Pub Date : 2017-12-13DOI: 10.22459/HER.23.02.2017.03
R. Dyball, Liesel Carlsson
The first person to use the term “human ecology,” in 1892, was the remarkable Ellen Swallow (later Richards). She was born into the small, isolated rural community of Dunstable, Massachusetts, in 1842 and raised on the family farm. Both Ellen’s parents were well educated for the times, and both had been teachers. They resolved that Ellen would be better educated at home by them than at the local school, and so as a child she received no formal education. Ellen was bright and learned readily, but she was also considered frail and sickly. On her doctor’s orders, she was instructed to spend as much time as possible outside, in the belief that fresh air and exercise would be good for her. As was considered natural at the time, she also helped around the house, with duties such as cooking, cleaning, and needlework. Prizes won at the local country fair suggest that she was skilled at these arts too. These formative experiences of the curative power of a healthy environment and the importance of household arts are pointed to as the basis of her lifelong interest in the influence of the environment on the health and well-being of humans (Hunt, 1912, p. 77).
{"title":"Ellen swallow Richards : Mother of human ecology?","authors":"R. Dyball, Liesel Carlsson","doi":"10.22459/HER.23.02.2017.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.23.02.2017.03","url":null,"abstract":"The first person to use the term “human ecology,” in 1892, was the remarkable Ellen Swallow (later Richards). She was born into the small, isolated rural community of Dunstable, Massachusetts, in 1842 and raised on the family farm. Both Ellen’s parents were well educated for the times, and both had been teachers. They resolved that Ellen would be better educated at home by them than at the local school, and so as a child she received no formal education. Ellen was bright and learned readily, but she was also considered frail and sickly. On her doctor’s orders, she was instructed to spend as much time as possible outside, in the belief that fresh air and exercise would be good for her. As was considered natural at the time, she also helped around the house, with duties such as cooking, cleaning, and needlework. Prizes won at the local country fair suggest that she was skilled at these arts too. These formative experiences of the curative power of a healthy environment and the importance of household arts are pointed to as the basis of her lifelong interest in the influence of the environment on the health and well-being of humans (Hunt, 1912, p. 77).","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"17-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45602306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-13DOI: 10.22459/HER.23.02.2017.14
W. Throop
Although much has changed since 1986, when John Visvader’s paper was originally published, his guidance is still wise and necessary for today’s reader. It is still tempting to pigeon-hole human ecology as a particular kind of study with distinctive methods. After all, we tend to allocate funds and prestige to interdisciplinary fields once they have adopted a clear paradigm and some defining achievements that serve as exemplars for future research and that contain the norms and concepts defining the field. Conservation biology and sustainability science have come into their own in just such a fashion. Professor Visvader warned us against interpreting human ecology as having an essence—a defining set of characteristics. He argued that given the complexity of socioecological systems, we should expect to find many different ways of studying their dynamics, with some being largely descriptive and others being highly value-laden. Following Wittgenstein, he suggested that these approaches share a range of family resemblances in virtue of which they are all ways of conducting human ecology. It follows that human ecology is more open-ended and inclusive than many interdisciplinary studies, which is both a curse (for those who crave clarity and consistent standards) and a blessing (for those whose curiosity is stimulated by new connections).
{"title":"Introduction to John Visvader’s “Philosophy and Human Ecology”","authors":"W. Throop","doi":"10.22459/HER.23.02.2017.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.23.02.2017.14","url":null,"abstract":"Although much has changed since 1986, when John Visvader’s paper was originally published, his guidance is still wise and necessary for today’s reader. It is still tempting to pigeon-hole human ecology as a particular kind of study with distinctive methods. After all, we tend to allocate funds and prestige to interdisciplinary fields once they have adopted a clear paradigm and some defining achievements that serve as exemplars for future research and that contain the norms and concepts defining the field. Conservation biology and sustainability science have come into their own in just such a fashion. Professor Visvader warned us against interpreting human ecology as having an essence—a defining set of characteristics. He argued that given the complexity of socioecological systems, we should expect to find many different ways of studying their dynamics, with some being largely descriptive and others being highly value-laden. Following Wittgenstein, he suggested that these approaches share a range of family resemblances in virtue of which they are all ways of conducting human ecology. It follows that human ecology is more open-ended and inclusive than many interdisciplinary studies, which is both a curse (for those who crave clarity and consistent standards) and a blessing (for those whose curiosity is stimulated by new connections).","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43426991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-13DOI: 10.22459/HER.23.02.2017.12
J. Schooneveldt
In this paper, published over 30 years ago, Philip Stewart argued that human ecology needs to take meaning seriously. For him, meaning is not just a property of language (linguistic meaning), nor is it the patterns of signs that animals use to get around their world; rather, for human ecology, it is a framework for synthesis: one that potentially accommodates both the physical and mental aspects of the human experience.
