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The Idea and Action of Zikr in Sufism 齐克尔在苏菲主义中的思想与行动
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-2-210-214
Sejin Jung
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引用次数: 0
Reflection on “Language” in the Publications of the Thinkers of “Siberia near Moscow” after the Vologda Exile: the Experience of Reconstructing the “Forced Conversation” 沃洛格达流亡后“莫斯科附近的西伯利亚”思想家著作中的“语言”反思——重建“强迫对话”的经验
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-2-167-176
Alexander V. Zagumennov
The article analyzes the works of authors who served exile in Vologda in 1902. The research material is text fragments in which the language, speech, and style of a person are comprehended. We have attracted texts published after 1902. In our opinion, it is in works remote in time that the manifestation of reflection on communication is a trace of existentially saturated direct contact. The article deals with the works of former exiles who were once in Vologda at the same time. Therefore, the fragments involved in the study acquire the status of refer­ence points for describing the experience of a “forced conversation” that oc­curred in their lives. The methods of Russian linguistics (description, continuous sampling, contextual analysis, comparison) and philosophy (reconstruction) are used in the work. The leading methodological strategy is the interpretation of the text. We were able to establish that eleven people (P.E. Shchegolev, N.A. Berdyaev, I.E. Ermolaev, V.A. Rusanov, P.L. Tuchapsky, A.M. Remizov, O.A. Kvitkin, S.A. Suvorov, B.V. Savinkov, A.V. Lunacharsky, A.A. Bogdanov) comprehended their communication in the works published after the “Vologda exile”. This fact can be explained neither by the education received, nor by the unity of scientific interests, nor by the commonality of philosophical grounds. This is not a coincidence, not an accident, it is the experience of a “forced con­versation” experienced simultaneously in 1902.
本文分析了1902年在沃洛格达流亡的作家的作品。研究材料是文本片段,其中理解了一个人的语言、讲话和风格。我们收集了1902年以后出版的文本。在我们看来,正是在时间遥远的作品中,对传播的反思表现出一种存在饱和的直接接触的痕迹。这篇文章讨论了曾经同时在沃洛格达的前流亡者的作品。因此,研究中涉及的片段获得了描述生活中发生的“强迫对话”体验的参考点地位。运用了俄语语言学(描述、连续抽样、语境分析、比较)和哲学(重构)的方法。主要的方法论策略是对文本的解释。我们确定了11个人(P.E. Shchegolev, N.A. Berdyaev, I.E. Ermolaev, V.A. Rusanov, P.L. Tuchapsky, A.M.Remizov, O.A. Kvitkin, S.A. Suvorov, B.V. Savinkov, A.V. Lunacharsky, A.A. Bogdanov)在“沃洛格达流亡”后发表的作品中理解了他们之间的交流。这一事实既不能用所接受的教育来解释,也不能用科学利益的统一来解释,也不能用哲学基础的共同性来解释。这不是巧合,也不是意外,这是1902年同时经历的一次“被迫对话”的经历。
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引用次数: 0
Rammohun Roy and Pyotr Tchaadaev: Philosophical Thought in the Dialogue of the West and the East 拉莫汉·罗伊与彼得·查达耶夫:东西方对话中的哲学思想
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-2-143-154
T. Skorokhodova
A comparative research of philosophical thought by Rammohun Roy and Pyotr Tchaadaev is presented in the article. At the context of the West – the East inter­action in Modernity, both philosophers became the pioneers of self-discovery and self-knowledge by India and Russia respectively. Based on a juxtaposition of the works by Indian and Russian thinkers, their thought is described as special ‘philosophy of self-finding’ for their own societies in circumstances of the dia­logue between the East and the West. It is formed owing to their reflections on reasons of crisis in their societies and possibilities to overcome one. Philoso­phy of self-finding includes two levels; the first is religious-philosophical, which correlates the being of Indian and Russian societies with the universal Absolute (the building of spiritual vertical). Seen through universalist approach, thinkers’ spiritual traditions (Vedantism of R. Roy and Christianity of P. Tchaadaev) helped to create the realistic knowledge of social life and ways of development in India and Russia. The second level is social-philosophical. Thinkers offer the prece­dents of objective understanding of the West to discover the true reasons of own societies’ backwardness and perspective for their improvement in Modernity.
