Journal of Disability Policy Studies最新文献_第9页

A Comparative Overview of Disability-Related Employment Laws and Policies in 193 Countries 193个国家与残疾人有关的就业法律和政策比较综述

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 REHABILITATION

Journal of Disability Policy Studies

Pub Date : 2021-04-17 DOI: 10.1177/10442073211006396

J. Heymann, Elizabeth Wong, Willetta Waisath

People with disabilities experience significantly worse employment outcomes than individuals without disabilities. In a study of 91 countries, employment-to-population ratios were significantly lower for people with disabilities. Moreover, studies find clear evidence of discrimination in wages, training, and promotions. The United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (CRPD) commits countries to enact legislation prohibiting discrimination and guaranteeing reasonable accommodation. However, there has yet to be a global systematic analysis of the extent to which countries are upholding their CRPD commitments. We built the first global database to document employment-related legislative provisions in all countries for persons with disabilities. We report on non-discrimination protections and reasonable accommodation across all 193 UN member states. We found progress and ongoing gaps. Sixty-two percent of countries broadly prohibit disability-based employment discrimination, but far fewer prohibit indirect discrimination (33%) and harassment (30%). Just over half (52%) of countries guarantee reasonable accommodation to workers with disabilities. Similarly, just over half of countries (53%) do not prohibit pay discrimination or discrimination in promotion/demotion. In conclusion, we discuss the need to address gaps in national legislation and to enhance efforts to implement and enforce existing legal rights.

残疾人的就业结果明显比非残疾人差。在一项针对91个国家的研究中，残疾人的就业与人口比例明显较低。此外，研究发现了工资、培训和晋升方面存在歧视的明确证据。《联合国残疾人权利公约》（CRPD）要求各国制定立法，禁止歧视并保证合理的便利。然而，尚未对各国在多大程度上履行《残疾人权利公约》承诺进行全球系统分析。我们建立了第一个全球数据库，以记录所有国家针对残疾人的就业相关立法规定。我们报告了193个联合国成员国的非歧视保护和合理便利。我们发现了进展和持续存在的差距。62%的国家普遍禁止基于残疾的就业歧视，但禁止间接歧视（33%）和骚扰（30%）的国家要少得多。略高于一半（52%）的国家保证为残疾工人提供合理的住宿。同样，略高于一半的国家（53%）不禁止薪酬歧视或晋升/降级歧视。最后，我们讨论了解决国家立法空白的必要性，以及加强落实和执行现有法律权利的努力。

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引用次数: 5

Perceptions of District- and School-Level Special Education Leaders on Guardianship and Adult Decision-Making Support 区级和校级特殊教育领导对监护和成人决策支持的看法

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 REHABILITATION

Journal of Disability Policy Studies

Pub Date : 2021-04-13 DOI: 10.1177/10442073211006395

A. Plotner, Charles B. Walters

There are many known barriers facing youth with disabilities as they make the transition from high school to their adult lives. One potential barrier receiving increased attention over the last 5 years is guardianship, the court petition-driven process by which adults with disabilities are declared incapacitated (i.e., unable to make or communicate decisions regarding their affairs). The result of this process is the appointment of a surrogate decision-maker known as a guardian. Depending on the nature of the court order, some rights like entering into contracts might transfer to the guardian, other rights may be retained by the “ward,” and other rights like marrying might be removed altogether. Guardianship has been framed as antithetical to the aims of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act and contrary to research demonstrating the importance of self-determination for young adults with disabilities. Few studies, however, have examined the perspectives of professionals in special education leadership roles on issues related to special education, guardianship, self-determination, and alternatives to guardianship. This study surveyed professionals in district- and school-level special education leadership roles (N = 117) to examine their perspectives on what “should” be done and what is actually being done relative to issues surrounding guardianship in their district. Subsequent descriptive and inferential analyses show a stark incongruence between that which professionals value regarding this domain and the current reality of practice in their local areas. Salient findings with important implications for special education policy and future research are presented and discussed.

