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Episteme-A Journal of Individual and Social Epistemology最新文献

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Scientific Networks on Data Landscapes: Question Difficulty, Epistemic Success, and Convergence. 数据景观上的科学网络:问题难度、认知成功和融合。
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/epi.2013.36
Patrick Grim, Daniel J Singer, Steven Fisher, Aaron Bramson, William J Berger, Christopher Reade, Carissa Flocken, Adam Sales

A scientific community can be modeled as a collection of epistemic agents attempting to answer questions, in part by communicating about their hypotheses and results. We can treat the pathways of scientific communication as a network. When we do, it becomes clear that the interaction between the structure of the network and the nature of the question under investigation affects epistemic desiderata, including accuracy and speed to community consensus. Here we build on previous work, both our own and others', in order to get a firmer grasp on precisely which features of scientific communities interact with which features of scientific questions in order to influence epistemic outcomes. Here we introduce a measure on the landscape meant to capture some aspects of the difficulty of answering an empirical question. We then investigate both how different communication networks affect whether the community finds the best answer and the time it takes for the community to reach consensus on an answer. We measure these two epistemic desiderata on a continuum of networks sampled from the Watts-Strogatz spectrum. It turns out that finding the best answer and reaching consensus exhibit radically different patterns. The time it takes for a community to reach a consensus in these models roughly tracks mean path length in the network. Whether a scientific community finds the best answer, on the other hand, tracks neither mean path length nor clustering coefficient.

一个科学共同体可以被建模为试图回答问题的认知主体的集合,部分通过交流他们的假设和结果。我们可以把科学传播的途径看作是一个网络。当我们这样做时,很明显,网络结构和所调查问题的性质之间的相互作用会影响认知需求,包括准确性和社区共识的速度。在这里,我们以之前的工作为基础,包括我们自己和其他人的工作,以便更准确地掌握科学界的哪些特征与科学问题的哪些特征相互作用,从而影响认知结果。在这里,我们介绍了一个关于景观的测量,旨在捕捉回答经验问题的困难的某些方面。然后,我们调查了不同的通信网络如何影响社区是否找到最佳答案,以及社区就答案达成共识所需的时间。我们在从Watts-Strogatz谱中采样的连续网络上测量这两种认知需求。事实证明,寻找最佳答案和达成共识表现出截然不同的模式。在这些模型中,社区达成共识所需的时间大致与网络中的平均路径长度一致。另一方面,科学界是否找到了最佳答案,既不追踪平均路径长度,也不追踪聚类系数。
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引用次数: 44
Justification, Coherence, and Epistemic Responsibility in Legal Fact-Finding 法律事实认定中的正当性、连贯性和认知责任
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2008-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.2489867
Amalia Amaya
This paper argues for a coherentist theory of the justification of evidentiary judgments in law, according to which a hypothesis about the events being litigated is justified if and only if it is such that an epistemically responsible fact-finder might have accepted it as justified by virtue of its coherence in like circumstances. It claims that this version of coherentism has the resources to address a main problem facing coherence theories of evidence and legal proof, namely, the problem of the coherence bias. The paper then develops an aretaic approach to the standards of epistemic responsibility which govern legal factfinding. It concludes by exploring some implications of the proposed account of the justification of evidentiary judgments in law for the epistemology of legal proof.
本文论证了法律上证据判断正当性的一致性理论,根据该理论,关于诉讼事件的假设是正当的,当且仅当它是这样的,一个认识论上负责任的事实发现者可能会接受它,因为它在类似情况下的一致性是正当的。它声称,这种版本的连贯性具有解决证据和法律证明的连贯性理论所面临的主要问题的资源,即连贯性偏见的问题。然后,本文发展了一种管理法律事实认定的认知责任标准的方法。最后,本文探讨了法律证明认识论中所提出的证据判断正当性解释的一些含义。
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引用次数: 13
Conspiracy Theories 阴谋论
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2007-12-20 DOI: 10.1353/epi.2007.0019
D. Coady
Current thinking about conspiracy theories is dominated by epistemological and psychological approaches. The former see the study of conspiracy theories as a branch of epistemology and insist that each theory should be judged on its evidential merits. On this account, a conspiracy theory is an explanation of an event which cites a conspiracy as a salient cause. Psychological approaches explain belief in conspiracy theories by reference to individual personality traits and generic cognitive biases. Despite their popularity, both epistemological and psychological approaches are flawed. After identifying their flaws, a case is made for a different perspective which focuses on the political function of conspiracy theories. A conspiracy theory is not just an explanation of an event which cites a conspiracy as a salient cause. Conspiracy theories have a range of additional features which distinguish them from ordinary theories about conspiracies and make them unlikely to be true. The political approach sees many conspiracy theories as forms of political propaganda and is especially mindful of the role of conspiracy theories in promoting extremist ideologies.
目前关于阴谋论的思考主要是认识论和心理学的方法。前者将阴谋论的研究视为认识论的一个分支,并坚持认为每个理论都应该根据其证据价值来判断。在这种情况下,阴谋论是对一个事件的解释,它引用阴谋作为一个突出的原因。心理学方法通过参考个人人格特征和一般认知偏见来解释对阴谋论的信仰。尽管它们很受欢迎,但认识论和心理学方法都有缺陷。在确定了它们的缺陷之后,本文提出了一个不同的观点,该观点侧重于阴谋论的政治功能。阴谋论不只是把阴谋作为一个突出原因来解释一个事件。阴谋论有一系列额外的特征,这些特征将它们与普通的阴谋论区分开来,使它们不太可能是真的。政治方法将许多阴谋论视为政治宣传的形式,并特别注意阴谋论在促进极端主义意识形态方面的作用。
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引用次数: 37
The Benefits of Multiple Biased Observers 多重偏见观察者的好处
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2007-05-26 DOI: 10.1353/EPI.2007.0002
R. Goodin
We know that we can learn much from the reports of multiple competent, independent, unbiased observers. There are also things we can learn from the reports of competent but biased observers. Specifically, when reports go against the grain of an agent's known biases, we can be relatively confident in the veracity of those reports. Triangulating on the truth via that mechanism requires a multiplicity of observers with distinct biases, each of whose reports might be one-way decisive in that fashion. It also presupposes that all observers share the same fundamental epistemic standards.
我们知道,我们可以从多位称职、独立、无偏见的观察员的报告中学到很多东西。我们也可以从有能力但有偏见的观察员的报告中学到一些东西。具体来说,当报告与代理人已知的偏见相悖时,我们可以相对确信这些报告的真实性。通过这种机制对真相进行三角测量,需要具有不同偏见的众多观察者,他们的每一个报告都可能以这种方式具有单向决定性。它还假定所有的观察者都有相同的基本认知标准。
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引用次数: 3
Objectivity and Perspective in Empirical Knowledge 经验知识中的客观性与视角
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2007-01-30 DOI: 10.1353/epi.0.0005
R. Kukla
Epistemologists generally think that genuine warrant that is available to anyone must be available to everyone who is exposed to the relevant causal inputs and is able and willing to properly exercise her rationality. The motivating idea behind this requirement is roughly that an objective view is one that is not bound to a particular perspective. In this paper I ask whether the aperspectivality of our warrants is a precondition for securing the objectivity of our claims. I draw upon a Sellarsian account of perception in order to argue that it is not; rather, inquirers can have contingent properties and perspectives that give them access to forms of rational warrant and objective knowledge that others do not have. The universal accessibility of reasons, on my account, is not a precondition for the legitimacy of any actual warrant, but rather a regulative ideal governing inquiry and communication.
认识论家通常认为,任何人都能得到的真正的保证,必须对每一个接触到相关因果输入的人都能得到,并且能够并且愿意适当地运用自己的理性。Â这一要求背后的激励思想大致是,客观观点是不受特定观点约束的观点。Â在本文中,我问我们的认股权证的洞察力是否是确保我们的要求的客观性的先决条件。Â我引用了塞拉斯对知觉的描述,以证明它不是;相反,询问者可以有偶然的属性和视角,使他们能够获得其他人没有的理性保证和客观知识。在我看来,理由的普遍可及性并不是任何实际搜查令合法性的先决条件,而是一种管理调查和沟通的规范理想。
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引用次数: 15
Masking Disagreement among Experts 掩盖专家之间的分歧
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2006-06-01 DOI: 10.1353/EPI.0.0001
J. Beatty
There are many reasons why scientific experts may mask disagreement and endorse a position publicly as "jointly accepted." In this paper I consider the inner workings of a group of scientists charged with deciding not only a technically difficult issue, but also a matter of social and political importance: the maximum acceptable dose of radiation. I focus on how, in this real world situation, concerns with credibility, authority, and expertise shaped the process by which this group negotiated the competing virtues of reaching consensus versus reporting accurately the nature and degree of disagreement among them.
有很多原因可以解释为什么科学专家可能会掩盖分歧,并公开支持“共同接受”的立场。在这篇论文中,我考虑了一群科学家的内部工作,他们不仅负责决定一个技术上困难的问题,而且还负责决定一个具有社会和政治重要性的问题:最大可接受的辐射剂量。我关注的是,在这个现实世界的情况下,对可信度、权威和专业知识的关注如何塑造了这个过程,通过这个过程,这个群体协商达成共识的竞争美德,而不是准确地报告他们之间分歧的性质和程度。
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引用次数: 58
Openness versus Secrecy in Scientific Research Abstract. 科学研究中的公开与保密 摘要。
IF 1.7 2区 哲学 Q1 Arts and Humanities Pub Date : 2006-02-01 DOI: 10.3366/epi.2005.2.3.135
David B Resnik

