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The Inclusion of Persons With Disabilities in U.S. Foreign Policy 美国外交政策中对残疾人的包容
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 REHABILITATION Pub Date : 2020-10-03 DOI: 10.1177/1044207320959765
V. Karr, Ashley Van Edema, Me Mccloskey, Krista Geden, J. Murphy, Uchenna Nwangwu
Persons with disabilities living in developing countries look to the United States—the world’s largest contributor to Official Development Assistance (ODA) by volume—as a steadfast supporter of inclusion. This case study examined disability inclusion within the current policies and practices of four federal agencies responsible for either funding or executing U.S. foreign assistance activities. The agencies of interest were the U.S. Department of State (DOS), the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the Peace Corps (PC), and the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC). Core areas of investigation were (a) agency disability policies and guidance, (b) the inclusion of persons with disabilities in foreign assistance programs, (c) the employment of persons with disabilities within federal agencies, and (d) physical accessibility of federal agencies. Key findings show that while some progress has been made in regard to the inclusion of persons with disabilities in U.S. foreign aid, a persistent lack of formal accountability measures impedes the inclusion of persons with disabilities diffusing responsibility and results within and across agencies.
生活在发展中国家的残疾人视美国为包容的坚定支持者。美国是世界上官方发展援助(ODA)的最大捐助国。本案例研究考察了负责资助或执行美国对外援助活动的四个联邦机构在现行政策和实践中对残疾人的包容。相关机构包括美国国务院(DOS)、美国国际开发署(USAID)、和平队(PC)和千年挑战公司(MCC)。调查的核心领域是(a)机构残疾政策和指导,(b)将残疾人纳入外国援助计划,(c)联邦机构内残疾人的就业,以及(d)联邦机构的实际可及性。主要调查结果显示,虽然在将残疾人纳入美国对外援助方面取得了一些进展,但长期缺乏正式问责措施阻碍了将残疾人纳入各机构内部和机构之间的责任和成果分散。
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引用次数: 0
Perspectives on Health Policy From People With Disabilities 从残疾人角度看卫生政策
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 REHABILITATION Pub Date : 2020-09-30 DOI: 10.1177/1044207320956679
Sarah Smith, Jean P. Hall, Noelle K. Kurth
People with disabilities are marginalized and face barriers to participation in society, including political participation and representation. While data indicate that people with disabilities have similar political preferences to the overall U.S. population, little research has been conducted to assess the health policy views of people with disabilities in their own words. This study uses qualitative data collected between 2017 and 2019 via 35 telephone interviews and 484 open-ended responses from a nationally representative survey to analyze what people with disabilities would like policymakers to know about health care and health insurance for people with disabilities. Results reveal that this population’s perceptions of social exclusion and stigma inform what they would like to tell policymakers. In addition, people with disabilities were largely supportive of Affordable Care Act features and framed expanded or universal access to health care as a human right or a moral issue.
残疾人被边缘化,在参与社会,包括政治参与和代表权方面面临障碍。虽然数据表明,残疾人的政治偏好与美国总人口相似,但很少有研究用残疾人自己的话来评估他们的健康政策观点。这项研究使用了2017年至2019年期间通过35次电话采访和484份来自全国代表性调查的开放式回复收集的定性数据,以分析残疾人希望政策制定者了解残疾人的医疗保健和医疗保险。结果显示,这些人对社会排斥和污名化的看法为他们想告诉决策者什么提供了信息。此外,残疾人在很大程度上支持《平价医疗法案》的特点,并将扩大或普及医疗保健视为一项人权或道德问题。
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引用次数: 1
Toward a Systematic Review of Legal Cases: Secondary Transition and Students With Disabilities Over the Last 5 Years 走向对法律案件的系统回顾:过去5年的二次转型与残疾学生
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 REHABILITATION Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/1044207319870427
Angela M. T. Prince, June Gothberg, Collin J. Still
With transition litigation on the rise in recent years, educators need access to current legal trends in special education. Traditionally, educators have been dependent on researchers and attorneys to report on the implications of legal cases to guide the education and services for students with disabilities. In response to this, the Three Dimensions of FAPE Rubric (FAPE3DR) was created to help educators analyze legal cases in a timely manner. Specifically, the authors applied this rubric to five recent legal cases that were decided in favor of the family or transition-age youth. Findings are reported within the scope of broader transition issues.