在残疾青年从高中生活过渡到成年生活的过程中，他们面临着许多已知的障碍。在过去5年中，一个受到越来越多关注的潜在障碍是监护，这是一种由法院请愿驱动的程序，残疾成年人被宣布为无行为能力(即无法就其事务做出决定或沟通)。这个过程的结果是任命一个代理决策者，即所谓的监护人。根据法院命令的性质，一些权利，如签订合同，可能会转移给监护人，其他权利可能会由“被监护人”保留，而其他权利，如结婚，可能会被完全取消。监护被认为是与《残疾人教育法》的目标相对立的，也与证明年轻残疾成年人自决重要性的研究背道而驰。然而，很少有研究考察了特殊教育领导角色的专业人士对特殊教育、监护、自决和监护替代方案等问题的看法。本研究调查了地区和学校级特殊教育领导角色的专业人士(N = 117)，以检查他们对他们所在地区的监护问题“应该”做什么和实际正在做什么的看法。随后的描述性和推断性分析表明，专业人士对这一领域的重视与他们当地实践的当前现实之间存在明显的不一致。提出并讨论了对特殊教育政策和未来研究具有重要意义的重要发现。

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引用次数: 2

Association Between Successful Aging Activities and Perceived Health Among Older Adults With Hearing and/or Vision Impairments 听力和/或视力受损的老年人成功的衰老活动与健康感知之间的关系

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 REHABILITATION

Journal of Disability Policy Studies

Pub Date : 2021-03-07 DOI: 10.1177/1044207321998353

O. Lee, Junghyun Park

Due to the high prevalence of age-related sensory impairment (SI), this study examined the relative strength of the association between successful aging activities and perceived health among older adults with SI. A sample of adults aged 65 and older who experienced SI in vision and/or hearing was drawn from the 2015–2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (N = 2,084). Two aspects of successful aging were considered: employment status and religious participation. Of the total sample, 1,370 (65.7%) reported hearing impairment; 440 (21.1%), vision impairment; and 274 (13.1%) dual sensory impairment. Among the covariates, female gender, higher educational attainment, non-Hispanic White race, fewer chronic diseases, alcohol use, non-hospitalization, non-cigarette use, and no mobility challenges were associated with greater perceived health status. Working older adults with SI are more likely to perceive their health status as good compared with their unemployed counterparts (odds ratio [OR] = 2.43, p < .01). Religious participants with SI also perceive greater health (OR = 1.58, p < .01). For older adults with SI, ensuring that they participate in productive activities, such as employment or religious activities, may be important for their perceived health status and may lead to better overall health outcomes.

由于年龄相关性感觉障碍(SI)的高患病率，本研究考察了成功的衰老活动与SI老年人感知健康之间的相对强度。从2015-2017年全国药物使用和健康调查(N = 2084)中抽取了65岁及以上在视力和/或听力方面经历SI的成年人样本。研究考虑了成功老龄化的两个方面:就业状况和宗教参与。在总样本中，1370人(65.7%)报告有听力障碍;视力障碍440例(21.1%);双重感觉障碍274例(13.1%)。在协变量中，女性、较高的教育程度、非西班牙裔白人、较少的慢性疾病、饮酒、不住院、不吸烟和无行动障碍与较高的感知健康状况相关。与失业的老年人相比，患有SI的在职老年人更有可能认为自己的健康状况良好(优势比[OR] = 2.43, p < 0.01)。有SI的宗教参与者也认为更健康(OR = 1.58, p < 0.01)。对于患有SI的老年人，确保他们参与生产性活动，如就业或宗教活动，可能对他们的感知健康状况很重要，并可能导致更好的整体健康结果。

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引用次数: 1

Employees With Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Digitized Work Environment: Perspectives for the Future 数字化工作环境中自闭症谱系障碍员工:未来展望

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 REHABILITATION

Journal of Disability Policy Studies

Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/1044207320919945

M. Tomczak

The aim of this article is to examine the opportunities for employees with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), arising from digital technology (DT) development. The author discusses assistive technology (AT) as a mean of creating a better work environment, making the digitized workplace more friendly for people with ASD. A possible solution of communication problems is replacing the interpersonal communication between employees with electronic (non-direct) forms of communication, such as online communicators or chatbots. Another solution is the implementation of wearable electronic systems, monitoring stress levels and facilitating effective stress control. In the future, the whole digitized workplace could be designed according to a “smart workplace” concept. Sensors recording various human body parameters could be connected to a network with sensors recording physical parameters of the work environment (temperature, humidity, noise, smell, sunlight exposure) and also with controllers of its values, adjusting it dynamically to reduce distracting factors. As a result, communication, stress management, and sensory sensitiveness problems could be limited, improving the work comfort of people with ASD, and their colleagues. The pertinence of solutions proposed was also confirmed by the experts interviewed in the field who were asked to assess it in the context of future implementation.

