Journal of Primary Care and Community Health最新文献

Community Health Workers (CHWs) are members of healthcare teams that are integrated in, and often share language, beliefs, and lived experiences with their communities. They use their formal and informal social networks to promote healthy behavior, to connect community members to resources, and to build more resilient community networks. We propose a framework to conceptualize CHW interventions aiming to operationalize and optimize CHW social relations and networks. CHW-mediated network interventions can focus on the dissemination and diffusion of health messages, using the channels of trust and formal and informal relations, as well as, engaging communities to enhance the cascade of spreading/diffusion. Network interventions can also focus on network-building and community dialog, relying on the role of CHWs in bringing the community members together in facilitating conversation, promoting social justice and inclusion, and mobilizing the community in collective action. In addition, the network interventions can aim for boundary-spanning and bridging activities, to facilitate the community's access to health services and external resources, as well as bringing the community voice to health systems to influence priorities and policies. Similar to any other complex interventions, CHW network interventions should be fine-tuned and adapted to local and community needs, capacities, and network structures, and actively involve community members in the conceptualization, delivery, and evaluation.

Background: Despite increased access to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in Canada, familiarity and experience among primary care providers (PCPs)-including family doctors and those working with key populations-remains limited. To understand the barriers and facilitators of PrEP familiarity and experience, we conducted a situational analysis in PCPs in sub-urban and rural Ontario.

Methods: We surveyed a non-probabilistic sample of PCPs using an online questionnaire, designed with the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). Poisson regressions with robust variance were used to assess the relationship between CFIR domains, sociodemographic, and practice characteristics on both PrEP familiarity and experience.

Results: A total of 54 PCPs participated (6% response rate), comprising 80% physicians and 20% nurses. Nearly 30% of the sample worked with key populations, including sexual health clinics and community care centers, 18% of respondents reported high familiarity with PrEP, and 44% reported PrEP experience (referred, started a conversation, or prescribed). PrEP familiarity and experience were associated with working in an organization serving key populations, working with gender minorities, and having colleagues providing PrEP. Providers with a positive perception of PrEP and its necessity for populations at risk were more likely to have PrEP-related experience. Higher familiarity and experience were reported by PCPs with specific clinical skills related to PrEP, and with the perception that PrEP was compatible with their practice as primary provider.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that organizational support, and additional training and education would facilitate PrEP provision by PCPs in suburban/rural Ontario.

Introduction/objectives: Patients returning to the community from incarceration (ie, reentry) are at heightened risk of experiencing trauma when interacting with the healthcare system. Healthcare professionals may not recognize patients' trauma reactions or know how to effectively respond. This paper describes the development and pilot evaluation of a single-session training to prepare primary care teams to deliver trauma-informed care (TIC) to patients experiencing reentry.

Methods: A multidisciplinary team including community members with lived experience engaged in a multiphase human-centered design process that incorporated interviews, discussions, and a participatory process to design and evaluate a single-session interactive pilot training targeting providers' attitudes toward formerly incarcerated patients and confidence to deliver TIC.

Results: Both pre- and post-training surveys were completed by 12 TIC training attendees, which included primary care providers and staff. Trainees reported significant increases in confidence to reduce potentially re-traumatizing practices and improved attitudes toward formerly incarcerated individuals. They also expressed interest in receiving additional TIC training and learning how best to care for and meet the needs of persons with a history of incarceration. Trainees described the panel of community members with lived experience as one of the most rewarding aspects of the training.

Conclusion: Centering people with lived experience in the training design and delivery produced a single-session TIC training that was both well-received and effective. Our TIC training helped primary care providers and staff move from being merely informed on trauma to having the self-efficacy to prevent and respond to trauma reactions during encounters with all patients, particularly those with a history of incarceration.

Introduction/objectives: Individually rare, rare diseases are collectively common resulting in frequent health system use. Navigating the health system persists as a challenge. Primary care provides longitudinal contact with the health system and is placed to provide integrated rare-disease-care.

Methods: This scoping review used Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA methods with a Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research based data extraction tool to find how integrated rare-disease-care is delivered, enablers and barriers to the same, in primary care settings in contemporary literature in OECD countries.

Results: The Primary Care Provider (PCP) role varies from routine primary care to shared-rare-disease-care models. In the 26 papers, the most frequently cited PCP roles included involvement in diagnosis (n = 14), care coordination (n = 16), primary and preventative care (n = 18), management of components of rare-disease-care (n = 13), and treatment monitoring (n = 10). Individuals whose PCP was actively involved in their care were reported to have shortened diagnostic delay, improved transitions of care across the lifespan, reduced unplanned utilization of emergency and hospital services, comprehensive psychosocial care, improved quality of life across environments including home, school and work and improved palliative care experiences.

Conclusions: Sufficient communication from specialists, information, resources, time and reimbursement for complex care are still needed. Future integrated-rare-disease-care models should be developed by, or with, PCPs.

Introduction/objectives: Patients living with chronic diseases require more medical attention, including more visits to primary care. However, primary care providers are overburdened, and this specialty is attracting fewer new providers than before. Clinical pharmacists can augment these efforts by improving disease state control. In this cohort study, we aimed to demonstrate a retail pharmacy hired and trained clinical pharmacist within a value-based primary care clinic network can improve hypertension (HTN) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) control.

