Pub Date : 2017-09-27DOI: 10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.07
G. Prati, Cinzia Albanesi, L. Pietrantoni
The main aim of this study was to investigate the bidirectional relationship between social well-being and energy conservation behavior as a form of proenvironmental behavior. Participants were 298 undergraduate and masters students at an Italian public university. We applied structural equation modeling with two waves of survey data from a cross-lagged panel design to investigate reciprocal relationships between latent variables representing social well-being and pro-environmental behavior. Results showed that pro-environmental behavior at baseline predicted later social well-being controlling for the effects of baseline social well-being. Conversely, social well-being at baseline predicted subsequent levels of pro-environmental behavior controlling for previous levels of pro-environmental behavior. Results were compared using multi-group invariance testing of paths across gender. These relationships did not differ between men and women. Together, these findings suggest that a bidirectional relationship between social well-being and pro-environmental behavior is supported.
{"title":"Social Well-Being and Pro-Environmental Behavior: A Cross-Lagged Panel Design","authors":"G. Prati, Cinzia Albanesi, L. Pietrantoni","doi":"10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.07","url":null,"abstract":"The main aim of this study was to investigate the bidirectional relationship between social well-being and energy conservation behavior as a form of proenvironmental behavior. Participants were 298 undergraduate and masters students at an Italian public university. We applied structural equation modeling with two waves of survey data from a cross-lagged panel design to investigate reciprocal relationships between latent variables representing social well-being and pro-environmental behavior. Results showed that pro-environmental behavior at baseline predicted later social well-being controlling for the effects of baseline social well-being. Conversely, social well-being at baseline predicted subsequent levels of pro-environmental behavior controlling for previous levels of pro-environmental behavior. Results were compared using multi-group invariance testing of paths across gender. These relationships did not differ between men and women. Together, these findings suggest that a bidirectional relationship between social well-being and pro-environmental behavior is supported.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"123-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48318379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-27DOI: 10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.02
Milton José de Paula, Valcir Sumekwa Xerente, J. Pezzuti
Community-based research that involves participatory monitoring has been increasingly used in studies on hunting activity in traditional societies of the Neotropics, particularly in the rainforest environment. We present the results from a year-long study of participatory monitoring of hunting in 10 villages in Xerente indigenous land in the Brazilian Cerrado, an initiative to build a sustainable-use program for local hunting. Fifty-two hunters recorded data on 390 hunts involving 451 kills and 5,878 kg of estimated biomass from 34 game species. Mediumand large-sized mammals were the most hunted species, while hunting activities were predominant in forest environments. Indigenous hunting techniques associated with collective hunts using fire are no longer used, and the use of traditional weapons such as the bow and arrow is now uncommon; firearms were the main weapon used. The data revealed current patterns of wildlife use as well as hunting activities. The implications of these results for future research on the management and conservation of wildlife hunting in Xerente indigenous land are presented. We present our findings to facilitate improved preparation of new monitoring programs in traditional societies that live in the Cerrado.
{"title":"Hunting and Monitoring: Community-Based Research in Xerente Indigenous Land, Brazilian Cerrado","authors":"Milton José de Paula, Valcir Sumekwa Xerente, J. Pezzuti","doi":"10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.02","url":null,"abstract":"Community-based research that involves participatory monitoring has been increasingly used in studies on hunting activity in traditional societies of the Neotropics, particularly in the rainforest environment. We present the results from a year-long study of participatory monitoring of hunting in 10 villages in Xerente indigenous land in the Brazilian Cerrado, an initiative to build a sustainable-use program for local hunting. Fifty-two hunters recorded data on 390 hunts involving 451 kills and 5,878 kg of estimated biomass from 34 game species. Mediumand large-sized mammals were the most hunted species, while hunting activities were predominant in forest environments. Indigenous hunting techniques associated with collective hunts using fire are no longer used, and the use of traditional weapons such as the bow and arrow is now uncommon; firearms were the main weapon used. The data revealed current patterns of wildlife use as well as hunting activities. The implications of these results for future research on the management and conservation of wildlife hunting in Xerente indigenous land are presented. We present our findings to facilitate improved preparation of new monitoring programs in traditional societies that live in the Cerrado.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"23-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45717592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-27DOI: 10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.09
Chenyang Xiao, J. Buhrmann
This research examines the structure and coherence of an emerging environmental world view as measured by the new environmental paradigm (NEP) scale, developed by Dunlap and Van Liere (1978). We utilize data from two independent surveys of three communities in Colorado and Wyoming, United States, in 1997 and 2012, and examine the extent to which this world view has been accepted by the general public. Using factor analysis, we focus our attention on the structure and coherence of the NEP, as well as the dimensionality of this scale, revisiting the original question raised by Dunlap and Van Liere of whether a coherent ecological world view has emerged among the general public at this point in time. Comparisons between the two surveys reveal that both the structure and coherence of the NEP are highly consistent and stable over time, lending support to the belief that the general public within our study areas has indeed developed such a world view.
