Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ar025
J. Cribb
The gold coin found in 1978 among the many treasures of the Tillya Tepe burials in northwestern Afghanistan by the Russian archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi and his team has provoked much debate. Suggestions have been made that it depicts the first representation of the Buddha. This article shows that it does not show the Buddha, but Heracles, representing the Buddha’s guardian Vajrapani. The coin also throws into doubt the early first century CE date of the burials, placing them in the late first century to early second century CE.. The coin also draws attention to the connection between many objects in the burials and Gandhāra, particularly the site of Sirkap at Taxila.
{"title":"Tillya Tepe Gold Coin and the Gandhāran Connections of the Tillya Tepe Burials","authors":"J. Cribb","doi":"10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ar025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ar025","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The gold coin found in 1978 among the many treasures of the Tillya Tepe burials in northwestern Afghanistan by the Russian archaeologist Viktor Sarianidi and his team has provoked much debate. Suggestions have been made that it depicts the first representation of the Buddha. This article shows that it does not show the Buddha, but Heracles, representing the Buddha’s guardian Vajrapani. The coin also throws into doubt the early first century CE date of the burials, placing them in the late first century to early second century CE.. The coin also draws attention to the connection between many objects in the burials and Gandhāra, particularly the site of Sirkap at Taxila. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":46777,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46851584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.r0039
Yunshuang Zhang
Bronze and Stone: The Cult of Antiquity in Song Dynasty China. By Yunchiahn C. Sena. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019 . Pp. xiii + 220. $60.
{"title":"Review of Bronze and Stone: The Cult of Antiquity in Song Dynasty China","authors":"Yunshuang Zhang","doi":"10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.r0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.r0039","url":null,"abstract":"Bronze and Stone: The Cult of Antiquity in Song Dynasty China. By Yunchiahn C. Sena. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2019 . Pp. xiii + 220. $60.","PeriodicalId":46777,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47414410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.r0052
Christopher J. Tulpin
Archaeology of Empire in Achaemenid Egypt. By Henry P. Colburn. Edinburgh Studies in Ancient Persia. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2020. Pp. xvii + 318, illus. $130. [Distributed by Oxford University Press]
{"title":"Review of Archaeology of Empire in Achaemenid Egypt","authors":"Christopher J. Tulpin","doi":"10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.r0052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.r0052","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Archaeology of Empire in Achaemenid Egypt. By Henry P. Colburn. Edinburgh Studies in Ancient Persia. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2020. Pp. xvii + 318, illus. $130. [Distributed by Oxford University Press] \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":46777,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41723655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ar024
Andrew M. Hammond
Angelika Neuwirth has argued that sura 112 of the Quran is intended as an intertextual corrective commentary on key Jewish and Christian creedal statements. This theory, consonant with recent scholarship considering the Muslim scripture to be a text of late antiquity, would match the enigmatic phrase Allāh al-ṣamad with the Nicene creed’s description of God as “almighty” (pantokrator) and sura 112’s statement that God has no equal (kufuʾ) with the Nicene creed’s homoousia, the term that throughout the seventh century CE remained central to the bitter doctrinal conflict wracking Eastern Christianity. This article surveys the wide debate in the scholarly literature over these quranic verses, and specifically the hapax legomenon of al-ṣamad, and compares the early Muslim exegetical treatment of al-ṣamad with the approach of contemporaneous Christian polemical writing of the late eighth century. It suggests that the key to unlocking the meaning of the sura and al-ṣamad, which has long vexed both premodern and modern scholars, could lie in the concept of Aristotelian substance and its articulation in the trinitarian formula and ensuing christological disputes.
