Pub Date : 2022-11-07DOI: 10.1177/20501579221134261
O. Westlund
,
,
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Pub Date : 2022-11-04DOI: 10.1177/20501579221134168
F. Denecker, L. De Marez, Koen Ponnet, M. V. Abeele
This article reports the findings of a multi-method study that explored whether frequency and duration of parental smartphone use in the presence of children is associated with parents’ perceptions of quality time and child restlessness, an indicator of difficult child behavior. Additionally, the study explored whether parental perceptions of technoference, respectively time displacement, mediate the association between smartphone use measures - respectively frequency and duration of use - and the outcome measures. We collected experience sampling and smartphone log data among parents of children aged between 4 and 10 years to assess momentary between- and within-person-level associations between the frequency and duration of co-present parental smartphone use and parents’ perceptions of quality time, their child's restlessness, technoference, and time displacement. We gathered 1484 observations from 56 participants. Multilevel mediation analysis revealed no between-person associations between our two measures of parental smartphone use and the outcome measures. At the within-person level, no associations were found with child restlessness. However, smartphone frequency did predict perceptions of greater technoference, and smartphone duration predicted time displacement. Technoference in turn negatively predicted parental experiences, although the hypothesized mediation did not reach statistical significance. Time displacement predicted parental experiences of quality time in the opposite direction of what was hypothesized. Some heterogeneity was found in the observed within-person associations, suggesting that there is person-specificity. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
{"title":"Does parental smartphone use predict parents’ perceptions of family life? An examination of momentary associations between parental smartphone use, parental experiences of quality time, and parental perceptions of difficult child behavior","authors":"F. Denecker, L. De Marez, Koen Ponnet, M. V. Abeele","doi":"10.1177/20501579221134168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20501579221134168","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports the findings of a multi-method study that explored whether frequency and duration of parental smartphone use in the presence of children is associated with parents’ perceptions of quality time and child restlessness, an indicator of difficult child behavior. Additionally, the study explored whether parental perceptions of technoference, respectively time displacement, mediate the association between smartphone use measures - respectively frequency and duration of use - and the outcome measures. We collected experience sampling and smartphone log data among parents of children aged between 4 and 10 years to assess momentary between- and within-person-level associations between the frequency and duration of co-present parental smartphone use and parents’ perceptions of quality time, their child's restlessness, technoference, and time displacement. We gathered 1484 observations from 56 participants. Multilevel mediation analysis revealed no between-person associations between our two measures of parental smartphone use and the outcome measures. At the within-person level, no associations were found with child restlessness. However, smartphone frequency did predict perceptions of greater technoference, and smartphone duration predicted time displacement. Technoference in turn negatively predicted parental experiences, although the hypothesized mediation did not reach statistical significance. Time displacement predicted parental experiences of quality time in the opposite direction of what was hypothesized. Some heterogeneity was found in the observed within-person associations, suggesting that there is person-specificity. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.","PeriodicalId":46650,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Media & Communication","volume":"11 1","pages":"391 - 414"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43564279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-22DOI: 10.1177/20501579221132212
Sun Kyong Lee
As a relatively young journal,Mobile Media & Communication (MMC) has become reputable and influential in the field of communication and technology research. While contemplating the questions provided by the editors of MMC concerning the 10th anniversary issue, I happened to read an article about the citation analysis of agendasetting research (Tai, 2009). Based on social network analysis, Tai analyzed the structure of the citation networks of the key literature (56 journal publications) in agenda-setting research. The analysis results showed how agenda-setting as a sub-field of mass communication and journalism research has developed and evolved over 10 years (1996–2005), referring to a few authoritative pieces. For further details of that analysis, please refer to the excellent article by Tai as this space is limited to discussing topics specifically relevant to our journal, MMC. I was inspired by Tai’s (2009) approach and intrigued about whatMMC’s citation networks would look like. Though I am aware that SAGE, the publisher, does its own citation analysis and posts updates on the journal website regarding the “Most cited” and “Most read” articles, those statistics involve citations and readership from outside the journal as well; thus, they cover a much wider range of authors and readers. For this article, I am interested in our internal conversations, particularly regarding the work