{"title":"The Structure and Coherence of the New Environmental Paradigm: Reconceptualizing the Dimensionality Debate","authors":"Chenyang Xiao, J. Buhrmann","doi":"10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.09","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines the structure and coherence of an emerging environmental world view as measured by the new environmental paradigm (NEP) scale, developed by Dunlap and Van Liere (1978). We utilize data from two independent surveys of three communities in Colorado and Wyoming, United States, in 1997 and 2012, and examine the extent to which this world view has been accepted by the general public. Using factor analysis, we focus our attention on the structure and coherence of the NEP, as well as the dimensionality of this scale, revisiting the original question raised by Dunlap and Van Liere of whether a coherent ecological world view has emerged among the general public at this point in time. Comparisons between the two surveys reveal that both the structure and coherence of the NEP are highly consistent and stable over time, lending support to the belief that the general public within our study areas has indeed developed such a world view.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"179-198"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42511197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-27DOI: 10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.03
Micah L. Ingalls, R. Stedman
Vexing problems of global environmental change call for better conceptual and analytical approaches for understanding human behaviors, factors influencing these behaviors, and the causal pathways through which these shape social and environmental outcomes. While human identity meanings provide key analytic objects in the interrogation of these dynamics, identity-based research has been truncated by a historic overemphasis on social factors and a lack of critical engagement with the ecological context of these processes. Adapting Giddens’s concept of structuration, we draw on recent advances in social-ecological systems scholarship and human structural ecology to propose a new conceptual approach for understanding human identity processes and their relation to social-ecological structure. Resituating the human person within complex social-ecological systems, we suggest some causal pathways through which ecological (in addition to social) elements are active in the emergence of human identity and, conversely, the ways in which identity-based behaviors interact dialectically with social-ecological structure to produce outcomes significant along both social and ecological dimensions. Finally, we explore some implications of this reframing for the interrogation of society-nature dynamics and for empirical research engaging with social-ecological change and resilience.
{"title":"Engaging With Human Identity in Social-Ecological Systems: A Dialectical Approach","authors":"Micah L. Ingalls, R. Stedman","doi":"10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.03","url":null,"abstract":"Vexing problems of global environmental change call for better conceptual and analytical approaches for understanding human behaviors, factors influencing these behaviors, and the causal pathways through which these shape social and environmental outcomes. While human identity meanings provide key analytic objects in the interrogation of these dynamics, identity-based research has been truncated by a historic overemphasis on social factors and a lack of critical engagement with the ecological context of these processes. Adapting Giddens’s concept of structuration, we draw on recent advances in social-ecological systems scholarship and human structural ecology to propose a new conceptual approach for understanding human identity processes and their relation to social-ecological structure. Resituating the human person within complex social-ecological systems, we suggest some causal pathways through which ecological (in addition to social) elements are active in the emergence of human identity and, conversely, the ways in which identity-based behaviors interact dialectically with social-ecological structure to produce outcomes significant along both social and ecological dimensions. Finally, we explore some implications of this reframing for the interrogation of society-nature dynamics and for empirical research engaging with social-ecological change and resilience.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"45-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41767630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-26DOI: 10.4225/13/582122BE45A98
F. Yeboah, M. Kaplowitz
Despite decades of research, uncertainty remains about what motivates individuals to engage in pro-environmental behavior. The multifaceted and complex nature of energy conservation, like other forms of pro-environmental behavior, still poses a challenge to efforts at accurately explaining or predicting it. This paper examines the extent to which variables in the value-belief-norm framework are able to explain engagement in energy conservation and environmental citizenship behavior in an institutional setting. The results indicate that valuebelief-norm constructs, which largely reflect environmental considerations, were more successful at explaining subjects’ pro-environmental citizenship behavior than their energy conservation behavior. Individuals’ personal norms and selftranscendence values were found to be the most influential precursors of their pro-environmental behavior. Subjects’ behavior-specific beliefs also influenced their pro-environmental behavior and were mediated by their personal norms. The implications of our results for the design of pro–energy conservation intervention are discussed.