{"title":"Problem of the Quranic al-ṣamad","authors":"Andrew M. Hammond","doi":"10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ar024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ar024","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Angelika Neuwirth has argued that sura 112 of the Quran is intended as an intertextual corrective commentary on key Jewish and Christian creedal statements. This theory, consonant with recent scholarship considering the Muslim scripture to be a text of late antiquity, would match the enigmatic phrase Allāh al-ṣamad with the Nicene creed’s description of God as “almighty” (pantokrator) and sura 112’s statement that God has no equal (kufuʾ) with the Nicene creed’s homoousia, the term that throughout the seventh century CE remained central to the bitter doctrinal conflict wracking Eastern Christianity. This article surveys the wide debate in the scholarly literature over these quranic verses, and specifically the hapax legomenon of al-ṣamad, and compares the early Muslim exegetical treatment of al-ṣamad with the approach of contemporaneous Christian polemical writing of the late eighth century. It suggests that the key to unlocking the meaning of the sura and al-ṣamad, which has long vexed both premodern and modern scholars, could lie in the concept of Aristotelian substance and its articulation in the trinitarian formula and ensuing christological disputes. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":46777,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45234273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.bc002
Christian Nordvall
This paper describes the first known translation from the Confucian classics into Swedish, a collection of eighty quotations from the Lunyu published as an appendix to J . A . Bellman’s Wishetenes råd (1707). The work is a third-generation translation, made from the French La morale de Confucius (1688), which is itself an abridged translation of the Latin Confucius Sinarum philosophus (1687). This paper selects ten of the eighty quotations for detailed analysis and commentary. The main findings are that the translation removes so much of the Chinese context and Confucian technical vocabulary that the text becomes almost indistinguishable from generic wisdom literature. Furthermore, the Swedish translator adds a layer of “Christian” vocabulary, which was not present in the Latin and French versions. However, at a time when Sweden had almost no contact with non-Christian cultures, the translation may have played a valuable role in making the Swedish public positively disposed toward Chinese culture .
{"title":"First Swedish Translation from the Lunyu","authors":"Christian Nordvall","doi":"10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.bc002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.bc002","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the first known translation from the Confucian classics into Swedish, a collection of eighty quotations from the Lunyu published as an appendix to J . A . Bellman’s Wishetenes råd (1707). The work is a third-generation translation, made from the French La morale de Confucius (1688), which is itself an abridged translation of the Latin Confucius Sinarum philosophus (1687). This paper selects ten of the eighty quotations for detailed analysis and commentary. The main findings are that the translation removes so much of the Chinese context and Confucian technical vocabulary that the text becomes almost indistinguishable from generic wisdom literature. Furthermore, the Swedish translator adds a layer of “Christian” vocabulary, which was not present in the Latin and French versions. However, at a time when Sweden had almost no contact with non-Christian cultures, the translation may have played a valuable role in making the Swedish public positively disposed toward Chinese culture .","PeriodicalId":46777,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47429068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ar021
I. Arkhipov, L. Kogan, E. Markina
The tablet ARET 13, 15 was published in 2003 by Pelio Fronzaroli among other Eblaite “testi di cancelleria,” providing a basis for studying the document. This edition was the first step toward understanding the text, establishing that it describes several episodes pertaining to Ebla’s relations with Mari, its principal rival in eastern Syria, at the time of Yibbi-zikir, the last vizier of Early Dynastic Ebla. However, a number of difficulties remained unresolved. In a new edition, Walther Sallaberger (2008) made significant progress in the interpretation of the structure, genre, and historical setting of the text, as well as of several problematic passages. In particular, he showed that the document describes offenses suffered by Eblaites visiting the Mari kingdom, related to a war between Ebla and Mari. We believe, however, that there is still room for a better understanding of the text. Here we suggest several new interpretations for a number of passages, revealing previously unnoticed lexemes and historical facts. We also provide the first English translation of the document.
