Leiden Journal of International Law最新文献

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International law in the minds: On the ideational basis of the making, the changing, and the unmaking of international law 思想中的国际法：论国际法制定、改变和废除的思想基础

IF 1.5 2区社会学 Q1 LAW

Leiden Journal of International Law

Pub Date : 2024-09-06 DOI: 10.1017/s0922156524000165

Thomas Schultz

Usual accounts of international law-making and international legal change focus on formal secondary rules. Others include societal and institutional facts. But international law consists of ideas too. Arguably it exists only in minds. To be sure then, the conditions of ideational change codetermine when and how international law is made, unmade, and otherwise changes. This is what this article is after. It first draws a general sketch of international legal change (including its making and unmaking) to then zoom in on its ideational elements, with a narrower focus on market opportunities for ideas. These market opportunities, it is argued, are determined by: paradigm shifts, struggles between competing schools of thought, the formation of distinct epistemic subfields, the core individuals’ different capitals, and changes in beliefs.

关于国际法制定和国际法律变革的通常说法侧重于正式的次要规则。另一些则包括社会和制度事实。但国际法也包含思想。可以说，它只存在于思想之中。可以肯定的是，思想变革的条件决定了国际法何时以及如何制定、废除或以其他方式变革。这正是本文的目的所在。本文首先对国际法的变革（包括其制定和废除）进行了总体勾勒，然后对其意识形态要素进行了深入探讨，并对思想的市场机遇进行了狭义的关注。本文认为，决定这些市场机遇的因素包括：范式的转变、相互竞争的思想流派之间的斗争、不同认识论子领域的形成、核心个体的不同资本以及信仰的变化。

引用次数: 0

BinaryTech in motion: The sexgender in the European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence 运动中的二元技术：欧洲人权法院判例中的性别问题

IF 1.5 2区社会学 Q1 LAW

Leiden Journal of International Law

Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1017/s0922156524000141

Juho Aalto

Sexgender has become politicized by neo-conservative and populist movements in Europe and elsewhere. This article explores how the sexgender binary is foundational to the social and material construction of the non-heterosexual legal subject and unveils binary hierarchies embedded therein. Furthermore, it develops a new materialist methodology called BinaryTech, which exposes the binary formulas of inequality and difference in the Court’s jurisprudence. This new materialist approach, based on Karen Barad’s agential realism, is used to critically examine how differences are produced as stable features of subjects and objects. The human of the Convention being heterosexual is thereby the result, constructed on material-discursive differentiation of non-heterosexuals. The article concludes by describing how new materialist interventions and Nordic feminist perspectives on law can offer valuable insights within the emerging material turn.

欧洲和其他地区的新保守主义和民粹主义运动已将性别问题政治化。本文探讨了性-性别二元如何成为非异性恋法律主体的社会和物质建构的基础，并揭示了其中蕴含的二元等级制度。此外，文章还发展了一种名为 "二元技术"（BinaryTech）的新唯物主义方法论，揭示了法院判例中不平等和差异的二元公式。这种新唯物主义方法以卡伦-巴拉德（Karen Barad）的行动现实主义为基础，用于批判性地审视差异是如何作为主体和客体的稳定特征而产生的。因此，《公约》中 "人 "与 "异性恋 "之间的差异是建立在对非异性恋者的物质-辨证差异之上的结果。文章最后介绍了新唯物主义干预和北欧女性主义法律视角如何在新兴的物质转向中提供有价值的见解。

引用次数: 0

Rewriting the law of international organizations: Whither the Asia Pacific? 重写国际组织法：亚太向何处去？

IF 1.5 2区社会学 Q1 LAW

Leiden Journal of International Law

Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1017/s092215652400013x

Alison Duxbury

The law of international organizations is often described in terms of both its universality and its unity. Writers in this field begin their texts with an acknowledgement that there are common legal principles that have been developed by, and can be applied to, a variety of international organizations. The idea that there are legal principles applicable to multiple organizations – whatever their membership, location, powers, technical functions, or financial resources – is also implicit in the reports of the International Law Commission discussing the immunities, responsibilities, and law-making capacity of international organizations. But despite this search for common principles, a question remains whether international institutional law is based on the practice of all, or at the very least, a range, of organizations. Writers in this field have tended to focus on the activities of organizations based in either Europe or North America, including the United Nations and its specialized agencies, the European Union, and Council of Europe. This article argues that the omission of the principles and practices of organizations outside Europe and the United Nations’ system, specifically Asia Pacific organizations, undermines the claim of international institutional law to be universal. It explores the way in which a more inclusive approach – one that pays attention to the perspectives of Asia Pacific organizations – could illuminate certain features of the law and lead international lawyers to reconceive some of its central principles.