本文对罗伊和查达耶夫的哲学思想进行了比较研究。在现代性中东西方互动的背景下,两位哲学家分别成为印度和俄罗斯的自我发现和自我认识的先驱。根据印度和俄罗斯思想家的作品并列,他们的思想被描述为在东西方对话的环境中为自己的社会提供的特殊的“自我发现的哲学”。它是由于他们对社会危机的原因和克服危机的可能性的反思而形成的。自我发现哲学包括两个层面;第一种是宗教哲学,它将印度和俄罗斯社会的存在与普遍的绝对(精神垂直的建立)联系起来。从普遍主义的角度来看,思想家的精神传统(罗伊的吠陀主义和查达耶夫的基督教)帮助创造了印度和俄罗斯社会生活和发展方式的现实知识。第二个层面是社会哲学层面。思想家们提供了客观认识西方的先例,以发现自身社会落后的真正原因和在现代性中进步的视角。
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引用次数: 0
The Problem of the Meaning of Death in Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings Part II. Endless and Mortal World of Tolkien 托尔金《指环王》第二部中的死亡意义问题。托尔金的无尽与死亡世界
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-2-89-97
Maxim A. Monin
This article deals with the theme of death in Tolkien’s trilogy “The Lord of the Rings”, which both the author himself and numerous researchers of his texts rec­ognized as the key to understanding of the entire religious and philosophical content of his work. Here this topic is analyzed within the framework of the se­mantic opposition formulated by the concepts of “being towards death” and “es­caping from death”. The article attempts to compare how the theme of death is revealed in a new literary genre which developed during and shortly after the Second World War – the author’s fairy tale (intended primarily for adults) – and how this theme is presented in the concepts of post-war existentialism, espe­cially by Sartre and Heidegger. As a methodology for this comparison this article uses the theory of P. Ricoeur – according to which both literature and philosophy can be considered as two different and partly opposite strategies for “taming time” (by turning it into human time, the time of culture). In the context of this theory, the article also analyzes another problem related to the first one, namely the problem of the mutual influence of the “real world” of human history and the “fictional world” of a literary work. The article confirms the idea expressed by Ricoeur that large-scale events of history can be reflected in a literary work indi­rectly (namely by using complication of the spatio-temporal structure that forms the artistic world of the work). In particular, events such as world wars, which sharply raise the questions of the meaning of history and the meaning of human life, can find interpretation in literary works that “recreate” the space of life and meaning with their own narrative means, both in relation to the individual – and the world as a whole.