{"title":"The structure of knowledge and dynamics of scholarly communication in mobile media and communication research, 2013–2022","authors":"Sun Kyong Lee","doi":"10.1177/20501579221132212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20501579221132212","url":null,"abstract":"As a relatively young journal,Mobile Media & Communication (MMC) has become reputable and influential in the field of communication and technology research. While contemplating the questions provided by the editors of MMC concerning the 10th anniversary issue, I happened to read an article about the citation analysis of agendasetting research (Tai, 2009). Based on social network analysis, Tai analyzed the structure of the citation networks of the key literature (56 journal publications) in agenda-setting research. The analysis results showed how agenda-setting as a sub-field of mass communication and journalism research has developed and evolved over 10 years (1996–2005), referring to a few authoritative pieces. For further details of that analysis, please refer to the excellent article by Tai as this space is limited to discussing topics specifically relevant to our journal, MMC. I was inspired by Tai’s (2009) approach and intrigued about whatMMC’s citation networks would look like. Though I am aware that SAGE, the publisher, does its own citation analysis and posts updates on the journal website regarding the “Most cited” and “Most read” articles, those statistics involve citations and readership from outside the journal as well; thus, they cover a much wider range of authors and readers. For this article, I am interested in our internal conversations, particularly regarding the work","PeriodicalId":46650,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Media & Communication","volume":"11 1","pages":"30 - 39"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48058601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.1177/20501579221133610
Jeffrey A. Hall
The most significant change in mobile and social media has happened under our noses: the vampiric consumption of old-fashioned texting by social media mobile apps. Mobile messaging apps are among the most downloaded and used apps on earth (Statistica, 2022). For many people, mobile messaging is synonymous with Facebook and WhatsApp. Outside China, where WeChat dominates, over 2.5 billion people use these two Meta platforms for mobile messaging, and the company owns 90% of the mobile messaging market share in many places. This undercounts mobile messaging because Apple’s iMessage likely exceeds Facebook’s mobile messager app in size, and the Android messaging program is similar in size to Snapchat, Telegram, and QQ (the fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-ranked mobile messager apps respectively) (Statistica, 2022). Whatever you call it—texting, mobile instant messaging, direct messaging (DM), mobile chat—mobile messaging is, and long has been, an enormous part of the experience of mobile media. In this article, I will focus on messaging that occurs on mobile devices exclusively (i.e., smartphones), not desktopor laptop-accessed messenger programs. In the last five years, the boundaries between social media use (SMU) and mobile messaging have utterly blurred. Although Facebook introduced the DM in 2011, it wasn’t fully integrated with mobile devices until 2017 (Business of Apps, 2022). Earlier versions of social media messaging were bound to the platform, seldom used, and forgettable. Only in competition with WhatsApp and Snapchat and the rapid adoption of the
{"title":"What we do in the shadows: The consumption of mobile messaging by social media mobile apps in the twilight of the social networking era","authors":"Jeffrey A. Hall","doi":"10.1177/20501579221133610","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20501579221133610","url":null,"abstract":"The most significant change in mobile and social media has happened under our noses: the vampiric consumption of old-fashioned texting by social media mobile apps. Mobile messaging apps are among the most downloaded and used apps on earth (Statistica, 2022). For many people, mobile messaging is synonymous with Facebook and WhatsApp. Outside China, where WeChat dominates, over 2.5 billion people use these two Meta platforms for mobile messaging, and the company owns 90% of the mobile messaging market share in many places. This undercounts mobile messaging because Apple’s iMessage likely exceeds Facebook’s mobile messager app in size, and the Android messaging program is similar in size to Snapchat, Telegram, and QQ (the fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-ranked mobile messager apps respectively) (Statistica, 2022). Whatever you call it—texting, mobile instant messaging, direct messaging (DM), mobile chat—mobile messaging is, and long has been, an enormous part of the experience of mobile media. In this article, I will focus on messaging that occurs on mobile devices exclusively (i.e., smartphones), not desktopor laptop-accessed messenger programs. In the last five years, the boundaries between social media use (SMU) and mobile messaging have utterly blurred. Although Facebook introduced the DM in 2011, it wasn’t fully integrated with mobile devices until 2017 (Business of Apps, 2022). Earlier versions of social media messaging were bound to the platform, seldom used, and forgettable. Only in competition with WhatsApp and Snapchat and the rapid adoption of the","PeriodicalId":46650,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Media & Communication","volume":"11 1","pages":"66 - 73"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45979736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-20DOI: 10.1177/20501579221132209
L. Humphreys
