International Review of the Red Cross最新文献

英文中文

IF 0.7 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1017/s181638312300053x

Angelica Widström

This article delves into Sweden's evolving legal response to international crimes, notably focusing on the 2021 War Poses case before the Swedish Supreme Court. The case involves an Iraqi asylum-seeker charged with violating the personal dignity of several persons, presumed to be deceased, during a 2015 non-international armed conflict in Kirkuk, Iraq. A key contention is whether deceased individuals can be considered “protected persons” under Swedish war crimes legislation. The article examines the Swedish Supreme Court's decision, which deems deceased individuals as protected persons, drawing on the Rome Statute's Elements of Crimes. It examines the complexities surrounding the application of international humanitarian law (IHL) to cases involving the deceased and explores potential misinterpretations arising from the Court's brief and ambiguous reasoning. As Sweden grapples with the complexities of international criminal law, the article advocates for clarity and comprehensive discussion to ensure that justice is served while upholding accurate and harmonized definitions of fundamental concepts of IHL.

本文深入探讨了瑞典对国际犯罪的不断演变的法律反应，特别是关注2021年瑞典最高法院审理的战争姿势案。该案涉及一名伊拉克寻求庇护者，他被控在2015年伊拉克基尔库克发生的非国际性武装冲突中侵犯了几名据信已死亡的人的人格尊严。一个关键的争论是，根据瑞典的战争罪立法，死者是否可以被视为“受保护的人”。本文考察了瑞典最高法院的决定，该决定将死者视为受保护的人，借鉴了罗马规约的犯罪要件。它审查了将国际人道主义法适用于涉及死者的案件的复杂性，并探讨了法院简短而模糊的推理可能引起的误解。在瑞典努力应对国际刑法的复杂性之际，本文倡导进行清晰和全面的讨论，以确保伸张正义，同时坚持对国际人道法基本概念的准确和协调定义。

引用次数: 0

Addressing environmental damages in contexts of armed conflict through transitional justice in Colombia 通过哥伦比亚过渡时期司法解决武装冲突背景下的环境损害问题

IF 0.7 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-12-13 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000553

Andrea Camacho Rincón, Germán Parra Gallego

It is unquestionable that Colombian armed conflicts have had adverse impacts on the natural environment in the country. Current transitional justice mechanisms offer an opportunity to recognize harm and responsibility, establish restorative sanctions and reparations and adopt public policies for the recovery of ecosystems and prevention of further damage. This article focuses on how transitional justice mechanisms, especially the Special Jurisdiction for Peace, have addressed the effects of armed conflicts on the natural environment. Specifically, it analyzes the criminal characterization of environmental degradation, the question of whether amnesties and pardons could be granted for such conducts, precautionary measures and the implementation of restorative sanctions related to the environment. It presents some challenges regarding the preservation of the natural environment due to the persistence of armed conflicts after the 2016 Peace Accord between the government and the FARC-EP guerrillas, and the sustainability of reparations for victims and prevention of further damage. It also sustains that the developments of current transitional justice mechanisms may have significant influence on ongoing and future peace negotiations with other armed groups and the processes for establishing responsibility for environmental damages.

毫无疑问，哥伦比亚武装冲突对该国的自然环境产生了不利影响。目前的过渡时期司法机制为确认损害和责任、确立恢复性制裁和赔偿以及通过恢复生态系统和防止进一步损害的公共政策提供了机会。本文着重讨论过渡时期司法机制，特别是和平特别管辖权如何处理武装冲突对自然环境的影响。具体地说，它分析了环境退化的刑事特征、是否可以对这种行为给予大赦和赦免的问题、预防措施和执行与环境有关的恢复性制裁。2016年政府与哥伦比亚革命武装力量-人民军游击队签订和平协议后，武装冲突持续不断，因此在保护自然环境、为受害者提供可持续性赔偿和防止进一步损害方面提出了一些挑战。委员会还认为，目前过渡时期司法机制的发展可能对正在进行和今后与其他武装团体进行的和平谈判以及确定环境损害责任的进程产生重大影响。

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引用次数: 0

IRC volume 105 issue 924 Cover and Back matter IRC 第 105 卷第 924 期封面和封底事项

IF 0.7 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000504

引用次数: 0

The protection of the natural environment in armed conflicts and agent-based modelling 武装冲突中的自然环境保护和基于主体的建模

IF 0.7 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000528

Mais Qandeel

This article seeks to demonstrate the nexus between agent-related technology and the protection of the environment in armed conflicts, looking at how agent-based modelling and simulation (ABMS) can be used as a tool to protect the environment in armed conflicts. It further analyzes the precautionary principle and due regard, as relevant rules, and explains the legal benefits of deploying ABMS to protect and preserve the natural environment. The article argues that the deployment of ABMS helps States to better understand the environmental effects of conflicts, reassess their military activities and comply with the relevant applicable rules and norms.