随着近年来过渡诉讼的增加,教育工作者需要了解当前特殊教育的法律趋势。传统上,教育工作者一直依赖研究人员和律师报告法律案件的影响,以指导残疾学生的教育和服务。为此,创建了FAPE的三个维度(FAPE3DR),以帮助教育工作者及时分析法律案例。具体而言,作者将这一标准应用于最近判决有利于家庭或过渡年龄青年的五个法律案件。调查结果是在更广泛的过渡问题范围内报告的。
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引用次数: 1
Gaps in Medicare and the Social Safety Net Predict Financial Strain Among Older Canadians With Multiple Sclerosis 医疗保险和社会安全网的差距预测加拿大老年多发性硬化症患者的经济压力
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 REHABILITATION Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/1044207319893621
A. Devasahayam, E. M. Wallack, M. Ploughman
Multiple sclerosis (MS) can create significant financial burden, with cost of living rising consistently with increasing age and disability. We aimed to determine the prevalence and predictors of financial strain among a large sample of older Canadians with MS. A binomial logistic regression, which estimates the probability of an event happening (financial strain—yes/no), was performed. Participants were 64.6 (SD ± 6.2) years old and reported living with MS symptoms 32.8 (SD ± 9.4) years. In total, 22% of participants experienced financial strain. Predictors of financial strain (from greatest to least) were not having private health insurance, job loss due to MS, having moderate to high stress, greater physical impact of MS, not having home adaptations, not having social support, and living alone. These findings point to insufficiencies in Canada’s health and social systems when it comes to the provision of universal care to those living with disabling neurological chronic illness.
多发性硬化症会造成巨大的经济负担,生活成本会随着年龄和残疾的增加而持续上升。我们旨在确定加拿大老年多发性硬化症患者中财务紧张的患病率和预测因素。进行了二项式逻辑回归,估计事件发生的概率(财务紧张——是/否)。参与者年龄64.6(SD±6.2)岁,据报道患有多发性硬化症症状32.8(SD±9.4)年。总的来说,22%的参与者经历了经济压力。财务压力的预测因素(从大到小)是没有私人医疗保险、多发性硬化症导致的失业、中度至高度压力、多发症对身体的影响更大、没有家庭适应能力、没有社会支持以及独自生活。这些发现表明,在为患有致残性神经系统慢性病的人提供普遍护理方面,加拿大的卫生和社会系统存在不足。
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引用次数: 2
Utilization of and Relationships With Primary Care Providers During the Transition to Medicaid Managed Care 在向医疗补助管理式医疗过渡期间,初级保健提供者的利用和关系
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 REHABILITATION Pub Date : 2020-09-01 DOI: 10.1177/1044207319880278
R. Owen, Caitlin Crabb, Kaitlin Stober, D. Mitchell, K. Yamaki, T. Heller
The objective of this study was to determine whether seniors and disabled adults in Illinois’s Medicaid managed care (MMC) were more likely to see, maintain longitudinal relationships with, and have continuity of care with a primary care provider (PCP) compared with fee-for-service (FFS) Medicaid enrollees. Medicaid PCP service claims for 13,221 MMC and 54,625 FFS enrollees were analyzed using an inverse propensity score weighted difference-in-differences design to match the groups by demographic characteristics and historical Medicaid utilization. All data came from Medicaid claims data and corresponding administrative records. Regression analyses showed that enrollment in MMC was significantly related to each of the three outcomes; MMC enrollees were more likely than the FFS group to see a PCP during the 1-year post-period and have high levels of continuity of care with a single PCP. However, FFS enrollees were more likely to maintain a relationship with their PCP providers from the pre-period through the post-period. Therefore, while more people in MMC than FFS visit a PCP each year, for people in MMC, it is often a new provider relationship, which can be problematic for people with disabilities. Additional training for PCPs, to prepare them for working with people with disabilities, and additional efforts to expand the MMC network of providers are needed.
