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On the Positive Meaning of Negative Ethics (In Response and Gratitude to Professor Ma Yinmao) 论否定伦理的积极意义(答马寅茂教授)
4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-8-15-25
Abdusalam A. Guseinov
The article was written in response and gratutude to Chinese Professor Ma Yin­mao in connection with his article ‘On the Academician Abdusalam A. Gu­seynov’s “negative ethics” and its borders’. It consists of three parts. In the first part, the author examines the question of why negative ethics is at the same time the beginning of a positive moral program of human activity. Proceeding from the belief that philosophy is an ethical project and an act is its first principle, he shows that the path of man as a living rational individual to being lies through denial. The act is deployed in two opposite directions: as a fact, it goes into the individual and is in the zone of his exclusive responsibility, and by its content it is included in the social being, its rationally organized cultural space. The con­tradictory integrity of the act is considered in the context of the concept of non-al­ibi in being introduced by M.M. Bakhtin. The second part is devoted to two main arguments against an expansive understanding of negative ethics. The first is that it does not take into account the existence of people with pure moral intentions. According to the second, the positive normative content of public morality falls out of the field of negative ethics. The third part discusses the moral paradoxes that the consciousness of one’s own moral imperfection is an indicator of one’s perfection and that good deeds should be done in secret.
这篇文章是为了回应和感谢中国教授马银茂的文章《论Abdusalam A. guu - seynov院士的“消极伦理”及其边界》。它由三部分组成。在第一部分中,作者考察了为什么消极伦理同时是人类活动的积极道德计划的开端。从哲学是一项伦理工程,行为是其首要原则的信念出发,他表明,作为一个活生生的理性个体,人通往存在的道路在于否认。行为在两个相反的方向上展开:作为一个事实,它进入个人并处于他的专属责任范围内,而通过其内容,它被包括在社会存在及其合理组织的文化空间中。在巴赫金提出的“非伊比”概念的背景下,考虑了行为的矛盾完整性。第二部分致力于反对对消极伦理的广泛理解的两个主要论点。首先,它没有考虑到有纯粹道德意图的人的存在。第二种观点认为,公共道德的积极规范内容脱离了消极伦理领域。第三部分讨论了道德悖论,即意识到自己的道德缺陷是一个人完美的标志,做好事应该在秘密中完成。
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引用次数: 0
The Dispute over “karma”: the Cultural Reception of the Indian Concept in Russian Philosophy in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries “因果报应”之争:19世纪末20世纪初俄罗斯哲学对印度概念的文化接受
4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-9-191-201
Vladislav S. Razdyakonov
The last third of the 19th century saw a widespread dissemination of Indian philosophical concepts in the European cultural area. The concept of “karma” of­fered a significant ethical and ontological alternative to both materialistic philos­ophy and classical theism and attracted special attention of the general public. The article aims to characterize the interpretation of karma in Russian indology and theosophy in the late 19th – early 20th centuries, and to reveal the key simi­larities and differences of its’ comparative methodology. The materials of the Rus­sian buddhologist F.I. Shcherbatskoy and one of the leaders of the theosophical current in Russia E.F. Pisareva represent main cases of the research. F.I. Shcher­batskoy and E.F. Pisareva looked forward to the neovitalistic concepts for justifi­cation of belief in the existence of spiritual evolution depending on internal rather than external factors. Indology and theosophy used European scientific concepts for a cultural translation of Indian philosophical concepts, but applied different bases of evidence (textual analysis and personal experience) and com­parative methodology. Indology sought, as it is seen in the case of F.I. Shcher­batskoy, to unfold the basics of “eternal philosophy” – just like the tradition of intercultural philosophy did – while theosophy believed it had already been revealed in the works of E.P. Blavatsky and applied it as tool of European cul­tural criticism.