本文的目的是研究数字技术(DT)发展给患有自闭症谱系障碍(asd)的员工带来的机会。作者讨论了辅助技术(AT)作为创造更好的工作环境的一种手段，使数字化的工作场所对自闭症患者更友好。沟通问题的一个可能解决方案是用电子(非直接)沟通形式取代员工之间的人际沟通，例如在线沟通者或聊天机器人。另一个解决方案是实施可穿戴电子系统，监测应力水平，促进有效的应力控制。未来，整个数字化工作场所都可以按照“智能工作场所”的概念来设计。记录各种人体参数的传感器可以与记录工作环境物理参数(温度、湿度、噪音、气味、阳光照射)的传感器以及其数值控制器连接在一起，动态调整以减少分散注意力的因素。因此，沟通、压力管理和感官敏感性问题可以得到限制，从而提高自闭症患者及其同事的工作舒适度。在实地接受采访的专家也证实了所提出的解决办法的相关性，他们被要求在今后执行的范围内对这些办法进行评价。

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引用次数: 24

Leveraging the Power of Context in Disability Policy Development, Implementation, and Evaluation: Multiple Applications to Enhance Personal Outcomes 在残疾政策的制定、实施和评估中利用情境的力量:多种应用来提高个人成果

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 REHABILITATION

Journal of Disability Policy Studies

Pub Date : 2021-03-01 DOI: 10.1177/1044207320923656

K. Shogren, R. Luckasson, R. Schalock

The article provides an overview and integration of work examining the multiple applications of context to enhancing personal outcomes, with a focus on how a clearer understanding of context can be leveraged in disability policy development, implementation, and evaluation. Specifically, a clear operational definition of context and an empirically based conceptual model of context are presented, followed by an approach to the analysis or measurement of context, and guidelines for applying an understanding of context to enhance personal outcomes through policy development, implementation, and evaluation. The article concludes with a discussion of five specific actions that can be taken to leverage the power of context.

本文概述和整合了研究情境的多种应用以提高个人成果的工作，重点是如何在残疾政策的制定、实施和评估中利用对情境的更清晰理解。具体而言，本文提出了背景的明确可操作性定义和基于经验的背景概念模型，随后提出了对背景的分析或测量方法，以及应用对背景的理解通过政策制定、实施和评估来提高个人成果的指导方针。本文最后讨论了利用上下文的力量可以采取的五个具体行动。

引用次数: 13

Barriers and Solutions to Passing State Legislation to Protect the Rights of Parents With Disabilities: Lessons From Interviews With Advocates, Attorneys, and Legislators. 通过州立法保护残疾父母权利的障碍和解决方案：从与倡导者、律师和立法者的访谈中汲取的经验。

IF 1.1 4区医学 Q3 REHABILITATION

Journal of Disability Policy Studies

Pub Date : 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1177/10442073211006394

Sasha M Albert, Robyn M Powell, Jack Rubinstein

Parents with disabilities experience discrimination within the child welfare, family law, and adoption and foster care systems. In response, there have been increasing calls for states to pass legislation prohibiting discrimination against parents with disabilities, and as of 2020, 28 states have passed or are considering such legislation. This qualitative study explored the perspectives of 19 advocates, attorneys, and legislators on barriers and solutions for passing legislation to protect the rights of parents with disabilities. Participants identified three barriers: (a) legislators' pejorative attitudes toward parents with disabilities, (b) external opposition, and (c) legislative barriers. Participants also identified eight solutions: (a) cross-disability advocacy, (b) education, (c) relationship-building, (d) bipartisanship, (e) support from state and national organizations, (f) strong sponsors, (g) incrementalism, and (h) model legislation. Study findings should help to inform ongoing legislative advocacy to protect the rights of parents with disabilities.