本研究的目的是确定伊利诺伊州医疗补助管理医疗(MMC)中的老年人和残疾成年人是否比按服务收费(FFS)的医疗补助参保人更有可能看到初级保健提供者(PCP),与之保持纵向关系,并与之保持连续性护理。对13221名MMC和54,625名FFS参保者的医疗补助PCP服务索赔进行分析,采用逆倾向评分加权差异中差异设计,根据人口统计学特征和医疗补助历史利用情况匹配各组。所有数据均来自医疗补助申请数据和相应的行政记录。回归分析显示,MMC入组与三个结局均显著相关;MMC参与者比FFS组更有可能在1年后看到PCP,并且具有单一PCP的高水平连续性护理。然而,FFS参与者更有可能从前期到后期与他们的PCP提供者保持关系。因此,虽然MMC的人每年比FFS的人更多地访问PCP,但对于MMC的人来说,这通常是一种新的提供者关系,这可能会给残疾人带来问题。需要对初级保健服务提供者进行额外培训,使他们为与残疾人一起工作做好准备,并进一步努力扩大初级保健服务提供者网络。
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引用次数: 1
Disproportionate Corporal Punishment of Students With Disabilities and Black and Hispanic Students 对残疾学生、黑人和西班牙裔学生的过度体罚
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 REHABILITATION Pub Date : 2020-08-28 DOI: 10.1177/1044207320949960
Ashley S. Macsuga-Gage, Nicholas A. Gage, Antonis Katsiyannis, S. Hirsch, Hannah Kisner
Maintaining a safe and orderly school environment is challenging. In response, some schools resort to aversive punishments, including corporal punishment. Limited research has examined whether corporal punishment is disproportionately administered to certain students, particularly students with disabilities and black and Hispanic students. Therefore, we leveraged the most recent U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rights data from the 2015–2016 school-year to evaluate disproportionate corporal punishment. We restricted the data to schools that reported at least 10 corporal punishment incidents and calculated risk ratios comparing students with disabilities to students without disabilities, and black and Hispanic students to white students. We then we estimated a series of robust variance estimation metaregression models and found evidence of statistically significant disproportionate corporal punishment administered to students with disabilities and black students. The largest risk ratio was for students with disabilities, indicating that they are much more likely to receive corporal punishment.
维持一个安全有序的学校环境是一项挑战。作为回应,一些学校采取了包括体罚在内的厌恶性惩罚。有限的研究调查了体罚是否不成比例地施加于某些学生,特别是残疾学生以及黑人和西班牙裔学生。因此,我们利用美国教育部民权办公室2015-2016学年的最新数据来评估过度体罚。我们将数据限制在报告了至少10起体罚事件的学校,并计算了残疾学生与非残疾学生、黑人和西班牙裔学生与白人学生的风险比。然后,我们估计了一系列稳健的方差估计元回归模型,并发现了对残疾学生和黑人学生实施具有统计学意义的不成比例体罚的证据。残疾学生的风险比最大,这表明他们更有可能受到体罚。
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引用次数: 3
Application of the World Café to Disability Issues: A Systematic Review 世界法律在残疾问题上的应用:系统回顾
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 REHABILITATION Pub Date : 2020-08-24 DOI: 10.1177/1044207320949962
J. Bumble, E. Carter
Improving outcomes for individuals with disabilities requires collaborative and comprehensive efforts to address barriers at the community level. The World Café is often advocated as a community-engagement approach for bringing an assortment of community members (e.g., professionals, civic leaders, families, neighbors) into solutions-focused discussions about pressing local issues. This systematic review examined how the World Café has been applied specifically to disability issues. A literature search yielded 28 studies from six countries reporting on 139 World Café events involving more than 4,600 community members. The events focused on a variety of disability categories and spanned multiple topics (e.g., integrated employment, approaches to service delivery, school- and community-based supports, community inclusion, disability awareness). Findings provide important insight into the diverse applications of this model and how researchers and practitioners might use the World Café to inform local initiatives affecting individuals with disabilities and their families.
改善残疾人的成果需要协作和全面的努力,以解决社区一级的障碍。世界咖啡馆经常被提倡为一种社区参与的方式,它将各种各样的社区成员(如专业人士、公民领袖、家庭、邻居)聚集在一起,就紧迫的当地问题进行以解决方案为重点的讨论。这项系统审查审查了《世界咖啡》是如何具体应用于残疾问题的。一项文献检索产生了来自6个国家的28项研究,报告了139项世界咖啡活动,涉及4600多名社区成员。这些活动侧重于各种残疾类别,涵盖多个主题(例如,综合就业、提供服务的方法、学校和社区支持、社区包容、残疾意识)。研究结果为该模型的各种应用以及研究人员和从业者如何利用世界咖啡为影响残疾人及其家庭的地方倡议提供了重要见解。
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引用次数: 14
From NCLB to ESSA: Implications for Teacher Preparation and Policy 从NCLB到ESSA:对教师准备和政策的启示
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 REHABILITATION Pub Date : 2020-08-06 DOI: 10.1177/1044207320945397
Ambra L. Green, Jennifer M. McKenzie, Timothy J. Lewis, Apryl L. Poch
With the 2001 reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), the term highly qualified teacher (HQT) became an important component of teacher licensure, including for special educators. However, when ESEA was reauthorized in 2015 as the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), the highly qualified regulations were removed. The purpose of this study was to look back at the historical record of policy implementation of HQT and compare the record across states to provide implications for teacher preparation and licensure policy in the era of ESSA. This was accomplished through a review of the history of special education teacher licensure and completion of a comprehensive analysis of state licensure requirements under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act. Despite a general consistency across three domains (i.e., degree, examination, and licensure) of the highly qualified statute, inconsistencies among states at both the elementary and secondary levels of special educator licensure may yield significant challenges related to the impact of teacher quality on student outcomes. Better understanding of these challenges is important as policymakers will be better able to make decisions regarding what teachers need to know prior to entering the field to meet students’ needs and generate student achievement.