{"title":"Explaining energy conservation and environmental citizenship behaviors using the value-belief-norm framework","authors":"F. Yeboah, M. Kaplowitz","doi":"10.4225/13/582122BE45A98","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4225/13/582122BE45A98","url":null,"abstract":"Despite decades of research, uncertainty remains about what motivates individuals to engage in pro-environmental behavior. The multifaceted and complex nature of energy conservation, like other forms of pro-environmental behavior, still poses a challenge to efforts at accurately explaining or predicting it. This paper examines the extent to which variables in the value-belief-norm framework are able to explain engagement in energy conservation and environmental citizenship behavior in an institutional setting. The results indicate that valuebelief-norm constructs, which largely reflect environmental considerations, were more successful at explaining subjects’ pro-environmental citizenship behavior than their energy conservation behavior. Individuals’ personal norms and selftranscendence values were found to be the most influential precursors of their pro-environmental behavior. Subjects’ behavior-specific beliefs also influenced their pro-environmental behavior and were mediated by their personal norms. The implications of our results for the design of pro–energy conservation intervention are discussed.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"22 1","pages":"137-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70433092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-26DOI: 10.22459/HER.22.02.2016.01
E. Bonds
There is a high-profile body of work asserting a link between anthropogenic climate change and increased rates of violence. There is also an expanding literature that is highly skeptical of this research. Critics point out that (1) this research has so far produced widely divergent findings, and that there is no consensus on a causal link between climate and the incidence of conflict. Critics also argue that much climate violence research (2) draws upon a long-discredited environmental determinism, (3) rehashes colonial stereotypes of the global South, (4) naturalizes and depoliticizes inequalities within and between nations, and (5) potentially creates new rationales for militarism and intervention from more powerful states. In the following essay, I build on these critiques, arguing that orthodox climate conflict research also focuses unduly on the potential climate-related violence of the poor, overlooking the violence of the powerful. Drawing from a climate justice perspective, I advocate for more study on the structural violence of climate change. To make this case, I focus on the world’s largest publicly traded fossil fuel companies.
{"title":"Upending climate violence research: fossil fuel corporations and the structural violence of climate change","authors":"E. Bonds","doi":"10.22459/HER.22.02.2016.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.22.02.2016.01","url":null,"abstract":"There is a high-profile body of work asserting a link between anthropogenic climate change and increased rates of violence. There is also an expanding literature that is highly skeptical of this research. Critics point out that (1) this research has so far produced widely divergent findings, and that there is no consensus on a causal link between climate and the incidence of conflict. Critics also argue that much climate violence research (2) draws upon a long-discredited environmental determinism, (3) rehashes colonial stereotypes of the global South, (4) naturalizes and depoliticizes inequalities within and between nations, and (5) potentially creates new rationales for militarism and intervention from more powerful states. In the following essay, I build on these critiques, arguing that orthodox climate conflict research also focuses unduly on the potential climate-related violence of the poor, overlooking the violence of the powerful. Drawing from a climate justice perspective, I advocate for more study on the structural violence of climate change. To make this case, I focus on the world’s largest publicly traded fossil fuel companies.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68729259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-26DOI: 10.22459/HER.22.02.2016.04
A. McCright
The leading theoretical explanation for the mobilization of organized climate change denial is the Anti-Reflexivity Thesis, which characterizes the climate change denial countermovement as a collective force defending the industrial capitalist system. In this study, I demonstrate that the Anti-Reflexivity Thesis also provides theoretical purchase for explaining patterns of climate change skepticism among regular citizens. Analyzing nationally representative survey data from multiple waves of the University of Texas Energy Poll, I examine key predictors of climate change skepticism within the US general public. Identification with or trust in groups representing the industrial capitalist system increases the likelihood of climate change skepticism. Also, identification with or trust in groups representing forces of reflexivity (e.g., the environmental movement and scientific community) decreases the likelihood of such skepticism. Further, this study finds that climate change skeptics report policy preferences, voting intentions, and behavioral intentions generally supportive of the existing fossil fuels–based industrial capitalist system.