When the inaugural issue ofMobile Media and Communication (MMC) was published in 2013, I began my article with the story of the Lovegety, a stand-alone device in Japan in the late 1990s that would beep when within 5 meters of another Lovegety device on the same setting, either “chatting,” “karaoke,” or “get2” (Humphreys, 2013). This example demonstrated several important aspects of mobile social media. First, the use of a stand-alone device was out of place given the mobile phone, app-centric environment. Second, the Lovegety’s connectivity was based on proximity, not locality. There were no location-based data collected on such devices. Third, the Lovegety demonstrated that mobile social media were not always tied to mobile phones. In this article, I want to reflect on what these three aspects mean for mobile social media in 2023. WhenMMC first launched, it seemed unfathomable that a separate device, such as the Lovegety, would connect people rather than an app on a smartphone. Indeed from 2008– 2013, there was exponential growth in apps (Goggin, 2021; Morris & Murray, 2018). Today, however, given the rise of “smart” objects and appliances, devices such as the Lovegety do not seem unusual. Plenty of things “talk” to each other (Frith, 2019). It is, however, the case that such objects or things are now also connected to our mobile devices and ultimately the Internet (Bunz & Meikle, 2017), whereas the Lovegety was not accessible through a mobile phone or the Internet. If the Lovegety were to exist
{"title":"Mobile social media: The challenges and opportunities continue","authors":"L. Humphreys","doi":"10.1177/20501579221132209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20501579221132209","url":null,"abstract":"When the inaugural issue ofMobile Media and Communication (MMC) was published in 2013, I began my article with the story of the Lovegety, a stand-alone device in Japan in the late 1990s that would beep when within 5 meters of another Lovegety device on the same setting, either “chatting,” “karaoke,” or “get2” (Humphreys, 2013). This example demonstrated several important aspects of mobile social media. First, the use of a stand-alone device was out of place given the mobile phone, app-centric environment. Second, the Lovegety’s connectivity was based on proximity, not locality. There were no location-based data collected on such devices. Third, the Lovegety demonstrated that mobile social media were not always tied to mobile phones. In this article, I want to reflect on what these three aspects mean for mobile social media in 2023. WhenMMC first launched, it seemed unfathomable that a separate device, such as the Lovegety, would connect people rather than an app on a smartphone. Indeed from 2008– 2013, there was exponential growth in apps (Goggin, 2021; Morris & Murray, 2018). Today, however, given the rise of “smart” objects and appliances, devices such as the Lovegety do not seem unusual. Plenty of things “talk” to each other (Frith, 2019). It is, however, the case that such objects or things are now also connected to our mobile devices and ultimately the Internet (Bunz & Meikle, 2017), whereas the Lovegety was not accessible through a mobile phone or the Internet. If the Lovegety were to exist","PeriodicalId":46650,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Media & Communication","volume":"11 1","pages":"74 - 79"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42253027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-18DOI: 10.1177/20501579221132211
J. Katz
In the case of topics close to my research agenda, there has been over the past years a significant shift in the theoretical understanding of the way people use and integrate mobile communication into their daily lives. Compared to a decade ago and earlier, theories of media no longer construe a sharp divide between mobile and other forms of communication, or between online and offcommunication. The distinction between digital/ mobile and real life has been largely erased. This is partly due to a change in technologies of digital communication and what might be called the mobile pivot. An illustration of this conceptual step forward may be seen in the breakdown of formerly rigid boundaries between mobile communication and other forms of communication, especially between the field of computer-mediated communication (CMC) and that of mobile communication. Newer theoretical paradigms, such as that advocated by Scott W. Campbell (2019); Scott Campbell (2020), see the inter-mixing of mobile communication processes increasingly erasing boundaries between the two fields. This erasure has implications for the field of mobile communication both internally and externally. Internally, the scope of what can be legitimately considered as a topic of interest within the ambit of mobile communication has been expanded. Externally, the field boundaries of other disciplines have expanded into the mobile communication domain; this benefits the mobile communication field by having new cadres of researchers engaged with its issues. Fresh ideas and cohorts of new researchers are now contributing