19世纪最后三分之一的时间里,印度哲学概念在欧洲文化区广泛传播。“业”的概念为唯物主义哲学和古典有神论提供了一个重要的伦理和本体论选择,并引起了公众的特别关注。本文旨在描述19世纪末至20世纪初俄罗斯印度教和神智学对因果报应的解释,并揭示其比较方法论的主要异同。俄罗斯佛教学者F.I. Shcherbatskoy和俄罗斯神智学思潮的领军人物之一E.F. Pisareva的资料代表了这一研究的主要案例。F.I. shcher - batsky和E.F. Pisareva期待用新资本主义的概念来证明精神进化的存在依赖于内部而不是外部因素。印度学和神智学使用欧洲科学概念对印度哲学概念进行文化翻译,但应用了不同的证据基础(文本分析和个人经验)和比较方法。正如在F.I. Shcher-batskoy的案例中所看到的那样,印度学寻求揭示“永恒哲学”的基础——就像跨文化哲学的传统所做的那样——而神智学认为它已经在E.P. Blavatsky的作品中得到了揭示,并将其作为欧洲文化批评的工具。
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引用次数: 0
Three Word Primer (Sanzijing): the Philosophical Term ‘priroda’ [‘nature’] in Nikita Ya. Bichurin Translation 三字经》:尼基塔-亚-比丘林译本中的哲学术语 "priroda"["自然"]。比丘林译
4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-10-161-168
Chen Peijun, Tatiana S. Sadova
The article considers the term ‘priroda’ [‘nature’] as a translational reflec­tion of the Russian orientalist, an outstanding sinologist of the 19th century Nikita Ya. Bichurin (1777–1853), connected with the understanding of the con­cept of xing, conveyed by the hieroglyph 性 in the Chinese educational book of the 13th century Three Word Primer (Sanzijing). It is pointed out that by the beginning of the 19th century Russian philosophical terminology was at the stage of formation, that translations of Russian scientists of foreign-language phi­losophical works had a great influence on the entry of a particular term into the system of Russian terminological designations. In this regard, the translations of Chinese sources of philosophical content by Bichurin in the middle of the 19th century deserve attention. On the example of one term ‘priroda’ [‘nature’], the author’s methods of interpretation and, from his point of view, the most ac­curate transmission of the Chinese concept of xing (性) are demonstrated both in the notes and directly in the translation text, using various techniques (epithets, antitheses, stylistic contrast). The translations of the Sanzijing close to Bichurin’s, made by his predecessors, sinologists of the 18th century – Illarion K. Rossokhin (1707–1761) and Alexey L. Leontiev (1716–1786), the peculiari­ties of the perception of the concept of xing by three translators in similar con­texts are noted. The role of the text environment in their attempts to convey a complex concept that had a long-standing internal Chinese worldview evolu­tion is emphasized.
本文认为“priroda”(“自然”)一词是19世纪杰出的汉学家、俄罗斯东方学家尼基塔·雅(Nikita Ya)的翻译反映。毕其林(1777-1853),与13世纪中国教育书籍《三字经》中以象形文字“”所表达的对“兴”概念的理解有关。指出到19世纪初,俄语哲学术语处于形成阶段,俄语科学家翻译的外文哲学著作对特定术语进入俄语术语体系产生了很大的影响。在这一点上,毕其林在19世纪中期对中国哲学内容的翻译值得关注。以“priroda”(“自然”)一词为例,作者的解释方法,以及从他的角度来看,对中国“行”概念的最准确的传递,在注释中和直接在翻译文本中都得到了证明,使用了各种技巧(修饰语、对立词、风格对比)。在比丘林的前辈、18世纪汉学家罗索金(1707-1761)和列昂捷夫(1716-1786)对《三子经》的翻译中,我们注意到三位译者在相似语境下对“兴”概念的独特理解。文章强调了文本环境在他们试图传达一个复杂概念的过程中所起的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond Literary Genres and Geographic Boundaries: Various Forms of Russian Philosophy (A Review of the Section “Philosophy and Literature”) 超越文学体裁与地域界限:俄国哲学的各种形态(“哲学与文学”部分述评)
4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-7-53-55
Nikolay A. Chervyakov
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引用次数: 0
“Existence is Destiny…” The Conversation of N.N. Shulgin and N.A. Kasavina “存在就是命运……”n·n·舒尔金和n·a·卡萨维娜的对话
4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-7-59-68
Nadezhda A. Kasavina
The interview is devoted to the problem of existential experience, personal de­velopment, the role of existential philosophy in the cultural space, its dynamics and modern tasks. The question of the possibility of talking about existence, re­ferring not only to the existence of man, but also to the existence of an animal, is problematized. The “third wave” of existentialism (or neuroexistentialism) is considered, which concerns anxiety before the “disenchantment” of human na­ture, which carries new facets of the crisis of meaning. In the development of ex­istentialism, the role of the socio-cultural context is emphasized, its historical stages or “waves” are highlighted. The complex conjugation of the sensual and the rational in existential formation is shown. Experience is interpreted as a mul­tifaceted phenomenon that includes intellectual reflection, embodied in memory, comprehension of situations and events, establishing a connection in personal history. The human experience is culturally loaded, associated with the develop­ment and living of cultural archetypes and patterns, and includes the personal work of a person on himself, his growth in the perspective of the always relevant question of meaning and the answer to it. In the context of personal develop­ment, the concept of metaexistence is touched upon, which addresses the spiri­tual maturity of a person, the integration of experience and the experience of meaningfulness and value of life.