{"title":"Anti-reflexivity and climate change skepticism in the US general public","authors":"A. McCright","doi":"10.22459/HER.22.02.2016.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.22.02.2016.04","url":null,"abstract":"The leading theoretical explanation for the mobilization of organized climate change denial is the Anti-Reflexivity Thesis, which characterizes the climate change denial countermovement as a collective force defending the industrial capitalist system. In this study, I demonstrate that the Anti-Reflexivity Thesis also provides theoretical purchase for explaining patterns of climate change skepticism among regular citizens. Analyzing nationally representative survey data from multiple waves of the University of Texas Energy Poll, I examine key predictors of climate change skepticism within the US general public. Identification with or trust in groups representing the industrial capitalist system increases the likelihood of climate change skepticism. Also, identification with or trust in groups representing forces of reflexivity (e.g., the environmental movement and scientific community) decreases the likelihood of such skepticism. Further, this study finds that climate change skeptics report policy preferences, voting intentions, and behavioral intentions generally supportive of the existing fossil fuels–based industrial capitalist system.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"22 1","pages":"77-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68728835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-26DOI: 10.22459/HER.22.02.2016.05
Hua Qin, Mary Grigsby
The human dimensions of environmental change across various spatial and temporal scales have formed a fast-growing field of study in the past decades. Given the large accumulation of scientific studies on this topic, a logical research question is whether we can draw out common patterns of causal relationships from this diverse body of literature. Meta-analysis provides a particularly useful tool for summarizing and integrating results across studies. Although there has been a growing number of meta-studies on the interrelationships between social and environmental changes, meta-analysis as a research strategy is still relatively underused in this field. Additionally, few studies have systematically examined the set of meta-analytical methods suitable to investigate relevant research questions. We used a meta-analysis framework to review and extract data on analytical approaches from 43 meta-studies published in selected peerreviewed environmental social science journals during 2000–2014. The analysis revealed general patterns of research topics and analysis procedures, as well as associations between study characteristics and specific meta-analytical methods. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the current use and further development of the meta-analysis strategy in interdisciplinary human dimensions research.
{"title":"A systematic review and \"meta-study\" of meta-analytical approaches to the human dimensions of environmental change","authors":"Hua Qin, Mary Grigsby","doi":"10.22459/HER.22.02.2016.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.22.02.2016.05","url":null,"abstract":"The human dimensions of environmental change across various spatial and temporal scales have formed a fast-growing field of study in the past decades. Given the large accumulation of scientific studies on this topic, a logical research question is whether we can draw out common patterns of causal relationships from this diverse body of literature. Meta-analysis provides a particularly useful tool for summarizing and integrating results across studies. Although there has been a growing number of meta-studies on the interrelationships between social and environmental changes, meta-analysis as a research strategy is still relatively underused in this field. Additionally, few studies have systematically examined the set of meta-analytical methods suitable to investigate relevant research questions. We used a meta-analysis framework to review and extract data on analytical approaches from 43 meta-studies published in selected peerreviewed environmental social science journals during 2000–2014. The analysis revealed general patterns of research topics and analysis procedures, as well as associations between study characteristics and specific meta-analytical methods. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the current use and further development of the meta-analysis strategy in interdisciplinary human dimensions research.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68728956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-07-26DOI: 10.22459/HER.22.02.2016.02
S. Boyden