{"title":"Introduction to Philip J. Stewart’s “Meaning in Human Ecology”","authors":"J. Schooneveldt","doi":"10.22459/HER.23.02.2017.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.23.02.2017.12","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, published over 30 years ago, Philip Stewart argued that human ecology needs to take meaning seriously. For him, meaning is not just a property of language (linguistic meaning), nor is it the patterns of signs that animals use to get around their world; rather, for human ecology, it is a framework for synthesis: one that potentially accommodates both the physical and mental aspects of the human experience.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"113-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47354841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-13DOI: 10.22459/HER.23.02.2017.02
R. Dyball
The relationship of knowledge, including scientific knowledge, to improved policy and decision-making is a vexed one (Fischer et al., 2012, p. 8). Like any other organization of significance in its field, the Ecological Society of America (ESA) has, throughout its history, hoped both to contribute to the accumulation of knowledge and to influence policy and public opinion. In a recent editorial in the society’s premier journal, Frontiers in Ecology, Jane Lubchenco (2017) argued for the need to make “scientific information understandable, credible, relevant, and accessible to help inform (not dictate) decisions” (p. 3). Yet, there is an unavoidable tension between the ambition to be a “proper science” whose object of study is all things ecological and the goal of influencing change to make the world a better place. Human ecology has long existed as a subfield within ESA. Its ability to contribute, or not, to ESA’s ambitions to influence policy in relation to the pressing problems of the day has been constrained by two related issues: how these problems have been framed, and the role and best mode of science for informing policy directed at resolving these problems. For as long as these problems have been interpreted as the consequence of humans’ “interference in nature,” and for as long as the mode of science deemed most appropriate for informing policy change has been quantitative data-based “objective” descriptions of change in ecological processes, the ability of human ecology to contribute to resolving these problems has been constrained. A brief history of this tension is laid out here, with some speculation on how recent moves to reinterpret both the nature of today’s problems and the most appropriate mode of science for informing policy to help manage those problems may allow human ecology to contribute in new ways.
包括科学知识在内的知识与改进政策和决策的关系是一个棘手的问题（Fischer等人，2012年，第8页）。与该领域的任何其他重要组织一样，美国生态学会（ESA）在其历史上一直希望为知识积累做出贡献，并影响政策和公众舆论。简·卢布琴科（Jane Lubchenco，2017）在该学会的主要期刊《生态学前沿》（Frontiers In Ecology）最近的一篇社论中认为，有必要让“科学信息变得可理解、可信、相关和可访问，以帮助为决策提供信息（而不是发号施令）”（第3页）。然而，成为一门以生态为研究对象的“适当科学”的雄心与影响变革以使世界变得更美好的目标之间存在着不可避免的紧张关系。长期以来，人类生态学一直是欧空局的一个分支领域。它对欧空局影响当今紧迫问题政策的雄心做出贡献或不做出贡献的能力受到两个相关问题的限制：这些问题是如何形成的，以及科学在为解决这些问题的政策提供信息方面的作用和最佳模式。只要这些问题被解释为人类“干涉自然”的结果，只要被认为最适合为政策变化提供信息的科学模式是对生态过程变化的基于定量数据的“客观”描述，人类生态学为解决这些问题做出贡献的能力就受到了限制。这里简要介绍了这种紧张关系的历史，并对最近重新解释当今问题的性质和最合适的科学模式的举措进行了一些猜测，以帮助管理这些问题，这可能会让人类生态学以新的方式做出贡献。
{"title":"A Brief History of Human Ecology within the Ecological Society of America and Speculation on Future Direction","authors":"R. Dyball","doi":"10.22459/HER.23.02.2017.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.23.02.2017.02","url":null,"abstract":"The relationship of knowledge, including scientific knowledge, to improved policy and decision-making is a vexed one (Fischer et al., 2012, p. 8). Like any other organization of significance in its field, the Ecological Society of America (ESA) has, throughout its history, hoped both to contribute to the accumulation of knowledge and to influence policy and public opinion. In a recent editorial in the society’s premier journal, Frontiers in Ecology, Jane Lubchenco (2017) argued for the need to make “scientific information understandable, credible, relevant, and accessible to help inform (not dictate) decisions” (p. 3). Yet, there is an unavoidable tension between the ambition to be a “proper science” whose object of study is all things ecological and the goal of influencing change to make the world a better place. Human ecology has long existed as a subfield within ESA. Its ability to contribute, or not, to ESA’s ambitions to influence policy in relation to the pressing problems of the day has been constrained by two related issues: how these problems have been framed, and the role and best mode of science for informing policy directed at resolving these problems. For as long as these problems have been interpreted as the consequence of humans’ “interference in nature,” and for as long as the mode of science deemed most appropriate for informing policy change has been quantitative data-based “objective” descriptions of change in ecological processes, the ability of human ecology to contribute to resolving these problems has been constrained. A brief history of this tension is laid out here, with some speculation on how recent moves to reinterpret both the nature of today’s problems and the most appropriate mode of science for informing policy to help manage those problems may allow human ecology to contribute in new ways.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"7-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45237665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-13DOI: 10.22459/HER.23.02.2017.15
J. Visvader
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Pub Date : 2017-09-27DOI: 10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.06
E. M. Nakamura, N. Hanazaki