本文探讨了托尔金三部曲《指环王》中的死亡主题,作者本人和众多文本研究者都认为这是理解托尔金作品中整个宗教和哲学内容的关键。在这里,这一主题是在“走向死亡”和“从死亡中解脱”这两个概念所形成的理论对立的框架内进行分析的。这篇文章试图比较死亡主题是如何在第二次世界大战期间和之后不久发展起来的一种新的文学流派——作者的童话(主要针对成年人)中被揭示的,以及这一主题在战后存在主义的概念中是如何被呈现的,特别是萨特和海德格尔。作为这种比较的方法论,本文使用了P.Ricoeur的理论——根据该理论,文学和哲学可以被视为两种不同的、部分相反的“驯服时间”策略(通过将其转化为人类时间,即文化时间)。在这一理论的背景下,文章还分析了与第一个理论相关的另一个问题,即人类历史的“真实世界”与文学作品的“虚构世界”的相互影响问题。这篇文章证实了Ricoeur所表达的观点,即大型历史事件可以直接反映在文学作品中(即通过使用构成作品艺术世界的时空结构的复杂性)。特别是,像世界大战这样的事件,尖锐地提出了历史意义和人类生命意义的问题,可以在文学作品中找到解释,用自己的叙事手段“重建”生命空间和意义,无论是关于个人还是整个世界。
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引用次数: 0
The “Roman Idea” in V.I. Lamansky’s Civilization Concept 拉曼斯基文明观中的“罗马观念”
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-2-155-166
Alexsey V. Malinov
The article deals with the doctrine of empire by the largest Russian Slavist, V.I. Lamansky. It is noted that for Lamansky the empire is not connected with any particular type of government, such as autocracy, but is a civilizational form. Politically, empire is ductile. It can include various state formations, en­suring peace and pious order within its borders. With its state power and mili­tary might, an empire unites peoples and regions by the strength of its spiritual superiority and cultural dominance. Historically, the first example of an empire was the Roman Empire, which was reborn in the East under the influence of Christianity. After the fall of Byzantium, Russia became the successor of the idea of empire. Its role in history was to protect and preserve the peoples of the Greco-Slavic or Middle World. The Empire, as a civilizational form, cre­ated conditions for distinctive political, religious, moral and cultural develop­ment of peoples and allowed them to act as independent subjects of world-his­torical development. At the same time Lamansky showed that in the West there were also attempts to revive the Empire, but all of them were fiction and usurpation, since in Europe, starting from Charlemagne, they reproduced only external attributes of the Empire and perceived it exclusively as a large state form, ignoring the religious and moral meaning of the idea of empire. The mod­ern heirs of the empire are Anglo-Saxon nations, and the center of the Western world is moving to North America. The article shows that, according to Laman­sky, the various types of intolerance and enmity of Romano-Germanic peoples to representatives of the Greek-Slavic world are only particular cases of civi­lizational antagonism of the two worlds. Lamansky’s analysis of empire is a part of his geopolitical and civilisational doctrine, which has only in recent years begun to attract the attention of researchers.
这篇文章论述了俄罗斯最大的斯拉夫主义者拉曼斯基的帝国主义。值得注意的是,对拉曼斯基来说,帝国与任何特定类型的政府都没有联系,比如专制,而是一种文明形式。在政治上,帝国是可延展的。它可以包括各种国家组织,在其境内维护和平和虔诚的秩序。一个帝国凭借其国家权力和军事力量,凭借其精神优势和文化优势将各国人民和地区团结在一起。历史上,帝国的第一个例子是罗马帝国,它在基督教的影响下在东方重生。拜占庭灭亡后,俄罗斯成为帝国思想的继承者。它在历史上的作用是保护和维护希腊斯拉夫或中世纪世界的人民。帝国作为一种文明形式,为各国人民独特的政治、宗教、道德和文化发展创造了条件,并使他们成为世界历史发展的独立主体。与此同时,拉曼斯基表明,在西方也有复兴帝国的企图,但都是虚构和篡夺的,因为在欧洲,从查理曼开始,他们只复制了帝国的外部属性,并将其视为一种大的国家形式,忽视了帝国思想的宗教和道德意义。帝国的现代继承人是盎格鲁-撒克逊民族,西方世界的中心正在向北美转移。文章表明,根据拉曼斯基的说法,罗马-日耳曼民族对希腊-斯拉夫世界代表的各种不容忍和敌意只是两个世界公民对立的特殊情况。拉曼斯基对帝国的分析是他的地缘政治和文明学说的一部分,直到最近几年才开始引起研究人员的注意。
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引用次数: 0
Soteriology of Hindu Tantric Sādhana Part II 印度教密宗的救赎论Sādhana第二部分
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-2-190-200
Sergey V. Pakhomov