访谈主要探讨了存在经验、个人发展、存在哲学在文化空间中的作用、其动态和现代任务等问题。谈论存在的可能性问题,不仅指人的存在,而且指动物的存在,是有问题的。存在主义(或神经存在主义)的“第三波”被考虑,它关注人性“祛魅”之前的焦虑,它带来了意义危机的新方面。在存在主义的发展中,强调社会文化语境的作用,强调其历史阶段或“浪潮”。存在形态中感性与理性的复杂结合。经验被解释为一种多方面的现象,包括智力反思,体现在记忆中,对情况和事件的理解,在个人历史中建立联系。人类的经验是文化承载的,与文化原型和模式的发展和生活有关,包括一个人对自己的个人工作,他在意义及其答案的视角下的成长。在个人发展的背景下,触及了元存在的概念,它解决了一个人的精神成熟,经验的整合和生活的意义和价值的经验。
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引用次数: 0
The Way to the Aesthetics of Romanticism: Jean Paul 浪漫主义美学之路:让·保罗
4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-5-86-96
Victor V. Bychkov
In his Preschool of Aesthetics the German writer Jean Paul (Johann Friedrich Richter) in some sense has laid the foundation of the aesthetics of German Ro­manticism through an analysis of the main principles of poetry, which is under­stood as artistic word at large. Proceeding from Aristotle’s Poetics, he claims that poetry is a beautiful (as well as spiritual) imitation of nature, both external (the one we perceive by the senses) and internal (the one we become spiritually aware of). As a result, this “imitation” essentially becomes a transformation of reality. Therefore the imagination and fantasy, or “power of images”, play a significant role in the creation of a poetic work. Jean Paul distinguishes be­tween the following stages of fantasy: simple perception, talanted creativity and the work of genius. Genius, as the highest level of fantasy, possesses two pow­ers: the divine instinct of the subconsious and deliberation. It is precisely genius that is capable of creating Romantic poetry on the basis of the aforesaid powers. The German forerunner of Romanticism compares two poetic epochs: ancient Greek, with its characteristic plasticity, beauty (the ideal), peaceful clarity and moral grace, and the contemporary (Romantic), whose essence consists in its Christian character, sublimity, the beauty of the infinite, the miraculous and mar­velous world of the spirits, which are manifested to the soul of the recipient sub­ject by way of a specific organization of the poetic text.
德国作家让·保罗(约翰·弗里德里希·里希特)在他的《美学的学前》一书中,通过对诗歌的主要原则的分析,在某种意义上奠定了德国浪漫主义美学的基础,而诗歌一般被理解为艺术词汇。从亚里士多德的《诗学》出发,他声称诗歌是对自然的一种美丽(以及精神上的)模仿,无论是外在的(我们通过感官感知的)还是内在的(我们在精神上意识到的)。因此,这种“模仿”本质上变成了对现实的改造。因此,想象和幻想,即“意象的力量”,在诗歌创作中起着重要的作用。让·保罗将幻想分为以下三个阶段:单纯的感知、天才的创造和天才的作品。天才,作为幻想的最高境界,拥有两种力量:潜意识的神圣本能和深思熟虑。正是天才能够在上述力量的基础上创造浪漫主义诗歌。德国浪漫主义的先驱比较了两个诗歌时代:古希腊,其特点是可塑性,美(理想),和平的清晰和道德的优雅;当代(浪漫主义),其本质在于其基督教的性格,崇高,无限的美,神奇和奇妙的精神世界,这是通过诗歌文本的特定组织方式表现给接受者的灵魂。
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引用次数: 0
Ideology as a Subject and Subject of Representation in Russian Philosophizing Literature 俄国哲学文学中的意识形态主体与再现主体
4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-5-75-78
Sergey A. Nickolsky
Ideology as a subject (image) and subject (content and plot) is present in Russian philosophical literature, as in any literary classic, constantly – from the moment of its appearance in the late XVIII to the mid-30s of the twentieth century. For almost a century and a half, it had the opportunity, with varying degrees of cen­sorship, in general, it manifested itself quite freely. However, after the 1st Con­gress of Soviet Writers, a ban was imposed on all its manifestations, except those officially permitted within the framework of “socialist realism”, which was lifted only in the second half of the 80s. Nevertheless, since artistic texts remain an im­portant element of culture that influences the existence of the modern ideological landscape, the idea of their ideological content deserves to be developed. What is ideological in philosophical literature, which most often reveals itself as a focus on changing the present, that is, reconstruction, is considered in the first approxi­mation by referring to the texts of D.I. Fonvizin, A.S. Griboyedov, A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, I.A. Goncharov, N.S. Leskov, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.M. Gorky and A.P. Platonov.