Openness is one of the most important principles in scientific inquiry, but there are many good reasons for maintaining secrecy in research, ranging from the desire to protect priority, credit, and intellectual property, to the need to safeguard the privacy of research participants or minimize threats to national or international security. This article examines the clash between openness and secrecy in science in light of some recent developments in information technology, business, and politics, and makes some practical suggestions for resolving conflicts between openness and secrecy."By academic freedom I understand the right to search for the truth and to publish and teach what one holds to be true. This right also implies a duty; one must not conceal any part of what one has recognized to be true. It is evident that any restriction of academic freedom serves to restrain the dissemination of knowledge, thereby impeding rational judgment and action."Albert Einstein, quotation inscribed on his statute in front of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

公开性是科学探究中最重要的原则之一,但在研究中保密也有很多充分的理由,从保护优先权、信用和知识产权的愿望,到保护研究参与者隐私或最大限度地减少对国家或国际安全威胁的需要,不一而足。本文结合信息技术、商业和政治领域的一些最新发展,探讨了科学领域公开与保密之间的冲突,并为解决公开与保密之间的冲突提出了一些切实可行的建议。这种权利也意味着一种义务;一个人不得隐瞒他所承认的真理的任何部分。显然,对学术自由的任何限制都会限制知识的传播,从而阻碍理性的判断和行动。"阿尔伯特-爱因斯坦,刻在华盛顿特区国家科学院前他的雕像上的语录。
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引用次数: 0
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Episteme-A Journal of Individual and Social Epistemology
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