残疾父母在儿童福利、家庭法、收养和寄养系统中遭受歧视。为此，要求各州通过立法禁止歧视残疾父母的呼声日益高涨，截至 2020 年，已有 28 个州通过或正在考虑此类立法。本定性研究探讨了 19 位倡导者、律师和立法者对通过立法保护残疾父母权利的障碍和解决方案的看法。参与者指出了三个障碍：(a) 立法者对残疾父母的轻蔑态度，(b) 外部反对，以及 (c) 立法障碍。参与者还提出了八种解决方案：（a）跨残疾宣传；（b）教育；（c）建立关系；（d）两党合作；（e）州和国家组织的支持；（f）强有力的提案人；（g）循序渐进；以及（h）示范立法。研究结果应有助于为当前的立法宣传提供信息，以保护残疾父母的权利。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring Access to Independent Living Services for People With Disabilities Through a Transportation Network Analysis. 通过交通网络分析探索残疾人获得独立生活服务的途径。

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 REHABILITATION

Journal of Disability Policy Studies

Pub Date : 2021-01-01

Kourtney B Johnson, Lillie Greiman, Christiane VonReichert, Billy Altom

Centers for Independent Living (CILs) are nonresidential, nonprofit agencies that provide independent living services to people with disabilities across the nation. The services CILs provide are invaluable to people with disabilities living independently in the community. Accessing CIL services can be challenging for people with disabilities, particularly for individuals in rural areas. A geographic analysis called a transportation network analysis is one method for assessing access to CIL services. We draw on the distribution of CILs across the country and in two rural states (Montana and Arkansas) to assess levels of geographic access using travel distance along national and local road networks. Incorporating data from the American Community Survey allowed us to estimate the number of people with disabilities living within certain distance thresholds from CILs. We saw increased access in urban areas where there is a higher concentration of CILs, suggesting that people with disabilities in rural areas have limited access to CIL services. We explore how partnering with Area Agencies on Aging has the potential to expand access to services for people with disabilities in rural areas, highlighting the utility of geographic analysis in social service provision.

独立生活中心 (CIL) 是为全国残疾人提供独立生活服务的非住宿、非营利机构。独立生活中心提供的服务对于在社区中独立生活的残疾人来说非常宝贵。对于残疾人，尤其是农村地区的残疾人来说，获得 CIL 服务是一项挑战。被称为交通网络分析的地理分析是评估获得 CIL 服务情况的一种方法。我们借鉴了全国和两个农村州（蒙大拿州和阿肯色州）的 CIL 分布情况，利用全国和地方公路网的旅行距离来评估地理交通的便利程度。结合 "美国社区调查 "的数据，我们可以估算出居住在离社区生活和学习中心一定距离范围内的残疾人数量。我们发现，在 CIL 较为集中的城市地区，残疾人获得 CIL 服务的机会有所增加，这表明农村地区的残疾人获得 CIL 服务的机会有限。我们探讨了与地区老龄机构合作如何扩大农村地区残疾人获得服务的机会，突出了地理分析在提供社会服务方面的实用性。

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引用次数: 0

Disability Type, Financial Capability, and Risky Asset Holding 残疾类型、财务能力和风险资产持有

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 REHABILITATION

Journal of Disability Policy Studies

Pub Date : 2020-12-29 DOI: 10.1177/1044207320981781

J. Xiao, Barbara O'Neill

Risky financial asset holding is considered an indicator of financial well-being because risky asset holders are likely to accumulate more wealth than nonholders. Like the general population in the United States, many people with disabilities need long-term financial planning services. The purpose of this study was to examine whether disability type and financial capability are associated with risky asset holding of adults with disabilities. Using data from the 2015 National Financial Capability Study, we found that adults with different types of disabilities have different chances of holding risky assets. After controlling for financial capability, income, and other variables in the logistical model, people who are deaf or have difficulties running errands are more likely, while people with a work disability are less likely, than the mentally disabled to hold risky financial assets. In addition, two financial capability variables, objective financial knowledge, and desirable financial behavior, are positively associated with risky asset holding after controlling for other factors. Several disabilities, financial capability, and other factors showed differences in risky asset holding when lower-income and higher-income subsamples were examined.