意识形态作为一个主体(形象)和主体(内容和情节)出现在俄罗斯哲学文学中,就像在任何文学经典中一样,从18世纪末出现的那一刻到20世纪30年代中期。在近一个半世纪的时间里,它有机会,虽然受到不同程度的审查,但总的来说,它表现得相当自由。然而,在苏联作家第一次代表大会之后,除了那些在“社会主义现实主义”框架内被正式允许的表现形式外,它的所有表现形式都被禁止了,直到80年代后半期才被取消。然而,由于艺术文本仍然是影响现代意识形态景观存在的重要文化元素,因此其意识形态内容的概念值得发展。在哲学文学中,什么是意识形态,它最常表现为关注改变现在,即重建,首先通过参考D.I. Fonvizin, A.S. Griboyedov, A.S.普希金,N.V.果戈理,I.S.屠格涅夫,I.A.贡恰罗夫,N.S.列斯科夫,F.M.陀思妥耶夫斯基,A.M.的文本来考虑高尔基和普拉托诺夫。
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引用次数: 0
The Problem of Time in the Works of P.P. Gaidenko 盖登科作品中的时间问题
4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-7-19-23
Irina I. Blauberg
The question of time can be attributed as one of the most important in the works of P.P. Gaidenko. Almost from the very beginning of her philosophical activity it was constantly in the center of her attention. The article briefly traces the main milestones in her consideration of the problem of time – from a dissertation on the philosophy of Heidegger (1963) to a generalizing book “Time. Duration. Eternity. The Problem of Time in European Philosophy and Science” (2006), which sums up many years of Piama Pavlovna’s research on this topic. Here the names of three great Greek thinkers – Plato, Aristotle and Plotinus – appear as symbols of various approaches to understanding time. For a long time, it de­termined the lines of further theoretical research. In the book the internal seman­tic echoes that permeate the entire text are very important. Piama P. Gaidenko shows how some models of the interpretation of time, proposed in Antiquity and then in medieval philosophy, are reproduced in various forms in subsequent eras and testify to the complex interaction of philosophical traditions as well as to a change in ways of thinking. The main lines of research outlined in the book clearly show both continuity and differences in approaches to the philosophical understanding of time in different periods. The book expresses not only the phi­losophical, but also the personal position of Piama P. Gaidenko, which was clearly manifested in the interpretation of the question of the relationship be­tween time and eternity. In this sense, of particular interest is the critique of the characteristic tendency of the philosophy of process, which is reflected in the denial of eternity or understanding it simply as infinite time.
时间问题是盖登科作品中最重要的问题之一。几乎从她开始从事哲学活动的那一刻起,它就一直是她关注的中心。本文简要地追溯了她思考时间问题的主要里程碑——从一篇关于海德格尔哲学的论文(1963)到一本概括的书《时间》。持续时间。永恒。《欧洲哲学与科学中的时间问题》(2006),总结了Piama Pavlovna多年来对这一课题的研究。在这里,三位伟大的希腊思想家——柏拉图、亚里士多德和普罗提诺——的名字作为理解时间的各种方法的象征出现。在很长一段时间里,它决定了进一步理论研究的方向。在书中,贯穿全文的内部语义呼应是非常重要的。Piama P. Gaidenko展示了一些在古代和中世纪哲学中提出的时间解释模型是如何在随后的时代以各种形式复制的,并证明了哲学传统的复杂相互作用以及思维方式的变化。书中概述的研究主线清楚地显示了不同时期对时间的哲学理解方法的连续性和差异。这本书不仅表达了皮亚玛·p·盖登科的哲学立场,而且还表达了他的个人立场,这一点在对时间与永恒的关系问题的解释中得到了清楚的体现。在这个意义上,特别值得注意的是对过程哲学的典型倾向的批判,这种倾向反映在否认永恒或把永恒简单地理解为无限的时间。
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引用次数: 0
Utopia in the History of Russian Culture: Repeating the Past or Constructing the Future? (review of scientific conference) 俄罗斯文化史上的乌托邦:重复过去还是构建未来?(科学会议综述)
4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-5-208-213
Taisiia S. Paniotova, Gennady V. Drach, Maxim A. Romanenko
In today’s difficult geopolitical situation, when social alarmism dominates in the public mind, it is important to comprehend the domestic experience of con­structing positive images of the future. Utopia is directly related to this, despite the trail of a “companion of totalitarianism”, a “negative pole” charged with “poisonous energy”, etc., following it in Russian, mostly liberal, humanitarian studies. How can these characteristics be combined with another generally re­cognized statement: utopia is one of the main achievements in the history of the Western ideas, which is directly related to philosophy, literature, politics, and art; is it deeply rooted in human nature, because it is connected with the dream to break with the unsatisfying surrounding reality to create an alternative, more per­fect world? The 4th All-Russian (with international participants) scientific con­ference “Utopian projects in the history of culture”, held October 26–28, 2022 at the Southern Federal University (Rostov-on-Don) on the topic “Russian experi­ence in constructing the future” was an attempt to overcome this “cognitive dis­sonance”.
