Meleruchi Wami, J. Fisher, Scott Akpilla, Tanja Radu
Access to improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in school contributes to an enabling learning environment and quality education, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study investigated WASH conditions in twenty selected secondary schools in Rivers State, Nigeria with a total of 806 respondents. Results showed limited levels of WASH services according to the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) ladder, with at least 30 per cent of schools having limited water and sanitation services and no hygiene services, and less than 10 per cent of students reporting water and soap for handwashing being always available. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations on the student-totoilet ratio (STR) were not met in most schools. This study provides new insights on WASH in schools using Rivers State, Nigeria as a case study and finds the current WASH conditions to be inadequate. Furthermore, the study provides transferable lessons having wider application across selected LMICs and can be used by stakeholders to better apply WASH interventions in schools.
{"title":"Current water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions in selected schools in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","authors":"Meleruchi Wami, J. Fisher, Scott Akpilla, Tanja Radu","doi":"10.3828/idpr.2022.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2022.6","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000Access to improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in school contributes to an enabling learning environment and quality education, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study investigated WASH conditions in twenty selected secondary schools in Rivers State, Nigeria with a total of 806 respondents. Results showed limited levels of WASH services according to the Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) ladder, with at least 30 per cent of schools having limited water and sanitation services and no hygiene services, and less than 10 per cent of students reporting water and soap for handwashing being always available. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations on the student-totoilet ratio (STR) were not met in most schools. This study provides new insights on WASH in schools using Rivers State, Nigeria as a case study and finds the current WASH conditions to be inadequate. Furthermore, the study provides transferable lessons having wider application across selected LMICs and can be used by stakeholders to better apply WASH interventions in schools.","PeriodicalId":46625,"journal":{"name":"International Development Planning Review","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74902344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Muhammad, Kong Ximei, S. Saqib, Nicholas J. Beutell
This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women entrepreneurs in Pakistan’s informal sector based on perceived sales increase/decrease and satisfaction with sales. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had profound economic effects, putting women entrepreneurs at considerable risk of losing income and sales growth as a result. Women reporting sales increases and sales satisfaction tended to be older, have lower education levels, have larger households, be married, own a home, have a supportive family and report an average family financial position. The impact of family support on sales variables depended on the size of the household. The type of business was also affected during the pandemic. This study is unique because it focuses on the impact of the pandemic at the household level where women have taken on increased responsibilities for work and family beyond those in ‘normal’ times. The household level of analysis is critical for understanding the dynamics of women’s informal, home-based businesses in the family context. Findings suggest the resilience, agility and multiplier effects of women entrepreneurs in the face of cultural, economic, social and institutional constraints encountered during the pandemic.
{"title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women entrepreneurs in Pakistan","authors":"S. Muhammad, Kong Ximei, S. Saqib, Nicholas J. Beutell","doi":"10.3828/idpr.2022.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2022.7","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women entrepreneurs in Pakistan’s informal sector based on perceived sales increase/decrease and satisfaction with sales. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has had profound economic effects, putting women entrepreneurs at considerable risk of losing income and sales growth as a result. Women reporting sales increases and sales satisfaction tended to be older, have lower education levels, have larger households, be married, own a home, have a supportive family and report an average family financial position. The impact of family support on sales variables depended on the size of the household. The type of business was also affected during the pandemic. This study is unique because it focuses on the impact of the pandemic at the household level where women have taken on increased responsibilities for work and family beyond those in ‘normal’ times. The household level of analysis is critical for understanding the dynamics of women’s informal, home-based businesses in the family context. Findings suggest the resilience, agility and multiplier effects of women entrepreneurs in the face of cultural, economic, social and institutional constraints encountered during the pandemic.","PeriodicalId":46625,"journal":{"name":"International Development Planning Review","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80077984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The presence of street vendors on central city streets often raises questions over the use of these spaces. This paper addresses this issue through studying the practices of government, vendors and a vendors’ association in Kitwe, Zambia. Drawing largely on primary research collected between 2013 and 2018, this paper aims to understand a shift in the governing of street vending, from tolerating vendors on central city streets to banning them from these spaces in 2017. This paper unravels the rationalities of national and local government to understand this shift, and examines why certain spaces and groups of vendors were governed differently. In addition, studying the practices of street vendors and their associations showed that vendors’ individual and collective acts granted some of them renewed access to the studied urban spaces.