随着2001年《中小学教育法》的重新授权,“高素质教师”一词成为教师执照的重要组成部分,包括特殊教育工作者。然而,当ESEA在2015年被重新授权为《每个学生都成功法案》(ESSA)时,高度合格的规定被取消了。本研究的目的是回顾HQT政策实施的历史记录,并比较各州的记录,为ESSA时代的教师准备和许可政策提供启示。这是通过审查特殊教育教师执照的历史,并根据《残疾人教育改善法》完成对州执照要求的全面分析来实现的。尽管高学历法规的三个领域(即学位、考试和许可证)普遍一致,但各州在特殊教育者许可证的小学和中学层面的不一致可能会产生与教师素质对学生成绩的影响相关的重大挑战。更好地了解这些挑战很重要,因为政策制定者将能够更好地决定教师在进入该领域之前需要了解什么,以满足学生的需求并创造学生成绩。
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引用次数: 2
Transition Into Adulthood With Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Longitudinal Population Cohort Study of Socioeconomic Outcomes 自闭症谱系障碍向成年过渡:社会经济结果的纵向人群队列研究
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 REHABILITATION Pub Date : 2020-08-06 DOI: 10.1177/1044207320943590
M. Beenstock, Ofir Y. Pinto, A. Rimmerman
This longitudinal population cohort study tracks the transition of 1,405 adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) into adulthood, and highlights functional and social skills as core predictors of social outcomes (tertiary education, civic volunteering, and employment). Applying regression methods with sample selectivity to administrative data records obtained from Israel’s National Insurance Institute, we show that these outcomes are not highly correlated, suggesting that the high/low functioning dichotomy frequently used to categorize individuals with ASD is not supported by these data. We show that there is no causal relation between civic volunteering at an earlier stage and subsequent participation in tertiary education. This suggests that the traditional sequential model of developmental disability does not apply to ASD, and that the social-functional model of disability seems more applicable. We also show that functional and social severity vary inversely with year of diagnosis, due probably to the application of more liberal diagnostic standards. Disability among successive birth cohorts has been decreasing and is expected to decrease further in the future. Parents’ income has only a modest beneficial association with the transition into adulthood, and socioeconomic environments have no effect at all. Findings are discussed with respect to policy and practice.
这项纵向人群队列研究跟踪了1405名患有自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)的青少年向成年的转变,并强调功能和社交技能是社会结果(高等教育、公民志愿服务和就业)的核心预测因素。将具有样本选择性的回归方法应用于从以色列国家保险研究所获得的行政数据记录,我们发现这些结果并不高度相关,这表明这些数据不支持经常用于对ASD患者进行分类的高/低功能二分法。我们发现,早期的公民志愿服务与随后的高等教育参与之间没有因果关系。这表明,传统的发育残疾顺序模型不适用于ASD,残疾的社会功能模型似乎更适用。我们还表明,功能和社会严重程度与诊断年份呈反比,这可能是由于应用了更宽松的诊断标准。连续出生人群中的残疾率一直在下降,预计未来还会进一步下降。父母的收入与成年期的过渡只有适度的有益关系,社会经济环境根本没有影响。从政策和实践方面讨论了调查结果。
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引用次数: 6
Parental Experiences of Engaging With the National Disability Insurance Scheme for Their Children: A Systematic Literature Review 父母参与子女国家残疾保险计划的经历:系统文献综述
IF 1.6 4区 医学 Q3 REHABILITATION Pub Date : 2020-07-24 DOI: 10.1177/1044207320943607
F. Russo, C. Brownlow, T. Machin
The Australian National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) reached full national implementation in July 2019. It supports Australians with disabilities via individualized funding packages for disability-specific services and assistive technology. This systematic review of literature presents research describing the experiences of parents of children with disabilities in accessing and participating in the fledgling NDIS and makes recommendations to assist the Agency in better supporting new participant families.
澳大利亚国家残疾保险计划于2019年7月在全国全面实施。它通过针对残疾人的服务和辅助技术的个性化资助计划为澳大利亚残疾人提供支持。这篇文献的系统综述介绍了描述残疾儿童父母在进入和参与刚刚起步的NDIS方面的经历的研究,并提出了帮助该机构更好地支持新参与家庭的建议。
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引用次数: 7
期刊
Journal of Disability Policy Studies
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