持有风险金融资产被认为是财务健康的一个指标，因为风险资产持有者可能比非持有者积累更多的财富。像美国的普通民众一样，许多残疾人需要长期的财务规划服务。本研究的目的是检验残疾类型和经济能力是否与残疾成人的风险资产持有相关。使用2015年国家金融能力研究的数据，我们发现不同类型残疾的成年人持有风险资产的机会不同。在控制了财务能力、收入和物流模型中的其他变量后，聋哑人或有跑腿困难的人比智障人士更有可能持有风险金融资产，而有工作残疾的人则不太可能持有风险金融资产。此外，在控制其他因素后，财务能力变量客观财务知识和理想财务行为与风险资产持有呈正相关。当检查低收入和高收入子样本时，一些残疾、财务能力和其他因素显示出风险资产持有的差异。

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引用次数: 5

Differences in Self-Determination Across Disability Categories: Findings From National Longitudinal Transition Study 2012 自我决定在残疾类别中的差异:来自2012年全国纵向过渡研究的发现

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 REHABILITATION

Journal of Disability Policy Studies

Pub Date : 2020-12-16 DOI: 10.1177/1044207320964396

X. Qian, K. Shogren, Omolola A. Odejimi, T. Little

Researchers have established variability in self-determination scores across disability groups, but most nationally representative research has used data collected over a decade ago from the National Longitudinal Transition Study 2 (NLTS2). To provide an updated analysis of differences in characteristics of self-determination (i.e., autonomy, psychological empowerment, self-realization) across disability groups, this study analyzed data from the recently completed National Longitudinal Transition Study 2012 (NLTS2012). The authors tested measurement equivalence across seven disability groups: high-incidence disabilities (learning disabilities, emotional disturbances, speech or language impairments, and other health impairments), sensory disabilities (visual and hearing impairment), multiple disabilities (multiple disabilities and deaf-blindness), intellectual disability, traumatic brain injury, orthopedic impairments, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Students in the multiple disabilities, intellectual disability, and ASD groups showed lower self-determination scores compared with other disability groups. Greater variability was also found in scores among these groups. Implications for assessment research practice, and policy are highlighted.

研究人员已经确定了残疾群体自决得分的可变性，但大多数具有全国代表性的研究都使用了十多年前从国家纵向过渡研究2（NLTS2）收集的数据。为了对残疾群体的自决特征（即自主性、心理赋权、自我实现）的差异进行最新分析，本研究分析了最近完成的2012年国家纵向过渡研究（NLTS2012）的数据。作者测试了七个残疾群体的测量等效性：高发病率残疾（学习障碍、情绪障碍、言语或语言障碍以及其他健康障碍）、感官残疾（视觉和听力障碍）、多重残疾（多重残疾和聋哑）、智力残疾、创伤性脑损伤、，骨科损伤和自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）。与其他残疾组相比，多重残疾、智力残疾和自闭症谱系障碍组的学生表现出较低的自决得分。这些组的得分差异也更大。强调了对评估研究实践和政策的影响。

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引用次数: 6

The Effect of School Funding on Opportunity Gaps for Students With Disabilities: Policy and Context in a Diverse Urban District 学校资助对残疾学生机会差距的影响：不同城市地区的政策和背景

IF 1.6 4区医学 Q3 REHABILITATION

Journal of Disability Policy Studies

Pub Date : 2020-11-06 DOI: 10.1177/1044207320970545

Rebecca A. Cruz, Joon-ho Lee, A. Aylward, Catherine Kramarczuk Voulgarides

School finance reform has recently centered on providing schools with more equitable access to resources to reduce opportunity gaps for students. Although special education is often a prominent part of larger equity conversations, special education funding is commonly excluded from school funding reform initiatives. Given the costly nature of special education programs, it is imperative that scholars and policy makers understand the effects of funding changes on outcomes for these students. In this study, we examined the effect of California’s Local Control Funding Formula, in addition to school context and student compositional characteristics, to identify changes in special education students’ achievement rates. Using a combination of publicly available data sources and local district data, we assessed differences in academic outcomes (i.e., achievement scores) between elementary students with and without disabilities in both high- and low-poverty schools, given increases in spending for special education programs.

学校财政改革最近的重点是为学校提供更公平的资源获取途径，以缩小学生的机会差距。虽然特殊教育经常是更大的公平对话的突出部分，但特殊教育资金通常被排除在学校资金改革倡议之外。鉴于特殊教育项目的昂贵性质，学者和政策制定者必须了解资金变化对这些学生的影响。在本研究中，我们考察了加州地方控制基金公式的影响，以及学校背景和学生组成特征，以确定特殊教育学生的成就率的变化。考虑到特殊教育项目支出的增加，我们结合了公开可用的数据来源和当地地区的数据，评估了高贫困学校和低贫困学校中有残疾和没有残疾的小学生在学业成绩(即成绩分数)方面的差异。

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引用次数: 7