In 1971, the Human Ecology Group came up with the proposal to carry out a study of the ecology of the city of Hong Kong. This idea was canvassed around the university, and initially met with either stony silence or open ridicule. Just about everybody thought it was a crazy idea. Everybody, that is, except Frank Fenner, who was director of the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the time. He made crucial funding available that made it all possible. Later, further substantial financial support was provided by other sources, including the Nuffield Foundation and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
{"title":"The biohistorical paradigm: the early days of human ecology at The Australian National University","authors":"S. Boyden","doi":"10.22459/HER.22.02.2016.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.22.02.2016.02","url":null,"abstract":"In 1971, the Human Ecology Group came up with the proposal to carry out a study of the ecology of the city of Hong Kong. This idea was canvassed around the university, and initially met with either stony silence or open ridicule. Just about everybody thought it was a crazy idea. Everybody, that is, except Frank Fenner, who was director of the John Curtin School of Medical Research at the time. He made crucial funding available that made it all possible. Later, further substantial financial support was provided by other sources, including the Nuffield Foundation and UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68728815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2016-04-08DOI: 10.4225/13/581FCDF8DC329
Michael J. Kimball
In 2001, several months before the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center, the Taliban regime ordered the destruction of all “shrines of infidels” (Manhart, 2009, p. 38), including two colossal 6th–7th century CE statues of the Buddha carved into cliff faces in central Afghanistan’s Bamiyan Valley during this region’s heyday as a Silk Road hub. The demolition of the Bamiyan Buddhas (Figure 1), executed with mortar fire and dynamite and filmed by the Taliban, incited international shock and outrage. How could this destruction have been allowed to happen to such an invaluable historical treasure? These statues had existed for more than 1,400 years and now, in the space of a few weeks, were all but completely erased. In 2003, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) responded by designating the cultural landscape and archaeological remains of the Bamiyan Valley as a World Heritage site and adding them to the World Heritage in Danger List, thereby authorizing their “Outstanding Universal Value” and need for protection (UNESCO, n.d.). Since then, experts have journeyed to Bamiyan to conduct archaeological excavations and shore up
2001年，也就是911袭击世贸中心的几个月前，塔利班政权下令摧毁所有“异教徒的神殿”(Manhart, 2009, p. 38)，包括在阿富汗中部巴米扬山谷作为丝绸之路枢纽的全盛时期雕刻在悬崖上的两座公元6 - 7世纪的巨大佛像。塔利班用迫击炮和炸药摧毁巴米扬大佛(图1)，并将其拍摄下来，引起了国际社会的震惊和愤怒。这样一件无价的历史宝藏怎么会遭到这样的破坏呢?这些雕像已经存在了1400多年，现在，在几周的时间里，几乎完全被抹去了。2003年，联合国教育、科学及文化组织(UNESCO)作出回应，将巴米扬山谷的文化景观和考古遗迹指定为世界遗产，并将其列入《世界濒危遗产名录》，从而认可其“突出的普遍价值”和保护需求(UNESCO, n.d)。从那以后，专家们前往巴米扬进行考古发掘和加固
{"title":"Our heritage is already broken: meditations on a regenerative conservation for cultural and natural heritage","authors":"Michael J. Kimball","doi":"10.4225/13/581FCDF8DC329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4225/13/581FCDF8DC329","url":null,"abstract":"In 2001, several months before the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center, the Taliban regime ordered the destruction of all “shrines of infidels” (Manhart, 2009, p. 38), including two colossal 6th–7th century CE statues of the Buddha carved into cliff faces in central Afghanistan’s Bamiyan Valley during this region’s heyday as a Silk Road hub. The demolition of the Bamiyan Buddhas (Figure 1), executed with mortar fire and dynamite and filmed by the Taliban, incited international shock and outrage. How could this destruction have been allowed to happen to such an invaluable historical treasure? These statues had existed for more than 1,400 years and now, in the space of a few weeks, were all but completely erased. In 2003, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) responded by designating the cultural landscape and archaeological remains of the Bamiyan Valley as a World Heritage site and adding them to the World Heritage in Danger List, thereby authorizing their “Outstanding Universal Value” and need for protection (UNESCO, n.d.). Since then, experts have journeyed to Bamiyan to conduct archaeological excavations and shore up","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2016-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70433072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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