国际组织法常常被描述为具有普遍性和统一性。这一领域的作者在其文章的开头承认，有一些共同的法律原则是由各种国际组织制定的，并可适用于这些组织。国际法委员会在讨论国际组织的豁免权、责任和立法能力的报告中，也隐含了有适用于多个组织--无论其成员、地点、权力、技术职能或财政资源如何--的法律原则的想法。但是，尽管对共同原则进行了探索，国际机构法是否以所有组织的实践为基础，或至少以一系列组织的实践为基础，这个问题依然存在。这一领域的作者往往关注总部设在欧洲或北美的组织的活动，包括联合国及其专门机构、欧盟和欧洲委员会。本文认为，忽略欧洲和联合国系统之外的组织，特别是亚太地区组织的原则和实践，有损于国际机构法的普遍性主张。文章探讨了一种更具包容性的方法--一种关注亚太地区组织观点的方法--如何能够阐明国际机构法的某些特征，并引导国际律师重新认识其某些核心原则。

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引用次数: 0

Beyond the machinery metaphors: Towards a theory of international organizations as machines 超越机器隐喻：建立国际组织作为机器的理论

IF 1.5 2区社会学 Q1 LAW

Leiden Journal of International Law

Pub Date : 2024-05-03 DOI: 10.1017/s0922156524000153

Andreas Kotsakis

This article builds upon the common metaphor of international organizations as the ‘machinery’ of international law to present a theoretical exploration of these institutions. This metaphor has remained unexamined, a reflection of the paradoxical status of international organizations as objects lacking theoretical attention. By tapping into the metaphor’s full theoretical potential and expanding it into a theory of international organizations as machines, this article introduces a new conceptualization of their role and operation. This is accomplished by applying a particular machine concept from social theory, as developed in the work of Felix Guattari and his collaboration with Gilles Deleuze. The proposed machinic perspective enables the casting of the relation between international organizations and states in a new light, building on the classical concerns with these entities’ attributed powers and granted international legal personality. It presents an image of these institutions as agents focused on the production of connections and links with external ideas and forces, in order to produce unforeseen powers and capacities.

本文以国际组织是国际法的 "机器 "这一常见隐喻为基础，对这些机构进行了理论探讨。这一隐喻一直未得到研究，反映了国际组织作为缺乏理论关注的对象的矛盾地位。本文充分挖掘了这一隐喻的理论潜力，并将其扩展为国际组织作为机器的理论，从而对国际组织的作用和运作提出了新的概念。本文通过运用费利克斯-瓜塔里（Felix Guattari）与吉尔-德勒兹（Gilles Deleuze）合作研究的社会理论中的特定机器概念来实现这一目标。所提出的 "机器 "视角使我们能够以一种新的视角来看待国际组织与国家之间的关系，这种视角建立在对这些实体的归属权力和被赋予的国际法律人格的传统关注之上。它展示了这些机构的形象，即这些机构是注重与外部思想和力量建立联系和纽带的代理机构，以产生不可预见的力量和能力。

引用次数: 0

The Committee on the Rights of the Child and Article 12: Applying the Lundy model to treaty body recommendations 儿童权利委员会与第 12 条：将伦迪模式应用于条约机构的建议

IF 1.5 2区社会学 Q1 LAW

Leiden Journal of International Law

Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.1017/s0922156524000098

Sean Molloy

Article 12 of the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) requires that states afford children the opportunity, subject to certain qualifications, to express their views on all matters that affect them. Alongside the substantive, procedural and normative significance of this right, Article 12 both reflects and contributes to progressive understandings of childhood more generally; it recognizes children as agentic beings ‘with integrity and personality and the ability to participate freely in society and articulate a view’. Nevertheless, the fulfilment of this legal right is often not realized, requiring ongoing efforts to help translate it into practice. This article examines how the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (CommCRC), through recommendations to state parties issued as part of its monitoring function, can assist, or hinder the realization of Article 12. The primary argument advanced is that when issuing recommendations, the CommCRC ought to draw on the Lundy Model of Child Participation as an organizing concept- one utilized to weave together the substance of their recommendations in ways more instructive, useful, and impactful than the current approach.