The article continues the theme of the tantric sādhana’s soteriology and analyses stages of the spiritual tantric path. Depending on the specific text or school, dif­ferent stages of such a path can be distinguished. We consider the spiritual tantric path, consisting of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 stages. Three stages of practice are considered by Satyananda Saraswati (purification, “inspiration”, connection). Three stages are also mentioned in the Sahajiyā’s treatise “The Necklace of Immortality” by Mukundadāsa (17th cent.). Bhāskararāya (18th cent.) marks five hierarchical levels of liberation, reducing them to three “city”, or stages of the path (pious life, reverence for the higher Self and reverence for the undifferentiated Abso­lute). Kashmir Śaivism develops a system of four “means”, one of which (the so-called “non-means”, which in turn is divided into two types) opposes the others. G. Kaviraj develops the idea of four stages of the spiritual path (indirect knowl­edge of Self, removal of doubts, direct knowledge and recognition). The Svac­chanda Tantra knows the five stages of the development process. There is also a model of six paths (ṣaḍadhvan) in Tantrism, which is appropriate to consider in the context of pravṛtti-nivṛtti, analyzed in our previous publication in this journal. A brief overview of the “six paths” is given by Maheśvarānanda (14th cent.). The very concept of the “stages” may go against the monistic posi­tions of a number of tantric schools (i.e. Trika), reflecting on the moment of lib­eration, but any such moment is preceded by a long preparatory work. There is another version of the “six paths” (viz. Yoginī Hṛdaya) as the stages of spiritual development and deepening of the levels of tantric hermeneutics. Finally, the septenary model of development (acara) includes the hierarchization of various spiritual systems and actually means the levels of development of an individual.
本文继续探讨了密宗僧道的主题,并分析了密宗精神道路的各个阶段。根据具体的文本或流派,可以区分这种路径的不同阶段。我们认为精神密宗道路,包括3,4,5,6和7个阶段。萨蒂亚南达·萨拉斯瓦蒂认为实践有三个阶段(净化、“灵感”和联系)。Mukundadāsa(第17分)在萨哈吉耶的论文《不朽的项链》中也提到了三个阶段。Bhāskararāya(第18分)标志着解放的五个等级,将它们减少为三个“城市”或道路阶段(虔诚的生活、对更高自我的敬畏和对无差别绝对的敬畏)。克什米尔爱国主义发展了一个由四种“手段”组成的体系,其中一种(所谓的“非手段”,又分为两种)反对其他手段。G.Kaviraj发展了精神道路的四个阶段(自我的间接认识、消除疑虑、直接认识和认可)。Svac­chanda Tantra知道发展过程的五个阶段。还有一个六条路径的模型(ṣ一ḍadhvan),这在实践的背景下是合适的ṛtti-nivṛtti,在我们之前在本杂志上发表的文章中进行了分析。Maheśvarānanda(第14分)简要概述了“六条道路”。“阶段”的概念可能与许多密宗学派(即Trika)的一元论立场相悖,反映了解放的时刻,但任何这样的时刻都要经过漫长的准备工作。“六条道路”还有另一个版本(即YoginīHṛ达亚)作为精神发展阶段和密宗解释学层次的深化。最后,七年发展模式(acara)包括各种精神系统的层次化,实际上意味着个人的发展水平。
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引用次数: 0
Russia and Europe, Man and History in the Book by Vladimir Kantor “Dostoevsky’s Two Homelands: an Attempt at Comprehension” 《陀思妥耶夫斯基的两个祖国:一种理解的尝试》一书中的俄国与欧洲、人与历史
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-2-132-142
A. Gacheva
The article is a reflection on the book by the Russian writer and philosopher Vladimir Kantor, which examines the interaction in Dostoevsky’s creative con­sciousness of two historical and cultural streams coming from Russia and Europe, having a single source in Christianity and ultimately converging in the ideal of all-humanity. The relevance of the appearance of this book is shown, which, relying on Dostoevsky and European thinkers, raises the problem of the religious crisis and allows us to reveal the ethical and axiological content of the Russian idea in the aspect of the movement towards a new version of planetarity. The wa­tershed is marked between the historiosophical model based on the idea of the civilizational alienation of Russia and the West to each other, and the vision of Dostoevsky, for whom Russia and Europe are spiritual sisters and co-workers in history, designed to transfer humanity from a state of enmity to a state of brotherhood.