2003年，Pelio Fronzaroli在其他埃布拉的“testi di cancelleria”中发表了ARET 13,15号碑文，为研究该文献提供了基础。这个版本是理解文本的第一步，它描述了埃布拉与马里的关系，马里是埃布拉在叙利亚东部的主要对手，在伊比齐基尔(Yibbi-zikir)时期，埃布拉早期王朝的最后一位大臣。然而，一些困难仍未解决。在新的版本中，瓦尔特·萨拉伯格(2008)在解释文本的结构、体裁和历史背景以及几个有问题的段落方面取得了重大进展。他特别指出，这份文件描述了访问马里王国的埃布拉人受到的冒犯，这与埃布拉和马里之间的战争有关。然而，我们认为，仍有更好地理解案文的余地。在这里，我们对一些段落提出了一些新的解释，揭示了以前未被注意到的词汇和历史事实。我们还提供了文件的第一个英文翻译。
{"title":"Corruption and Violence in Early Dynastic Mari (As Seen from Ebla)","authors":"I. Arkhipov, L. Kogan, E. Markina","doi":"10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ar021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ar021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000The tablet ARET 13, 15 was published in 2003 by Pelio Fronzaroli among other Eblaite “testi di cancelleria,” providing a basis for studying the document. This edition was the first step toward understanding the text, establishing that it describes several episodes pertaining to Ebla’s relations with Mari, its principal rival in eastern Syria, at the time of Yibbi-zikir, the last vizier of Early Dynastic Ebla. However, a number of difficulties remained unresolved. In a new edition, Walther Sallaberger (2008) made significant progress in the interpretation of the structure, genre, and historical setting of the text, as well as of several problematic passages. In particular, he showed that the document describes offenses suffered by Eblaites visiting the Mari kingdom, related to a war between Ebla and Mari. We believe, however, that there is still room for a better understanding of the text. Here we suggest several new interpretations for a number of passages, revealing previously unnoticed lexemes and historical facts. We also provide the first English translation of the document. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":46777,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43520206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ar020
M. Olech
Zhuānzì 專字 are often defined as graphs representing a “special meaning” of a word, manifest in the choice (i.e., addition or alteration) of a semantic component. This article approaches the zhuānzì phenomenon in the broader context of the logographic nature of the Chinese writing system. It first identifies and discusses several thematic categories of zhuānzì, including both historical examples from unearthed and transmitted corpora and instances from the Chinese script as used in the linguistic environment of modern Mandarin. The article then seeks to compare and describe different kinds of information conveyed by different zhuānzì and suggests a terminological shift toward defining zhuānzì as “representing a subset of the word’s denotation,” a phrasing more suited to the complex reality of the phenomenon in question.
{"title":"Beyond Logography","authors":"M. Olech","doi":"10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ar020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ar020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Zhuānzì 專字 are often defined as graphs representing a “special meaning” of a word, manifest in the choice (i.e., addition or alteration) of a semantic component. This article approaches the zhuānzì phenomenon in the broader context of the logographic nature of the Chinese writing system. It first identifies and discusses several thematic categories of zhuānzì, including both historical examples from unearthed and transmitted corpora and instances from the Chinese script as used in the linguistic environment of modern Mandarin. The article then seeks to compare and describe different kinds of information conveyed by different zhuānzì and suggests a terminological shift toward defining zhuānzì as “representing a subset of the word’s denotation,” a phrasing more suited to the complex reality of the phenomenon in question. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":46777,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47532563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ra003
Y. Pines
Antony Barbieri-Low presents an engaging and well researched analysis of the changing image of the First Emperor of Qin throughout centuries. Yet the study suffers from insufficient attention to nuances of Chinese political culture, from outright dismission of looted manuscripts (some of which are essential for understanding the Qin), and, primarily, from the author’s own biases. Do these biases suggest the author’s desire to use the First Emperor as a foil in U .S . political debates?
{"title":"Another Life of the First Emperor","authors":"Y. Pines","doi":"10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ra003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.ra003","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Antony Barbieri-Low presents an engaging and well researched analysis of the changing image of the First Emperor of Qin throughout centuries. Yet the study suffers from insufficient attention to nuances of Chinese political culture, from outright dismission of looted manuscripts (some of which are essential for understanding the Qin), and, primarily, from the author’s own biases. Do these biases suggest the author’s desire to use the First Emperor as a foil in U .S . political debates? \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":46777,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45330577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-22DOI: 10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.r0042
T. Barrett
In the Forest of the Blind: The Eurasian Journey of Faxian’s Record of Buddhist Kingdoms. By Matthew W. King. New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. xvi + 294. $160 (cloth); $40 (paper).
{"title":"Review of In the Forest of the Blind: The Eurasian Journey of Faxian’s Record of Buddhist Kingdoms","authors":"T. Barrett","doi":"10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.r0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.r0042","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000In the Forest of the Blind: The Eurasian Journey of Faxian’s Record of Buddhist Kingdoms. By Matthew W. King. New York: Columbia University Press. Pp. xvi + 294. $160 (cloth); $40 (paper). \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":46777,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45637914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Review of Gods, Goddesses, and the Women Who Serve Them","authors":"S. Budin","doi":"10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.r0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7817/jaos.143.3.2023.r0050","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000Gods, Goddesses, and the Women Who Serve Them. By Susan AcKerman. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans publishing Co., 2022. Pp. xiii + 296, illus. $59 .99. \u0000 \u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":46777,"journal":{"name":"JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.3,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44780734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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