联合国《儿童权利公约》（CRC）第 12 条要求各国为儿童提供机会，在符合某些条件的情况下，就影响他们的一切事项表达自己的意见。除了这项权利的实质性、程序性和规范性意义之外，第 12 条还反映并促进了对童年的渐进式理解；它承认儿童是 "具有完整性和人格并能自由参与社会和表达意见 "的主体。然而，这一法律权利的实现往往无法实现，需要不断努力帮助将其转化为实践。本文探讨了联合国儿童权利委员会（CommCRC）如何通过作为其监督职能的一部分向缔约国提出建议来帮助或阻碍第 12 条的实现。本文提出的主要论点是，在发布建议时，儿童权利委员会应借鉴 "儿童参与的兰迪模式"，将其作为一个组织概念--利用这一概念将建议的实质内容编织在一起，使其比目前的方法更具指导性、实用性和影响力。

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引用次数: 0

The ambiguity of colonial international law: Three approaches to the Namibian Genocide 殖民国际法的模糊性：处理纳米比亚种族灭绝的三种方法

IF 1.5 2区社会学 Q1 LAW

Leiden Journal of International Law

Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.1017/s0922156523000742

Matthias Goldmann

A visible sign of changing relations between the Global South and Global North are reparation claims for colonial injustice. An interesting case is the 1904–1907 Namibian Genocide. Germany has recently concluded a draft agreement with Namibia on reconciliation and compensation. Nevertheless, Germany maintains that it is not under any legal obligation to pay reparations. This article challenges that position, arguing that colonial international law was far too ambiguous to support this conclusion. For this purpose, the article contrasts this ‘conventional view’ of colonial international law with post-colonial and pluralistic approaches. Post-colonial approaches reveal colonial-era law as a deeply ambiguous, contradictory practice that mirrors the identity crisis of the colonizers. Pluralistic approaches juxtapose colonial international law with autochtonous views of inter-polity law, i.e., the normative framework governing colonial encounters. To reconstruct autochtonous views, the article draws on letters by Hendrik Witbooi and Maharero, traditional leaders from Namibia, and examines the contours of their inter-polity law relating to territorial sovereignty and warfare. These contending perspectives undermine the cogency with which the conventional view rejects reparation claims. While ambiguity as such does not give rise to compensation claims, other options come to mind, such as a duty to negotiate, shifts in the burden of proof – or a profound recalibration of international law towards greater solidarity.

全球南方和全球北方之间关系变化的一个明显标志是对殖民不公正的赔偿要求。一个有趣的案例是 1904-1907 年纳米比亚种族灭绝事件。德国最近与纳米比亚达成了和解与赔偿协议草案。然而，德国坚持认为它没有任何支付赔偿的法律义务。本文对这一立场提出质疑，认为殖民时期的国际法过于模糊，无法支持这一结论。为此，文章将殖民国际法的 "传统观点 "与后殖民和多元化方法进行了对比。后殖民方法揭示了殖民时代的法律是一种极度模糊、矛盾的实践，反映了殖民者的身份危机。多元方法将殖民地国际法与殖民地间法（即管理殖民地遭遇的规范框架）的本土观点并列。为了重构本土观点，文章借鉴了纳米比亚传统领袖亨德里克-维特博伊（Hendrik Witbooi）和马哈拉罗（Maharero）的信件，并研究了他们与领土主权和战争有关的对政体际法的轮廓。这些相互冲突的观点削弱了传统观点拒绝赔偿要求的说服力。虽然模棱两可本身并不会引起赔偿要求，但我们还是会想到其他选择，例如谈判的义务、举证责任的转移--或者对国际法进行深刻的重新调整，以实现更大的团结。