这篇文章是对俄罗斯作家和哲学家弗拉基米尔·坎特(Vladimir Kantor)的一本书的反思,该书考察了陀思妥耶夫斯基的创作意识中来自俄罗斯和欧洲的两种历史和文化流的相互作用,这两种文化流都来自基督教,最终汇聚在全人类的理想中。这本书的出现的相关性被显示出来,它依靠陀思妥耶夫斯基和欧洲思想家,提出了宗教危机的问题,并允许我们揭示俄罗斯思想的伦理和价值论内容,在运动方面走向一个新的行星版本。以俄罗斯和西方文明相互异化为基础的历史哲学模式,和陀思妥耶夫斯基(Dostoevsky)的愿景之间的分水岭,旨在将人类从敌对状态转移到兄弟情谊状态。陀思妥耶夫斯基认为,俄罗斯和欧洲在历史上是精神上的姐妹和同事。
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引用次数: 0
Post-working Society: Synthetic Freedom and Work Ethics 后工作社会:综合自由与职业道德
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-2-79-88
Oleg G. Nesterov
The relevance of the article is due to the significant changes taking place in the field of human labor activity, caused by the transition from an industrial society to a digital one. The scientific community is increasingly talking about the labor crisis, the destabilization of the labor sphere, the growth of labor automation and its consequences, the increase in the social vulnerability of workers, on the basis of which they build various and far from rosy forecasts for the future. In the arti­cle, we turn to the concept of “post-labor society” by modern labor theorists Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams, which proposes conditions for the transition to a new type of society in which labor will be reduced to a minimum and the indi­vidual will expand his freedom. Our focus is on the actualization and continua­tion of the discourse on the evolution of labor and attitudes towards work in the context of increasing technization and digitalization of society, the issue of up­dating the culture and ethics of work and the model of the worker of the informa­tion age. Based on a critical analysis of the concept of “post-labour society” by Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams, the author of the article comes to the conclu­sion that the proposed approach is complex as an advantage over other theoreti­cal models and the need for a critical rethinking of the definition of the “post-la­bor society”, namely the understanding of “freedom” and UBI.
这篇文章的相关性是由于人类劳动活动领域发生的重大变化,这是由工业社会向数字社会的过渡引起的。科学界越来越多地谈论劳动力危机、劳动力领域的不稳定、劳动力自动化的发展及其后果、工人社会脆弱性的增加,在此基础上,他们对未来做出了各种各样的、远非乐观的预测。在本文中,我们转向现代劳动理论家尼克·斯尔尼切克(Nick Srnicek)和亚历克斯·威廉姆斯(Alex Williams)提出的“后劳动社会”概念,该概念提出了过渡到一种新型社会的条件,在这种新型社会中,劳动将减少到最低限度,个人将扩大其自由。我们的重点是在社会日益技术化和数字化的背景下,实现和继续讨论劳动和工作态度的演变,更新工作文化和伦理问题,以及信息时代工人的模式。本文通过对Nick Srnicek和Alex Williams提出的“后劳动社会”概念的批判性分析,认为该方法相对于其他理论模型而言是复杂的,需要对“后劳动社会”的定义,即对“自由”和UBI的理解进行批判性的重新思考。
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引用次数: 0
On Methodological Difficulties when Working with the Concept “Ideology” 论处理“意识形态”概念的方法论难点
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-2-5-9
O. Malinova
The article discusses the methodological issues involved in using the concept of “ideology”, which arise from its complex character. “Ideology” cannot be easily reduced to one single meaning, as far as it bears trails of multiple (and sometimes opposite) meanings that it had got through its long intellectual his­tory. As a result, this concept has a common semantic kernel and varying pe­riphery. While using this concept, one needs not only to stick firmly on the se­lected definition, but also to be aware about the theoretical debates that shaped this particular configuration of meanings. The article argues that the definition of ideology as “a system of ideas”, that was proposed by A.V. Rubtsov, is in­sufficient to address the major theoretical junctions of interpreting ideology. In particular, it does not take into account the social and political functions of ideology and exaggerates its systemic characteristics. The article supports Rubtsov’s idea of differentiating ideology as a system of ideas and as a body of institutions and proposes an alternative concept, that also focuses on the ways ideas function in social contexts characterized by relationships of power and inequality, but is not that much loaded with contradictory meanings – the concept of symbolic politics.
