medications. Pharmacists identified a total of 275 drug therapy problems (2.75 per patient). The most common issues reported additional therapy required (23.6%), nonadherence (23.3%) and adverse drug reactions (17.8%). For those patients 65 years or older (87%), 32% were found to be using at least 1 medication on the Beers Criteria list, while 6% were using 3 or more. Sulfonylureas, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and short-acting benzodiazepines were the most commonly implicated drugs. Medications were removed from the homes of 67% of the patients, with expiry of medication being the most common reason for removal (54.2%). The mean duration of a home visit was 49.5 minutes. Conclusion: Pharmacist-directed home medication reviews offer an effective mechanism to address the pharmacotherapy issues of patients taking multiple medications. These findings highlight the frequency of medication management issues in this group and suggest that home medication reviews could serve to minimize inappropriate use of medication and maximize health care cost savings in this unique patient population. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2019;152:xx-xx.
{"title":"Medication management issues identified during home medication reviews for ambulatory community pharmacy patients","authors":"J. Papastergiou, M. Luen, S. Tencaliuc, Wilson Li, B. V. D. van den Bemt, S. Houle","doi":"10.1177/1715163519861420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163519861420","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The health risks associated with poor medication practices in the home suggest that patients would benefit from home-based medication reviews that could detect and resolve these issues. However, remuneration for home visits often excludes ambulatory, nonhomebound patients. A subset of these patients have issues that cannot be adequately identified and resolved during the course of a typical pharmacy-based medication review. Purpose: This study aims to characterize the prevalence and nature of “hidden in the home” medication management issues in nonhomebound patients. Methods: Pharmacists facilitated subject enrollment among patients at 6 community pharmacies in Toronto over a 15-month period, from January 2016 to March 2017. Patients taking 5 or more chronic medications who were ambulatory (able to visit the pharmacy) and scored 3 points or higher on a prescreening questionnaire were invited to participate. Visits included a standard medication review, the identification of drug therapy problems and an assessment of the patient’s medication and organization/storage practices, followed by a medication cabinet cleanup. Results: One hundred patients were recruited, with a mean age of 76.9 years and taking on average 10 chronic medications. Pharmacists identified a total of 275 drug therapy problems (2.75 per patient). The most common issues reported additional therapy required (23.6%), nonadherence (23.3%) and adverse drug reactions (17.8%). For those patients 65 years or older (87%), 32% were found to be using at least 1 medication on the Beers Criteria list, while 6% were using 3 or more. Sulfonylureas, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and short-acting benzodiazepines were the most commonly implicated drugs. Medications were removed from the homes of 67% of the patients, with expiry of medication being the most common reason for removal (54.2%). The mean duration of a home visit was 49.5 minutes. Conclusion: Pharmacist-directed home medication reviews offer an effective mechanism to address the pharmacotherapy issues of patients taking multiple medications. These findings highlight the frequency of medication management issues in this group and suggest that home medication reviews could serve to minimize inappropriate use of medication and maximize health care cost savings in this unique patient population. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2019;152:xx-xx.","PeriodicalId":46612,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Pharmacists Journal","volume":"152 1","pages":"334 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1715163519861420","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42385103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-26DOI: 10.1177/1715163519864386
Felix Wei, G. Egan, K. Dahri
Background An aging population is a major challenge facing Canadian health care. Elderly patients often have multiple comorbidities and take multiple medications. It takes more time and expertise to review and manage medications for these complex patients to minimize the risk of adverse drug events. Pharmacists, with their expanding scope of practice and expertise in pharmacotherapy, are able to work with this complexity to minimize the risks. Many studies have demonstrated that pharmacist-led clinical services in a multidisciplinary setting significantly reduce inappropriate drug therapies and achieve better patient outcomes. However, there are few reports of pharmacists as independent providers working in collaboration with prescribers or with delegated authority from prescribers.
{"title":"Pharmacist-led geriatric clinic: A unique service for complex elderly patients","authors":"Felix Wei, G. Egan, K. Dahri","doi":"10.1177/1715163519864386","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163519864386","url":null,"abstract":"Background An aging population is a major challenge facing Canadian health care. Elderly patients often have multiple comorbidities and take multiple medications. It takes more time and expertise to review and manage medications for these complex patients to minimize the risk of adverse drug events. Pharmacists, with their expanding scope of practice and expertise in pharmacotherapy, are able to work with this complexity to minimize the risks. Many studies have demonstrated that pharmacist-led clinical services in a multidisciplinary setting significantly reduce inappropriate drug therapies and achieve better patient outcomes. However, there are few reports of pharmacists as independent providers working in collaboration with prescribers or with delegated authority from prescribers.","PeriodicalId":46612,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Pharmacists Journal","volume":"152 1","pages":"367 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1715163519864386","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41608469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-02DOI: 10.1177/1715163519853307
L. Beique, J. Ezekowitz, E. O’Meara, M. McDonald, S. Koshman
{"title":"2017 Guidelines for the management of heart failure by pharmacists","authors":"L. Beique, J. Ezekowitz, E. O’Meara, M. McDonald, S. Koshman","doi":"10.1177/1715163519853307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163519853307","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46612,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Pharmacists Journal","volume":"152 1","pages":"301 - 316"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1715163519853307","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43097670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-07-02DOI: 10.1177/1715163519857742
Deep Patel
{"title":"Missing the other half: Considering institutional experiential training for international pharmacy graduates in Ontario","authors":"Deep Patel","doi":"10.1177/1715163519857742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163519857742","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46612,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Pharmacists Journal","volume":"152 1","pages":"288 - 290"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1715163519857742","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48733009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-12DOI: 10.1177/1715163519852914
C. Bond, R. Tsuyuki
{"title":"The evolution of pharmacy practice research—Part II: Time to join the rest of the world","authors":"C. Bond, R. Tsuyuki","doi":"10.1177/1715163519852914","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163519852914","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46612,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Pharmacists Journal","volume":"152 1","pages":"219 - 220"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1715163519852914","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48272286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-12DOI: 10.1177/1715163519852378
Eric Duong, Yazid N. Al Hamarneh, R. Tsuyuki, A. Wagg, K. Hunter, J. Schulz, M. Spencer, C. Sadowski
{"title":"Case finding for urinary incontinence and falls in older adults at community pharmacies","authors":"Eric Duong, Yazid N. Al Hamarneh, R. Tsuyuki, A. Wagg, K. Hunter, J. Schulz, M. Spencer, C. Sadowski","doi":"10.1177/1715163519852378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/1715163519852378","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46612,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Pharmacists Journal","volume":"152 1","pages":"228 - 233"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2019-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/1715163519852378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45170520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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