在当今艰难的地缘政治形势下,当社会危言耸听在公众心中占据主导地位时,理解国内构建未来积极形象的经验是很重要的。乌托邦与此直接相关,尽管有“极权主义的同伴”的踪迹,一个充满“有毒能量”的“负极”,等等,在俄罗斯,主要是自由主义的人道主义研究中。如何将这些特征与另一种普遍认可的说法结合起来:乌托邦是西方思想史上的主要成就之一,与哲学、文学、政治、艺术直接相关;它是否深深植根于人性,因为它与打破周围不满意的现实,创造另一个更完美的世界的梦想有关?2022年10月26日至28日,第四届全俄(国际参与者)科学会议“文化史上的乌托邦项目”在南联邦大学(顿河畔罗斯托夫)举行,主题是“俄罗斯建设未来的经验”,试图克服这种“认知失调”。
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引用次数: 0
Gamification as a Growing Trend in Higher Education: Prospects and Problems 高等教育的游戏化趋势:前景与问题
4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-6-116-123
Ekaterina N. Gnatik
The article deals with the phenomenon of gamification and the problems of im­plementing game practices in higher education. Based on the information about consumer habits, style features of behavior, etc., gamification becomes a fairly effective IT tool that contributes to achieving the goals of one or another project by way of constructing artificially player motivation, i.e., in fact, programming for a certain behavior pattern. The paper notes that the Western trend of mass in­clusion of games and game technologies in curricula has become a significant reference point for domestic educational policy, and gamification is now dis­cussed as a new, alternative way of organizing learning in educational institu­tions of our country, which allows to significantly influence student behavior and the effectiveness of learning outcomes. Analyzing possible consequences and trying to take into account the explicit and latent risks, the author concludes that the most alarming trend of gamification implementation in the educational process is the creation of unprecedented opportunities for collecting data on student be­havior in the digital educational space. Tracking reactions and psychoemotional state of young people in the course of gamified learning, the use of artificial in­telligence technologies, neural networks, the use of learning action analysis tech­nologies, digital footprint analysis – all these may help to build and improve the behavior management strategy required by customers. Here we see the pro­spects of making a testing range for large-scale work to create additional means of control, standardization and correction with the view to improve the tech­niques of manipulating the consciousness and behavior of the masses of people. In the author’s opinion, the transformation of learning into a computer game will promote not only a significant deformation of the inner meaning of pedagogics, but also the transformation of student youth into an object of various manipu­lations using the high-human methodology, which widely applies the tools of smart technology.
本文论述了游戏化现象以及在高等教育中实施游戏实践的问题。基于消费者习惯、行为风格特征等信息,游戏化成为一种相当有效的IT工具,通过人为地构建玩家动机(游戏邦注:也就是针对特定行为模式进行编程)来帮助实现一个或另一个项目的目标。本文指出,西方将游戏和游戏技术大量纳入课程的趋势已成为国内教育政策的重要参考点,目前正在讨论将游戏化作为在我国教育机构组织学习的一种新的替代方式,这种方式可以显著影响学生的行为和学习成果的有效性。作者分析了可能的后果,并试图考虑到明确和潜在的风险,得出结论认为,在教育过程中实施游戏化最令人担忧的趋势是,在数字教育空间中为收集学生行为数据创造了前所未有的机会。跟踪年轻人在游戏化学习过程中的反应和心理情绪状态,使用人工智能技术、神经网络、使用学习行为分析技术、数字足迹分析等,这些都可能有助于建立和改进客户所需的行为管理策略。在这里,我们看到了为大规模工作建立一个测试范围的前景,以创造额外的控制、标准化和纠正手段,以改进操纵群众意识和行为的技术。笔者认为,将学习转化为一种电脑游戏,不仅会促进教育学内在意义的重大变形,而且还会促使学生青年转变为各种操纵的对象,使用高度人性化的方法论,广泛应用智能技术工具。
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引用次数: 0
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