The establishment of protected areas can reduce access to natural resources for communities that depend on such areas for food, and can thus contribute to food insecurity. We studied the local food systems of two communities that surround a protected area in southern coastal Brazil and the relationship between the protected area and local food security. We randomly selected 34 households to perform 24-hour recalls of food intake and administered a questionnaire that addressed food security. Our key findings were: (1) the consumption of biological resources is based on cultivated, raised, and fished food items, which are locally purchased, produced, or caught by households; (2) food vulnerability is related to household income; (3) there is a greater reliance on resources from the protected area among households with livelihoods that depend on the local environment; (4) the restriction of access to natural resources and the potential replacement of diverse activities that generate food and income influence the diets of the affected families, which can also affect local food security in the long term.
{"title":"Protected Area Establishment and Its Implications for Local Food Security","authors":"E. M. Nakamura, N. Hanazaki","doi":"10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.06","url":null,"abstract":"The establishment of protected areas can reduce access to natural resources for communities that depend on such areas for food, and can thus contribute to food insecurity. We studied the local food systems of two communities that surround a protected area in southern coastal Brazil and the relationship between the protected area and local food security. We randomly selected 34 households to perform 24-hour recalls of food intake and administered a questionnaire that addressed food security. Our key findings were: (1) the consumption of biological resources is based on cultivated, raised, and fished food items, which are locally purchased, produced, or caught by households; (2) food vulnerability is related to household income; (3) there is a greater reliance on resources from the protected area among households with livelihoods that depend on the local environment; (4) the restriction of access to natural resources and the potential replacement of diverse activities that generate food and income influence the diets of the affected families, which can also affect local food security in the long term.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"101-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48442145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-27DOI: 10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.01
M. Caballero
This article is an attempt to relate the concept of generation, as a variable that helps to explain certain environmental behaviors, with theories on intergenerational changes in values (Inglehart, 1977, 1991, 1998; Inglehart & Flanagan, 1987). This theory predicts an increase in post-materialistic values in more developed societies, with ecology being one of these values. According to these forecasts, a greater ecological commitment should be expected from younger generations in developed societies, where material needs are covered. However, my data did not fit into predictions of this theory. On the contrary, there is evidence of an increase in values which could, in a certain way, be called low-cost post-materialistic, applying the term proposed by Diekmann & Preisendörfer (2003).
{"title":"Spanish Environmental Generations in the Twentieth Century","authors":"M. Caballero","doi":"10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.01","url":null,"abstract":"This article is an attempt to relate the concept of generation, as a variable that helps to explain certain environmental behaviors, with theories on intergenerational changes in values (Inglehart, 1977, 1991, 1998; Inglehart & Flanagan, 1987). This theory predicts an increase in post-materialistic values in more developed societies, with ecology being one of these values. According to these forecasts, a greater ecological commitment should be expected from younger generations in developed societies, where material needs are covered. However, my data did not fit into predictions of this theory. On the contrary, there is evidence of an increase in values which could, in a certain way, be called low-cost post-materialistic, applying the term proposed by Diekmann & Preisendörfer (2003).","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"3-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46777112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-27DOI: 10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.05
J. McGee
This paper examines the extent to which alternatively fueled vehicles (AFVs) act as a counterforce to traditional fuel consumption in the United States. I estimate a time-series cross-sectional Prais-Winsten regression model with panel-corrected standard errors to explore how increases in the proportion of AFVs influences fuel consumption rates per vehicle. Findings indicate that AFVs are increasing the average fuel consumption rates of vehicles. Using an additional time-series cross-sectional Prais-Winsten regression model with panel-corrected standard errors, I demonstrate that at least part of this correlation is due to AFVs’ positive relationship to travel. I explain this phenomenon using the treadmill of production theory (a prominent theory in environmental sociology), and argue that AFVs up until this point have been used to expand development, and in turn environmental impacts. Furthermore, I argue that the inability of AFVs to replace traditional fuel consumption demonstrates a paradox in their application that can be explained through the treadmill of production theory.