本文讨论了由于“意识形态”概念的复杂性而产生的使用“意识形态”概念的方法论问题。“意识形态”不能轻易地被简化为一个单一的含义,因为它在漫长的思想史中有着多重(有时是相反的)含义。因此,这个概念有一个共同的语义内核和不同的内核。在使用这一概念时,人们不仅需要坚定地坚持选定的定义,还需要意识到形成这种特殊意义配置的理论争论。本文认为,rutsov将意识形态定义为“观念体系”,不足以解决解释意识形态的主要理论交叉点。特别是没有考虑到意识形态的社会政治功能,夸大了意识形态的系统特征。这篇文章支持Rubtsov将意识形态区分为观念体系和制度体系的观点,并提出另一个概念,也关注观念在以权力和不平等关系为特征的社会背景下的运作方式,但没有那么多矛盾的含义-象征政治的概念。
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引用次数: 0
“Fence Science” by Valery Savchuk: Reflections on the Limits of Civilization and Human Capabilities 瓦列里·萨夫丘克的《篱笆科学》:对文明和人类能力极限的思考
IF 0.2 4区 哲学 0 PHILOSOPHY Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.21146/0042-8744-2023-2-60-67
S. Malenko, A. Nekita
The article is a reflection on the recently published book by Valery Savchuk “Fence as a balance of forces”. The author uses solid historical and cultural ma­terial to reveal the key symbolic contexts of a fence as a special cultural code. In the symbolism of a fence, the fundamental existentially and socially oriented cultural attitudes are correlated, in which the philosophical and cultural pro­paedeutics of “native” and “alien” is dialectically represented. The fence appears to be a leading civilizational symbol of protected everyday life and mastered space, as well as a natural result of the individual demystification of the world. On the other hand, these structures should be considered as elements of a single civilizational system “house – fence – city wall”, in which the social priorities of the organization of any institutional spaces are clearly fixed. This means that the fence is a border separating/uniting man and nature, man and society, “city” and “world”, turning into an integral element of the institutional topology of civ­ilization, physically and symbolically holding collective bodies in the space of power. The sacralization of power inevitably turns the fence into a symbol of social domination over nature within the boundaries of established laws and reg­ulations. Such limits are extensively reproduced by stratifying and preserving panoptic environments, acting as visible indicators and conduits of social alien­ation, whereas new technological conditions only aggravate anthropological and institutional isolationism every time, condemning civilization to previously un­precedented tragedies of separation and loneliness.
这篇文章是对Valery Savchuk最近出版的书《篱笆作为力量的平衡》的反思。作者用坚实的历史文化材料揭示了栅栏作为一种特殊的文化密码的关键符号语境。在栅栏的象征主义中,存在主义和社会取向的基本文化态度相互关联,“本土”和“异域”的哲学和文化倾向辩证地表现出来。栅栏似乎是保护日常生活和掌握空间的主要文明象征,也是个人对世界去神秘化的自然结果。另一方面,这些结构应被视为单一文明系统“房屋-栅栏-城墙”的要素,其中任何机构空间组织的社会优先级都是明确固定的。这意味着栅栏是分隔/统一人与自然、人与社会、“城市”与“世界”的边界,成为文明制度拓扑的一个组成部分,在物质上和象征上把集体置于权力空间中。权力的神圣化不可避免地把栅栏变成了在既定法律法规范围内社会统治自然的象征。这种限制通过分层和保存全景环境而广泛再现,作为社会异化的可见指标和管道,而新的技术条件每次只会加剧人类学和制度上的孤立主义,使文明陷入前所未有的分离和孤独的悲剧。
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引用次数: 0
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