本文旨在展示与智能体相关的技术与武装冲突中环境保护之间的联系，研究如何将基于智能体的建模和仿真(ABMS)用作武装冲突中环境保护的工具。它进一步分析了预防原则和作为相关规则的适当考虑，并解释了部署ABMS以保护和保存自然环境的法律利益。该条认为，部署反弹道导弹有助于各国更好地了解冲突的环境影响，重新评估其军事活动并遵守有关的适用规则和规范。

引用次数: 0

IRC volume 105 issue 924 Cover and Front matter IRC 第 105 卷第 924 期封面和封底

IF 0.7 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000498

引用次数: 0

Chair's Summary Report of State Expert Meeting on International Humanitarian Law: Protecting the Environment in Armed Conflicts 国际人道法:武装冲突中的环境保护国家专家会议主席的总结报告

4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000486

The “State Expert Meeting on International Humanitarian Law: Protecting the Environment in Armed Conflicts”, organized by Switzerland and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) for States party to the Geneva Conventions, was held in early 2023. The meeting brought together nearly 400 experts from ministries of defence, the environment and foreign affairs from over 120 countries to share national experiences, challenges and good practices related to the protection of the environment in armed conflicts. In addition, expert resource persons from the UN Environment Program, the UN International Law Commission and the International Union for Conservation of Nature supported the exchanges. The meeting's purpose was to progress on the national implementation of international humanitarian law relating to the protection of the natural environment in armed conflicts. The Chair's Summary prepared by Switzerland and the ICRC reviews the contents of the meeting, including the good practices shared, and can be drawn upon to enhance environmental protection in war. It can be found in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish at: www.icrc.org/en/document/chairs-summary-report-state-expert-meeting-ihl-protecting-natural-environment-armed .

由瑞士和红十字国际委员会为《日内瓦公约》缔约国组织的“国际人道法国家专家会议:武装冲突中保护环境”于2023年初举行。会议汇集了来自120多个国家的国防部、环境部和外交部的近400名专家，分享了与武装冲突中保护环境有关的国家经验、挑战和良好做法。此外，来自联合国环境规划署、联合国国际法委员会和国际自然保护联盟的专家资源人员也为交流提供了支持。会议的目的是在各国执行有关在武装冲突中保护自然环境的国际人道主义法方面取得进展。瑞士和红十字国际委员会编写的主席摘要审查了会议的内容，包括分享的良好做法，可以用来加强战争中的环境保护。阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文版本可在www.icrc.org/en/document/chairs-summary-report-state-expert-meeting-ihl-protecting-natural-environment-armed找到。

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引用次数: 0

Protected zones in context: Exploring the complexity of armed conflicts and their impacts on the protection of biodiversity 背景下的保护区:探讨武装冲突的复杂性及其对生物多样性保护的影响

IF 0.7 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000450

Elaine (Lan Yin) Hsiao, Adrian Garside, Doug Weir, Andrew J. Plumptre

Protected areas safeguard biodiversity of global ecological importance, even throughout armed conflicts. The International Law Commission's Principles on Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts propose that certain ecologically important areas could be designated as protected zones during armed conflicts. This article uses a geospatial analysis of armed conflicts and Key Biodiversity Areas and three case studies to inform recommendations on how the protection of ecologically important areas could be enhanced through visibility, local actors and international stakeholders as part of a broader interpretation of a protected zone.

保护区保护具有全球生态重要性的生物多样性，即使在武装冲突期间也是如此。国际法委员会的《与武装冲突有关的环境保护原则》建议，在武装冲突期间可以将某些具有重要生态意义的地区指定为保护区。本文通过对武装冲突和关键生物多样性地区的地理空间分析以及三个案例研究，就如何通过能见度、当地行为体和国际利益攸关方加强对生态重要地区的保护提出建议，作为对保护区更广泛解释的一部分。

引用次数: 2

Above the law: Drones, aerial vision and the law of armed conflict – a socio-technical approach 法律之上:无人机、空中视野和武装冲突法——一种社会技术方法

IF 0.7 4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000413

Shiri Krebs

Aerial visuals play a central – and increasing – role in military operations, informing military decision-makers in real time. While adding relevant and time-sensitive information, these visuals construct an imperfect representation of people and spaces, placing additional burdens on decision-makers and creating a persuasive – yet misleading – virtual representation of the actual conditions on the ground. Based on interdisciplinary analysis of critical security studies, behavioural economics and international law literature, as well as rich data from US and Israeli military investigations into four military operations spanning from 2009 to 2021, this article identifies three types of challenges stemming from the mounting reliance on aerial visuals to inform military operations: technical challenges, relating to the technical capabilities and features of aerial vision technologies; cognitive challenges, relating to decision-making biases affecting human decision-makers; and human-technological challenges, relating to the human–machine interaction itself. The article suggests ways to mitigate these challenges, improve the application of the law of armed conflict, and protect people, animals and the environment during armed conflicts.