{"title":"Contested urban spaces: the rationalities of (local and national) government and street vendors’ spatial claims in Kitwe, Zambia","authors":"Lennert Jongh","doi":"10.3828/idpr.2022.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2022.1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000The presence of street vendors on central city streets often raises questions over the use of these spaces. This paper addresses this issue through studying the practices of government, vendors and a vendors’ association in Kitwe, Zambia. Drawing largely on primary research collected between 2013 and 2018, this paper aims to understand a shift in the governing of street vending, from tolerating vendors on central city streets to banning them from these spaces in 2017. This paper unravels the rationalities of national and local government to understand this shift, and examines why certain spaces and groups of vendors were governed differently. In addition, studying the practices of street vendors and their associations showed that vendors’ individual and collective acts granted some of them renewed access to the studied urban spaces.","PeriodicalId":46625,"journal":{"name":"International Development Planning Review","volume":"161 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76419728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cambodia is a country that has received large investments of international aid to secure the land and housing rights of informal dwellers. Most investments have been directed towards funding a market-led formalisation programme known as the Land Management and Administration Program (LMAP) to stimulate land markets without critical consideration of the complex power relationships that characterise the access to secure land by the urban poor in this context. By presenting a case study of one informal settlement in Phnom Penh this paper addresses structural problems with the implementation of the LMAP including the exclusion of informal settlements from the land registry and the earmarking of public land for future development. The paper reveals another layer of complexity by explaining the implications of the individual model of the programme in the collective support networks of the urban poor and their own capacities to resist forced and market-led evictions. The paper argues that a space should be opened for collective action in informal settlement upgrading and land formalisation programmes to address the structural causes of tenure insecurity in Phnom Penh.
{"title":"Uncovering the individual/collective divide in planning responses to informal settlements as a structural cause of tenure insecurity in Phnom Penh, Cambodia","authors":"J. Brugman","doi":"10.3828/idpr.2022.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2022.5","url":null,"abstract":"Cambodia is a country that has received large investments of international aid to secure the land and housing rights of informal dwellers. Most investments have been directed towards funding a market-led formalisation programme known as the Land Management and Administration Program (LMAP) to stimulate land markets without critical consideration of the complex power relationships that characterise the access to secure land by the urban poor in this context. By presenting a case study of one informal settlement in Phnom Penh this paper addresses structural problems with the implementation of the LMAP including the exclusion of informal settlements from the land registry and the earmarking of public land for future development. The paper reveals another layer of complexity by explaining the implications of the individual model of the programme in the collective support networks of the urban poor and their own capacities to resist forced and market-led evictions. The paper argues that a space should be opened for collective action in informal settlement upgrading and land formalisation programmes to address the structural causes of tenure insecurity in Phnom Penh.","PeriodicalId":46625,"journal":{"name":"International Development Planning Review","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88419305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article discusses the effects of a celebrated resettlement of a flood-prone informal settlement in Santo Domingo, the capital city of the Dominican Republic. Drawing on data collected from 102 resettled households, three years post-relocation, we document perceptions of the new community and self-reported changes on several risk-reduction and development indicators. We found mixed outcomes. Moving to an upgraded built environment led to improved perceptions of happiness, climate resilience and security against crime. Yet, for most respondents, the resettlement had adverse impacts on social capital and economic mobility. In the new site, social norms imposed upon residents, restricting individual and collective freedom, have resulted in sentiments of captivity and immobility. There is a major disconnect between the rhetoric of the political elites that promote the project as socio-environmental justice and urban development, and residents’ experiences on the ground. This article brings attention to the negotiations and trade-offs that urban poor households are exposed to, even in well-designed resettlement interventions.
{"title":"(Re)constructing (re)settlement: risk reduction and urban development negotiations in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic","authors":"José Rafael Núñez Collado, R. Potangaroa","doi":"10.3828/idpr.2022.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2022.10","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article discusses the effects of a celebrated resettlement of a flood-prone informal settlement in Santo Domingo, the capital city of the Dominican Republic. Drawing on data collected from 102 resettled households, three years post-relocation, we document perceptions of the new community and self-reported changes on several risk-reduction and development indicators. We found mixed outcomes. Moving to an upgraded built environment led to improved perceptions of happiness, climate resilience and security against crime. Yet, for most respondents, the resettlement had adverse impacts on social capital and economic mobility. In the new site, social norms imposed upon residents, restricting individual and collective freedom, have resulted in sentiments of captivity and immobility. There is a major disconnect between the rhetoric of the political elites that promote the project as socio-environmental justice and urban development, and residents’ experiences on the ground. This article brings attention to the negotiations and trade-offs that urban poor households are exposed to, even in well-designed resettlement interventions.","PeriodicalId":46625,"journal":{"name":"International Development Planning Review","volume":"144 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86754963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
According to ‘generational’ thinking, traditional, non-participatory service-delivery oriented organisations are expected to gradually evolve into participatory organisations aiming for structural change. Strikingly, it appears that this conventional wisdom has never been tested rigorously. This research seeks to help address this gap, employing a unique longitudinal study design, tracing the evolution of Dutch small-scale development initiatives in Kenya. We found that the overwhelming majority changed neither strategy nor manner of intervention. Our analysis highlights various, often mutually reinforcing factors that form an impediment to change. Only a few of these organisations were able to overcome the constraints, with additional financial resources being a key determinant. Although this research has various limitations stemming from the specific character of the sample, it does at least suggest consideration of the need for a nuancing in generational thinking and a more open understanding of NGOs’ potential change trajectories.