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引用次数: 0

Navigating transformations: Climate change and international law 驾驭变革：气候变化与国际法

IF 1.5 2区社会学 Q1 LAW

Leiden Journal of International Law

Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.1017/s0922156524000062

Laura Mai

The global climate crisis response envisioned by the Paris Agreement is commonly understood as demanding transformative change. International law, however, lacks a holistic conceptual framing for making sense of what such change would entail, how it might unfold, and who and what it will involve. Moreover, there has been little critical engagement with the question of what is at stake when invoking the notion of transformation. Contributing to the broader debate about what the climate crisis demands of international law, this article offers a critical conceptual appraisal of the notion of ‘transformation’. Conceptually, it describes transformative dynamics as processes which work towards radically different states of affairs that seem practically impossible under the status quo, but which could arguably be realized if different conditions were in place. Developing an ontology of transformative change, the article identifies heterogenous temporality, the actualization of impossible possibilities, and distributed engagement as three central features of transformations in climate crisis. Having laid the conceptual groundwork, the article then takes a critical turn and foregrounds unresolved tensions that run through transformation thinking. The aim here is to connect to critical discourses and show how these tensions can serve as entry points for international law to meaningfully engage with the notion of transformation. The article closes by offering some reflections on what engagement with the notion of transformation might mean for international law’s disciplinary identity, rationale, and sense of purpose.

巴黎协定》所设想的全球气候危机应对措施通常被理解为需要变革。然而，国际法缺乏一个整体的概念框架来理解这种变革会带来什么、如何展开、涉及哪些人和哪些事。此外，在援引变革概念时，很少有人批判性地探讨利害攸关的问题。本文对 "转变 "概念进行了批判性的概念评估，为有关气候危机对国际法的要求的更广泛辩论做出了贡献。从概念上讲，它将变革动力描述为努力实现根本不同状态的过程，在现状下，这些状态似乎实际上是不可能的，但如果有不同的条件，这些状态可以说是可以实现的。文章发展了转型变革的本体论，指出异质时间性、不可能的可能性的实现以及分布式参与是气候危机中转型的三个核心特征。在奠定了概念基础之后，文章转而进行批判，强调了贯穿变革思维的尚未解决的紧张关系。这里的目的是与批判性论述联系起来，说明这些紧张关系如何能够作为国际法的切入点，有意义地参与到转型概念中来。文章最后就参与转型概念可能对国际法的学科特性、基本原理和目的感意味着什么提出了一些思考。

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引用次数: 0

Gravity of the crime and early release: A comparative study of early release practices in international tribunals 罪行的严重性与提前释放：国际法庭提前释放做法比较研究

IF 1.5 2区社会学 Q1 LAW

Leiden Journal of International Law

Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.1017/s0922156524000037

Cristina Fernández-Pacheco Estrada

The gravity of the crime committed has been considered ‘a factor of fundamental importance’ when deciding the early release of a person convicted by the ad hoc tribunals. Hence, most of the decisions rendered by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, for Rwanda and the International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals include this factor and determine whether it weighs in favour of or against early release. Conversely, when deciding the reduction of the sentence in the case of Thomas Lubanga, the International Criminal Court Panel stated in 2015 that ‘unlike at other international criminal tribunals, the gravity of the crime committed is not a factor that in itself weighs for or against reduction of sentence’. In fact, none of the decisions delivered by the International Criminal Court to date mention gravity. This drastic change reflects the differences in the corresponding statutes and rules of procedure and evidence and ultimately seeks to avoid a double count since the gravity of the crime committed is arguably the most important factor in the determination of the sentence. This divergence is examined in greater detail in this article, drawing on comparative, empirical research to establish the role played by gravity in early release decisions. Ultimately, it is argued that although the explanatory power generally attributed to gravity is often overrated, it is essential to a thorough early release assessment, whether included as a prerequisite per se or indirectly integrated into a wider prognosis of the risk of recidivism.