空中图像在军事行动中发挥着核心作用，并日益发挥作用，为军事决策者提供实时信息。虽然增加了相关和时间敏感的信息，但这些视觉效果构建了对人和空间的不完美表现，给决策者带来了额外的负担，并对实地的实际情况产生了有说服力但又具有误导性的虚拟表现。基于对关键安全研究、行为经济学和国际法文献的跨学科分析，以及美国和以色列对2009年至2021年四次军事行动的丰富数据调查，本文确定了三种类型的挑战，这些挑战源于对空中视觉的日益依赖，以为军事行动提供信息:技术挑战，与空中视觉技术的技术能力和特征有关;认知挑战，与影响人类决策者的决策偏见有关;以及与人机交互本身有关的人类技术挑战。本文提出了减轻这些挑战、改进武装冲突法的适用以及在武装冲突期间保护人民、动物和环境的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Detention by Non-State Armed Groups under International Law By Ezequiel Heffes * 根据国际法被非国家武装团体拘留*

4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000474

In this iteration of the Review 's “Beyond the Literature” series, we have invited Ezequiel Heffes to introduce his recent book Detention by Non-State Armed Groups under International Law , before then posing a series of questions to Tilman Rodenhäuser, René Provost, Mariana Chacón Lozano and Katharine Fortin, who have agreed to serve as discussants of the book. Tilman Rodenhäuser is a Legal Adviser at the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), with particular expertise in non-State armed groups (NSAGs) and detention. René Provost is the James McGill Professor of Law at McGill University and has written extensively on public international law, including his recent monograph Rebel Courts: The Administration of Justice by Armed Insurgents. 1 Mariana Chacón Lozano has served as the Operational Legal Coordinator for the ICRC in Colombia since October 2020 and has worked for the ICRC since 2011. Katharine Fortin is Associate Professor at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights within the Faculty of Law, Economics and Governance of Utrecht University. The Review team is grateful to all four discussants, and to Ezequiel, for taking part in this engaging conversation.

在本期《评论》“超越文学”系列中，我们邀请了埃兹奎尔·海夫斯介绍他最近出版的《国际法下非国家武装团体的拘留》一书，然后向同意担任该书讨论嘉宾的蒂尔曼Rodenhäuser、ren Provost、Mariana Chacón Lozano和Katharine Fortin提出了一系列问题。蒂尔曼Rodenhäuser是红十字国际委员会的法律顾问，在非国家武装团体和拘留方面具有专长。ren Provost是麦吉尔大学詹姆斯·麦吉尔法学教授，在国际公法方面著述广泛，包括他最近的专著《叛乱法院:武装叛乱分子的司法管理》。1 Mariana Chacón Lozano自2020年10月起担任红十字国际委员会在哥伦比亚的业务法律协调员，并自2011年起为红十字国际委员会工作。Katharine Fortin是荷兰乌得勒支大学法律、经济和治理学院荷兰人权研究所的副教授。评审小组感谢所有四位讨论者和Ezequiel参与了这次引人入胜的对话。

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引用次数: 0

Re-evaluating international humanitarian law in a triple planetary crisis: New challenges, new tools 在三重危机中重新评估国际人道法:新挑战，新工具

4区社会学 Q2 LAW

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000449

Britta Sjöstedt, Karen Hulme

Abstract In the face of the triple planetary crisis, which includes climate change, biodiversity loss and environmental degradation, there is growing recognition that the environment needs to be re-evaluated and better protected. Recent developments, such as a values assessment by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), 1 the concept of biocultural rights and the acknowledgment of granting rights to nature, emphasize the intrinsic value of the environment and endorse the understanding of the interconnectedness between humans and non-human entities. These developments are also increasingly evident in legal frameworks; for instance, several domestic legal systems now accept the rights of nature and grant legal standing to natural entities. This expansion in our understanding of the environment challenges the traditional anthropocentric focus of international law, which has primarily prioritized human rights and interests, perceiving humans as having dominance over nature and the liberty to harness its resources. Simultaneously, international environmental law is increasingly recognizing the interdependence of ecosystems and species. This acknowledgment drives the promotion of approaches to environmental management and conservation that centre around ecosystems and local communities. The present article looks at how to reconcile these heightened environmental values and the legal norms in armed conflict by examining two examples: the safeguarding of protected areas and the restoration of the environment post-conflict. By analyzing the changing values and legal developments in this area, the article offers legal and practical tools to support the protection of nature's intrinsic value in future warfare.

面对气候变化、生物多样性丧失和环境退化的三重危机，人们越来越认识到需要对环境进行重新评估和更好的保护。最近的发展，如生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台(IPBES)的价值评估，1生物文化权利的概念和承认赋予自然权利，都强调了环境的内在价值，并赞同对人类和非人类实体之间相互联系的理解。这些发展在法律框架中也日益明显;例如，一些国内法律制度现在接受自然权利并给予自然实体法律地位。我们对环境理解的这种扩展挑战了传统的以人类为中心的国际法焦点，后者主要优先考虑人权和利益，认为人类对自然具有支配地位，并有利用其资源的自由。同时，国际环境法日益认识到生态系统和物种之间的相互依存关系。这种认识推动了以生态系统和当地社区为中心的环境管理和保护方法的推广。本文通过研究两个例子:保护保护区和冲突后环境的恢复，来探讨如何调和这些提高的环境价值和武装冲突中的法律规范。通过分析这一领域的价值变化和法律发展，本文提供了在未来战争中支持保护自然内在价值的法律和实用工具。

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