Methods: In this cohort study, a pharmacist, enabled by a collaborative drug therapy management agreement, prescribed and titrated therapies for HTN and T2DM. Primary outcomes were pre- to post-index changes in hemoglobinA1c, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure (BP) measures.

Results: The HTN cohort consisted of 43 patients and the T2DM cohort consisted of 125 patients. The difference-in-differences (β) in the HTN group was -10.2 mmHg (P < .01) for systolic BP and -2.0 mmHg (P = .42) for diastolic BP. The β in the T2DM group was -1.16% (P < .001).

Conclusions: Statistically significant reductions in systolic BP and hemoglobinA1c were observed in the pharmacist-managed group compared with matched controls. These results demonstrate that pharmacist integration into a value based primary care clinic may improve measures of chronic disease associated with morbidity and mortality.

Objectives: This qualitative study explored the beliefs and values influencing healthcare providers' delivery of gender-affirming care (GAC) to transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) youth amidst current social and political dynamics.

Methods: The study PI conducted 43 semi-structured interviews with providers across states with varying GAC legislation. Responses from 41 providers were analyzed in this paper. A thematic approach to data analysis was employed using qualitative coding.

Results: Key themes emerged: criteria for treatment, ethical and moral considerations, and professional and personal responsibility. Providers widely endorsed GAC as evidence-based and essential for alleviating distress and promoting autonomy. They emphasized the importance of respecting patients' gender identities and viewing GAC as life-saving.

Conclusion: Despite legislative challenges, the study highlights a strong consensus among providers on the medical necessity of GAC for TGD youth.

Objective: Adolescents encounter numerous healthcare access barriers, leading to poor health outcomes. Researchers developed the Total Teen (TT) program to improve access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and mental health (MH) services in settings providing adolescents and young adults (12-25) health services. This pilot study assessed the TT's impact on care across three settings: school-based health clinics, a federally qualified health center, and an adolescent health clinic for 12 weeks.

Methods: Sociodemographic data, including age, race/ethnicity, gender, and insurance status, were collected. MH was assessed using patient health questionnaire (PHQ)-9 and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)-2 scales, and sexual health was evaluated based on CDC guidelines and additional evidence-based questions. One-on-one time, confidential consultations, SRH and MH micro visits, and referrals measured access. Descriptive statistics, Pearson Chi-square tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests compared site outcomes, while logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, race, and site.

Results: Four hundred and fifty-one participated in the TT program across the three sites. Concerning micro visits and referrals, being male was associated with lower depression rates (P = .0003) and generalized anxiety disorder (P = .0099). Being males also predicted micro visit receipt (P = .0199). Concerning SRH micro visits, higher sexual behavior scores (P < .0001) were significantly associated with a greater likelihood of utilizing SRH micro visits.

Conclusions: Results indicate that TT improves access to SRH and MH services and referrals for at-risk adolescents. Findings underscore the importance of integrating SRH and MH services into routine adolescent care and involving health organizations and providers as key stakeholders in enhancing preventive healthcare access.

Introduction/objectives: Since the COVID-19 pandemic, few studies have examined how participation in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and/or Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) impacts diet quality in families with young children. This study aims to explore the association between SNAP and/or WIC participation and diet quality in mother-child dyads in Greater Boston, MA.

Methods: A mixed-method approach involving cross-sectional surveys and in-depth interviews were utilized. Participants included 69 mother-child dyads for quantitative and 18 mothers for qualitative data collection. Analysis of covariance using generalized linear models was employed to compare differences in Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) scores based on SNAP and/or WIC participation, and thematic analysis was used for coding themes.

Results: Mothers who participated in SNAP and/or WIC were more from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and education, no significant differences in diet quality were found for both mothers and their children. However, qualitative results showed that mothers prioritized their children's nutrition, used benefits to buy fruits and vegetables, and experienced stress that impacted their own diet quality.

Conclusions: Since the pandemic, SNAP and WIC appeared to support families experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage (e.g., lower income and educational attainment) to improve diet quality, particularly through increased access to fruits and vegetables. However, these programs have not fully eliminated persistent disparities in diet quality, which seems to continue even the pandemic's immediate effects have subsided.

Introduction: Nadezhda Clinic is a free student-run health clinic that provides culturally sensitive primary care services to the underserved Russian-speaking population of the greater Sacramento area. At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the clinic suspended in-person services and solely offered telemedicine visits. Most patients were hesitant to utilize telemedicine due to poor technological literacy, privacy concerns, and a preference for in-person care.

Objective: This quality improvement project aimed to evaluate whether the implementation of culturally sensitive telemedicine services and outreach strategies would help address patient hesitancy and barriers to care.

Methods: Successful implementation of telemedicine was dependent on building trust with the community, providing multilingual technological assistance, and offering personalized support. Some measures that were reviewed in order to assess this included comparison of patient demographics, clinic attendance, and distance reached between in-person and telemedicine services.

Results: Telemedicine implementation was associated with increased clinic attendance rates with a no-show rate as low as 13% when compared to in-person services with a no-show rate of 20%. Telehealth services also enabled the clinic to reach patients in rural areas up to 120 miles away.

Conclusions: With the implementation of a culturally sensitive telemedicine protocol, Nadezhda Clinic achieved greater patient retention rates and reached patients at further distances, suggesting an overall reduction in hesitancy and barriers to care. Free clinics offering telemedicine are critical to further address healthcare disparities in marginalized communities.