在决定是否提前释放被特设法庭定罪的人时，所犯罪行的严重性被视为 "至关重要的因素"。因此，前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭、卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制做出的大多数裁决都包含这一因素，并确定这一因素是赞成还是反对提前释放。相反，在托马斯-卢班加一案的减刑决定中，国际刑事法院小组于 2015 年指出，"与其他国际刑事法庭不同，所犯罪行的严重性本身并不是一个支持或反对减刑的因素"。事实上，国际刑事法院迄今为止做出的裁决中没有一项提及严重性。这一巨大变化反映了相应规约和程序与证据规则的不同，最终是为了避免重复计算，因为所犯罪行的严重程度可以说是量刑的最重要因素。本文将对这一分歧进行更详细的研究，通过比较、实证研究来确定严重程度在提前释放决定中所起的作用。最后，本文认为，虽然一般认为严重性的解释力往往被高估，但它对彻底的提前释放评估至关重要，无论是作为先决条件本身，还是间接纳入对再犯风险的更广泛预测中。

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Seventeen men at Lake Success: In search of the International Law Commission 成功湖畔的十七个人寻找国际法委员会

IF 1.5 2区社会学 Q1 LAW

Leiden Journal of International Law

Pub Date : 2024-02-22 DOI: 10.1017/s0922156524000049

Keri van Douwen

The International Law Commission has allegedly been in crisis from its first day of existence. Its own (former) members have been critical about its working methods, the topics it chooses to discuss, its relationship with other UN bodies, and even its aura. At the same time, the International Law Commission also paints more positive pictures of itself. This article aims to make sense of this dynamic without explaining, accepting or refuting any doubts or critiques. Instead, in an attempt to take these discussions to a new place, the article analyses the debates of the Committee of 17, which recommended the establishment of the International Law Commission in 1947. By combining literary, socio-legal and historical methods, it is argued that the ILC is founded on an embracing of uncertainty. As such, the Commission’s ambivalence towards itself is revealed as structural rather than illustrative of the institution being in crisis.

据称，国际法委员会从成立的第一天起就陷入了危机。它自己的（前）成员对其工作方法、选择讨论的主题、与其他联合国机构的关系，甚至其光环都提出了批评。与此同时，国际法委员会也为自己描绘了更多正面形象。本文旨在对这一动态做出解释，而不是解释、接受或反驳任何质疑或批评。相反，为了将这些讨论带入一个新的境界，文章分析了建议于 1947 年成立国际法委员会的 17 国委员会的辩论。通过结合文学、社会法律和历史方法，文章认为国际法委员会是建立在对不确定性的包容之上的。因此，国际法委员会对自身的矛盾心理是结构性的，而不是说明该机构处于危机之中。

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Seeing Santurbán through ISDS: A sociolegal case study of Eco Oro v. Colombia 通过 ISDS 看圣图尔班：Eco Oro 诉哥伦比亚的社会法律案例研究

IF 1.5 2区社会学 Q1 LAW

Leiden Journal of International Law

Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1017/s0922156523000730

Lorenzo Cotula, Nicolás M. Perrone

This article aims to enrich the emerging, multi-coloured tapestry of ‘international law in context’ through a study of how international economic law operates in complex investment-related disputes. Focusing on the Eco Oro v. Colombia investor-state arbitration, and drawing on both doctrinal analysis and sociolegal research, the study investigates how different actors make sense of the issues, of the dispute, and of the law. Besides shedding light on the neglected multi-actor, multi-layered dimensions of investment disputes, and on tensions between often incommensurable values, juxtaposing arbitral proceedings and underlying social realities highlights how investor-state arbitration involves a socio-political process of re-presenting actors, territory, the environment, and livelihoods through the prism of international arrangements that are primarily designed to protect foreign investment. The findings provide policy pointers on the need for systemic reform of international investment law, moving away from the predominant emphasis on investment protection and investor-state dispute settlement, towards a governance model that effectively considers the social, political, and environmental dimensions of foreign investment projects.

本文旨在通过研究国际经济法在复杂的投资相关争端中的运作方式，丰富 "背景下的国际法 "这一新兴的多彩挂毯。本研究以 Eco Oro 诉哥伦比亚投资者与国家间仲裁案为重点，借鉴理论分析和社会法律研究，探讨了不同行为体如何理解问题、争端和法律。除了揭示投资争端中被忽视的多行为体、多层次层面，以及往往不可通约的价值观之间的紧张关系，将仲裁程序与潜在的社会现实并置，还强调了投资者与国家间仲裁如何通过主要旨在保护外国投资的国际安排棱镜，重新呈现行为体、领土、环境和生计的社会政治过程。研究结果为国际投资法的系统性改革提供了政策指导，从主要强调投资保护和投资者-国家争端解决转向有效考虑外国投资项目的社会、政治和环境层面的治理模式。

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