{"title":"The generational status quo explained: longitudinal case studies of small Dutch NGOs","authors":"S. Kinsbergen, D. Koch","doi":"10.3828/idpr.2022.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2022.2","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000According to ‘generational’ thinking, traditional, non-participatory service-delivery oriented organisations are expected to gradually evolve into participatory organisations aiming for structural change. Strikingly, it appears that this conventional wisdom has never been tested rigorously. This research seeks to help address this gap, employing a unique longitudinal study design, tracing the evolution of Dutch small-scale development initiatives in Kenya. We found that the overwhelming majority changed neither strategy nor manner of intervention. Our analysis highlights various, often mutually reinforcing factors that form an impediment to change. Only a few of these organisations were able to overcome the constraints, with additional financial resources being a key determinant. Although this research has various limitations stemming from the specific character of the sample, it does at least suggest consideration of the need for a nuancing in generational thinking and a more open understanding of NGOs’ potential change trajectories.","PeriodicalId":46625,"journal":{"name":"International Development Planning Review","volume":"224 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75164021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses Ethiopia’s planned climate adaptation interventions and the barriers that impede implementation of adaptation policies at the local level by using the case study of Raya Azebo district. Data was collected through reviews of policy documents, focus group discussions with farmers and interviews with relevant government actors. Results indicate that climate change is addressed in various policy documents but there is limited progress in implementation of these policies. The study identified various barriers to climate adaptation policy implementation which included a lack of financial resources, poor coordination among institutional actors and local actors’ low technical capacities for addressing climate change. The study contributes to the literature of climate change policy planning and implementation in low-income and lower-middle-income countries and suggests measures to overcome the existing barriers to climate change adaptation policies.
{"title":"Overcoming barriers to climate change adaptation policy implementation: insights from Ethiopia","authors":"Rahwa Kidane, T. Wanner, M. Nursey-Bray","doi":"10.3828/idpr.2022.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2022.11","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper discusses Ethiopia’s planned climate adaptation interventions and the barriers that impede implementation of adaptation policies at the local level by using the case study of Raya Azebo district. Data was collected through reviews of policy documents, focus group discussions with farmers and interviews with relevant government actors. Results indicate that climate change is addressed in various policy documents but there is limited progress in implementation of these policies. The study identified various barriers to climate adaptation policy implementation which included a lack of financial resources, poor coordination among institutional actors and local actors’ low technical capacities for addressing climate change. The study contributes to the literature of climate change policy planning and implementation in low-income and lower-middle-income countries and suggests measures to overcome the existing barriers to climate change adaptation policies.","PeriodicalId":46625,"journal":{"name":"International Development Planning Review","volume":"133 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78972604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From the perspective of a remote village in eastern Indonesia, this article examines the consequences of rural young people’s changing aspirations. Markedly different from their parents’ generation is how many rural youth pursue university degrees in larger cities and aspire for ‘modern’ work. Drawing on household survey and ethnographic interview data, I show how shared ideas about ‘success’ for the future push many young people from poor and middle-income households into similar pathways for university education and work. Then, I use the lenses of doxa, habitus and emergent aspirations to study how these aspirations are made, shared and altered. These concepts and data illustrate why rural young people’s capacity to aspire remains heavily informed by place, and help explain why many young people pursue the same, but limited, educational pathways. The greater significance is how many rural youth do become educated but also seem underprepared for their potential rural futures.