{"title":"Field challenges","authors":"J. Katz","doi":"10.1177/20501579221132211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20501579221132211","url":null,"abstract":"In the case of topics close to my research agenda, there has been over the past years a significant shift in the theoretical understanding of the way people use and integrate mobile communication into their daily lives. Compared to a decade ago and earlier, theories of media no longer construe a sharp divide between mobile and other forms of communication, or between online and offcommunication. The distinction between digital/ mobile and real life has been largely erased. This is partly due to a change in technologies of digital communication and what might be called the mobile pivot. An illustration of this conceptual step forward may be seen in the breakdown of formerly rigid boundaries between mobile communication and other forms of communication, especially between the field of computer-mediated communication (CMC) and that of mobile communication. Newer theoretical paradigms, such as that advocated by Scott W. Campbell (2019); Scott Campbell (2020), see the inter-mixing of mobile communication processes increasingly erasing boundaries between the two fields. This erasure has implications for the field of mobile communication both internally and externally. Internally, the scope of what can be legitimately considered as a topic of interest within the ambit of mobile communication has been expanded. Externally, the field boundaries of other disciplines have expanded into the mobile communication domain; this benefits the mobile communication field by having new cadres of researchers engaged with its issues. Fresh ideas and cohorts of new researchers are now contributing","PeriodicalId":46650,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Media & Communication","volume":"11 1","pages":"47 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43217806","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-17DOI: 10.1177/20501579221133023
J. V. Cabañes
Although there is persistent asymmetry in mobile media access and use the world over, these technologies have become ubiquitous for many people. They have become increasingly central not only to those individuals living in the so-called West, but also to the “next billion users” (Arora, 2019), that is, those of us beyond the West who comprise the majority of the world. Mobile media have consequently played a key role in the transformations that people have experienced in their social relationships. One such relationship is that amongst individuals from multicultural societies and that are entangled with the dynamics of cultural diversity elsewhere in the world. I argue that an important task of future mobile media research would be a deeper exploration into the centrality of these technologies to the contemporary racisms in our society. Here I am talking about a racism of a second order, which perniciously entrenches White privilege across the globe. These contemporary racisms further the dynamic of how “for centuries the world has been divided between the dominated (people of colour) and the dominating (whites) [and how] this has afforded whites a set of insurmountable privileges that go beyond their class or power status” (Aoragh, 2019, p. 5). They do so by naturalizing whiteness as the yardstick with which the humanity of non-Western people is measured. Such contemporary racisms have emerged at the confluence of two racial logics. An often-discussed one is the ever-changing but ever-insistent articulation of White privilege
{"title":"The transnationality of mobile media and contemporary racisms: A future research agenda","authors":"J. V. Cabañes","doi":"10.1177/20501579221133023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/20501579221133023","url":null,"abstract":"Although there is persistent asymmetry in mobile media access and use the world over, these technologies have become ubiquitous for many people. They have become increasingly central not only to those individuals living in the so-called West, but also to the “next billion users” (Arora, 2019), that is, those of us beyond the West who comprise the majority of the world. Mobile media have consequently played a key role in the transformations that people have experienced in their social relationships. One such relationship is that amongst individuals from multicultural societies and that are entangled with the dynamics of cultural diversity elsewhere in the world. I argue that an important task of future mobile media research would be a deeper exploration into the centrality of these technologies to the contemporary racisms in our society. Here I am talking about a racism of a second order, which perniciously entrenches White privilege across the globe. These contemporary racisms further the dynamic of how “for centuries the world has been divided between the dominated (people of colour) and the dominating (whites) [and how] this has afforded whites a set of insurmountable privileges that go beyond their class or power status” (Aoragh, 2019, p. 5). They do so by naturalizing whiteness as the yardstick with which the humanity of non-Western people is measured. Such contemporary racisms have emerged at the confluence of two racial logics. An often-discussed one is the ever-changing but ever-insistent articulation of White privilege","PeriodicalId":46650,"journal":{"name":"Mobile Media & Communication","volume":"11 1","pages":"88 - 94"},"PeriodicalIF":4.9,"publicationDate":"2022-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44612900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-11DOI: 10.1177/20501579221131448
Ran Wei
Historians have long warned us that any prediction about the future, including the future of communication technology, is a risky business. However, adoption of mobile telephony seems to be an exception. The predictions were wrong, just in a different way— worldwide adoption of mobile phones went much faster than expected rather than more slowly. It is now proverbial to characterize mobile phones and devices as the fastest-diffused technology in human history. In my essay for the inaugural issue of Mobile Media & Communication (Wei, 2013), I described mobile media spearheaded by the smartphone as coming of age with a big splash. By that I meant that widespread adoption and novel uses of mobile media were unlike any other media technology. Looking back, the splash became a tsunami. In 2021, mobile users worldwide topped seven billion, accounting for 91.54% of the world’s population. In fact, Earth has more mobile phones and devices than people.