{"title":"The Treadmill of Alternatively Fueled Vehicle Production","authors":"J. McGee","doi":"10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.05","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines the extent to which alternatively fueled vehicles (AFVs) act as a counterforce to traditional fuel consumption in the United States. I estimate a time-series cross-sectional Prais-Winsten regression model with panel-corrected standard errors to explore how increases in the proportion of AFVs influences fuel consumption rates per vehicle. Findings indicate that AFVs are increasing the average fuel consumption rates of vehicles. Using an additional time-series cross-sectional Prais-Winsten regression model with panel-corrected standard errors, I demonstrate that at least part of this correlation is due to AFVs’ positive relationship to travel. I explain this phenomenon using the treadmill of production theory (a prominent theory in environmental sociology), and argue that AFVs up until this point have been used to expand development, and in turn environmental impacts. Furthermore, I argue that the inability of AFVs to replace traditional fuel consumption demonstrates a paradox in their application that can be explained through the treadmill of production theory.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"81-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48691596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-27DOI: 10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.04
Anthony E. Ladd, R. York
With the recent election of Donald J. Trump to the Presidency, fossil fuel interests are poised to advance their entire energy agenda on a number of key fronts. Not only has Trump taken steps to increase oil and gas fracking, create more energy infrastructure projects, ramp up foreign fossil fuel exports, resurrect the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines, and bring back coal production to Appalachian communities, but he has also worked to dismantle most of the signature policies of the Obama administration to fight the effects of climate change. More importantly, he has surrounded himself with cabinet members and advisors who are not just indifferent to environmental problems, but openly hostile to their remediation through government regulations and policy-making. In this critical essay, we draw on sociological research to highlight some of the ongoing technological risks and socio-environmental impacts surrounding unconventional gas and oil development (UGOD) and high-volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) operations. We briefly address how these hazards are likely to be exacerbated by the policies and cabinet appointments of the Trump administration—as well as the larger congressional Republican energy and environmental agenda—over the coming months. Finally, we conclude with some observations on the future direction of US energy policy in the Trump era and the amplified risks posed by the prospects of a new Third Carbon era driven by fracking and other methods of unconventional energy production.
{"title":"Hydraulic Fracking, Shale Energy Development, and Climate Inaction: A New Landscape of Risk in the Trump Era","authors":"Anthony E. Ladd, R. York","doi":"10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22459/HER.23.01.2017.04","url":null,"abstract":"With the recent election of Donald J. Trump to the Presidency, fossil fuel interests are poised to advance their entire energy agenda on a number of key fronts. Not only has Trump taken steps to increase oil and gas fracking, create more energy infrastructure projects, ramp up foreign fossil fuel exports, resurrect the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipelines, and bring back coal production to Appalachian communities, but he has also worked to dismantle most of the signature policies of the Obama administration to fight the effects of climate change. More importantly, he has surrounded himself with cabinet members and advisors who are not just indifferent to environmental problems, but openly hostile to their remediation through government regulations and policy-making. In this critical essay, we draw on sociological research to highlight some of the ongoing technological risks and socio-environmental impacts surrounding unconventional gas and oil development (UGOD) and high-volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) operations. We briefly address how these hazards are likely to be exacerbated by the policies and cabinet appointments of the Trump administration—as well as the larger congressional Republican energy and environmental agenda—over the coming months. Finally, we conclude with some observations on the future direction of US energy policy in the Trump era and the amplified risks posed by the prospects of a new Third Carbon era driven by fracking and other methods of unconventional energy production.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"65-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41349508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-27DOI: 10.4225/13/58213AB015D2F
R. Tine
Finding the Common Good 23. The climate is a common good, belonging to all and meant for all. At the global level, it is a complex system linked to many of the essential conditions for human life. A very solid scientific consensus indicates that we are presently witnessing a disturbing warming of the climatic system. Humanity is called to recognize the need for changes of lifestyle, production and consumption, in order to combat this warming or at least the human causes which produce or aggravate it.
{"title":"Reflections, Analysis, and Significance for Human Ecology of Pope Francis’s Encyclical Letter Laudato Si’: On Care for Our Common Home","authors":"R. Tine","doi":"10.4225/13/58213AB015D2F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4225/13/58213AB015D2F","url":null,"abstract":"Finding the Common Good 23. The climate is a common good, belonging to all and meant for all. At the global level, it is a complex system linked to many of the essential conditions for human life. A very solid scientific consensus indicates that we are presently witnessing a disturbing warming of the climatic system. Humanity is called to recognize the need for changes of lifestyle, production and consumption, in order to combat this warming or at least the human causes which produce or aggravate it.","PeriodicalId":46896,"journal":{"name":"Human Ecology Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"141-177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2017-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42021498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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