{"title":"Between the village and the city: the in-betweenness of rural young people in East Indonesia","authors":"J. Clendenning","doi":"10.3828/idpr.2022.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2022.3","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000From the perspective of a remote village in eastern Indonesia, this article examines the consequences of rural young people’s changing aspirations. Markedly different from their parents’ generation is how many rural youth pursue university degrees in larger cities and aspire for ‘modern’ work. Drawing on household survey and ethnographic interview data, I show how shared ideas about ‘success’ for the future push many young people from poor and middle-income households into similar pathways for university education and work. Then, I use the lenses of doxa, habitus and emergent aspirations to study how these aspirations are made, shared and altered. These concepts and data illustrate why rural young people’s capacity to aspire remains heavily informed by place, and help explain why many young people pursue the same, but limited, educational pathways. The greater significance is how many rural youth do become educated but also seem underprepared for their potential rural futures.","PeriodicalId":46625,"journal":{"name":"International Development Planning Review","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89828412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We examine the role of resource materiality in extractive labour protests in Ghana. Focusing on petroleum and gold mining, we centre contestations as part of the resources’ socio-natural constituents. Research data was obtained from social conflict databases, newspapers and field interviews. The analysis focused on themes and discourses on protest emergence, mobilisation, negotiation and impacts. Findings show how petroleum labour protesters use passivity and chokepoints to impede gas supply to households. Ghana petroleum workers attempt to garner structural power through workplace power, albeit unsuccessfully. Conversely, gold mineworkers protest by actively reappropriating machinery and extraction spaces. They centre protests in mining towns to emphasise their work as lifeblood. The ‘landedness’ of gold and the introduction of surface mining reshaped such protest tactics. Thus, materiality can help excavate the relational and comparative logic, tactics and potentialities of labour power in resource extracting countries. We suggest extractive labour to forge stronger cross-class coalitions to align workplace exploitation with broader issues of accumulation by dispossession.
{"title":"Labour power, materiality and protests in Ghana’s petroleum and gold mines","authors":"W. Otchere-Darko, Austin Dziwornu Ablo","doi":"10.3828/idpr.2021.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2021.24","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000We examine the role of resource materiality in extractive labour protests in Ghana. Focusing on petroleum and gold mining, we centre contestations as part of the resources’ socio-natural constituents. Research data was obtained from social conflict databases, newspapers and field interviews. The analysis focused on themes and discourses on protest emergence, mobilisation, negotiation and impacts. Findings show how petroleum labour protesters use passivity and chokepoints to impede gas supply to households. Ghana petroleum workers attempt to garner structural power through workplace power, albeit unsuccessfully. Conversely, gold mineworkers protest by actively reappropriating machinery and extraction spaces. They centre protests in mining towns to emphasise their work as lifeblood. The ‘landedness’ of gold and the introduction of surface mining reshaped such protest tactics. Thus, materiality can help excavate the relational and comparative logic, tactics and potentialities of labour power in resource extracting countries. We suggest extractive labour to forge stronger cross-class coalitions to align workplace exploitation with broader issues of accumulation by dispossession.","PeriodicalId":46625,"journal":{"name":"International Development Planning Review","volume":"27 26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88731315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article articulates and analyses the tension between universalism and national ownership in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It focuses on the context of Vietnam as a one-party state, committed to the SDGs, that combines socialist commitments and capitalist aspirations. The SDGs have been critiqued from many angles, and ‘national ownership’ is pivotal to an evaluation of these competing perspectives. The article examines how far, in the tension between global commitments and national ownership, the SDG agenda itself is compromised. Using the set of goals, targets and indicators as well as cross-cutting foundational principles championed by the Agenda 2030, i.e. ‘leave no one behind’, ‘multi-stakeholder participation’ and ‘indivisibility’, the article sheds light on the dynamics of Vietnam’s national ownership of the SDGs and reflects on what this means for the SDGs.
{"title":"Universalism and national ownership in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): perspectives from Vietnam","authors":"Ánh Ngọc Vũ, Graham Long","doi":"10.3828/idpr.2022.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2022.9","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This article articulates and analyses the tension between universalism and national ownership in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It focuses on the context of Vietnam as a one-party state, committed to the SDGs, that combines socialist commitments and capitalist aspirations. The SDGs have been critiqued from many angles, and ‘national ownership’ is pivotal to an evaluation of these competing perspectives. The article examines how far, in the tension between global commitments and national ownership, the SDG agenda itself is compromised. Using the set of goals, targets and indicators as well as cross-cutting foundational principles championed by the Agenda 2030, i.e. ‘leave no one behind’, ‘multi-stakeholder participation’ and ‘indivisibility’, the article sheds light on the dynamics of Vietnam’s national ownership of the SDGs and reflects on what this means for the SDGs.","PeriodicalId":46625,"journal":{"name":"International Development Planning Review","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77459079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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