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Pub Date : 2022-10-09DOI: 10.1177/20501579221131223
L. Fortunati
The first change that I point out here is the ongoing capability of the mobile phone (and now the smartphone) to colonize everyday life. This dominance of the smartphone over other technologies is due to its closeness to the human body, already described in the early 2000s (Oksman & Rautiainen, 2002). This fact explains not only its supremacy but also the radical nature of the social changes it has facilitated. The smartphone makes an ever-increasing number of societies’ domains available for consumption while people are on the move or wherever they happen to be at the moment (Vorderer et al., 2018). This also means that we are available for work and production wherever we might be (Mullan & Wajcman, 2017). Being a metamedium (Humphreys et al., 2018; Jensen, 2016), the smartphone also effortlessly incorporates into itself other technologies and platforms (e.g., the computer, camera, internet, radio, television, newspapers, etc.). We can speak, write, read, learn, do mathematical operations, take photographs and videos, control their schedules, coordinate with others, express emotions, pray, check calendars, search for places, get information (and archive it), and also communicate. We can also access social media, read the news, do banking and ecommerce, play games, and get health data. The smartphone offers an incredible number of opportunities to redesign the attitudes, habits, routines, and behaviors of everyday life. The implications of our use affect many dimensions of human existence: the ontological as well as the anthropological. For example, not only do we have new ways to keep our memories, but we develop another relationship with our memories (Humphreys, 2018; Özkul & Humphreys,
我在这里指出的第一个变化是手机(现在是智能手机)在日常生活中的持续能力。智能手机相对于其他技术的主导地位是由于它与人体的紧密联系,这在21世纪初就已经有过描述(Oksman&Rautiainen,2002)。这一事实不仅解释了它的至高无上,也解释了它所促成的社会变革的激进性质。智能手机使越来越多的社会领域可供消费,无论人们在旅途中还是在任何地方(Vorderer et al.,2018)。这也意味着我们可以在任何地方工作和生产(Mullan&Wajcman,2017)。作为一种元物质(Humphreys et al.,2018;Jensen,2016),智能手机也毫不费力地融入了其他技术和平台(例如,计算机、相机、互联网、广播、电视、报纸等)。我们可以说、写、读、学、做数学运算、拍照和视频、控制他们的时间表、与他人协调、表达情感、祈祷,查看日历、搜索地点、获取信息(并存档),以及进行交流。我们还可以访问社交媒体,阅读新闻,做银行和电子商务,玩游戏,获取健康数据。智能手机提供了大量重新设计日常生活态度、习惯、日常生活和行为的机会。我们使用的含义影响了人类存在的许多维度:本体论和人类学。例如,我们不仅有了新的方法来保存我们的记忆,而且我们与我们的记忆建立了另一种关系(Humphreys,2018;Özkul和Humphrey,
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Pub Date : 2022-10-09DOI: 10.1177/20501579221131422
Scott W. Campbell, L. Komen
This special issue marks an important milestone in the maturation of the growing field of Mobile Media and Communication (MMC). When this journal was launched a decade ago, some were still trying to make sense of what this field entails, what to call it, and whether it even exists (Campbell, 2013). Although there was no question as to the growth in this new area of scholarship, the field’s coherence was highly questionable. When this journal was launched, the editors echoed concerns that: although mobile media scholarship has begun to grow, it is by no means a coherent field of scholarship, and there are still many areas in need of elaboration and differentiation [...] mobile media in an age of smart-phones requires that we not only attempt to articulate the field but also to more systematically understand its various dimensions. (Hjorth et al., 2012, p. 1, cited in Jones et al., 2013). If the last decade has provided us with anything, it is perspective on where MMC scholarship has come from and how it is growing. A short article is no place to fully
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