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IRC volume 105 issue 924 Cover and Front matter IRC 第 105 卷第 924 期封面和封底

IF 0.7 4区社会学 Q3 Social Sciences

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-12-01 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000498

引用次数: 0

Chair's Summary Report of State Expert Meeting on International Humanitarian Law: Protecting the Environment in Armed Conflicts 国际人道法:武装冲突中的环境保护国家专家会议主席的总结报告

4区社会学 Q3 Social Sciences

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000486

The “State Expert Meeting on International Humanitarian Law: Protecting the Environment in Armed Conflicts”, organized by Switzerland and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) for States party to the Geneva Conventions, was held in early 2023. The meeting brought together nearly 400 experts from ministries of defence, the environment and foreign affairs from over 120 countries to share national experiences, challenges and good practices related to the protection of the environment in armed conflicts. In addition, expert resource persons from the UN Environment Program, the UN International Law Commission and the International Union for Conservation of Nature supported the exchanges. The meeting's purpose was to progress on the national implementation of international humanitarian law relating to the protection of the natural environment in armed conflicts. The Chair's Summary prepared by Switzerland and the ICRC reviews the contents of the meeting, including the good practices shared, and can be drawn upon to enhance environmental protection in war. It can be found in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish at: www.icrc.org/en/document/chairs-summary-report-state-expert-meeting-ihl-protecting-natural-environment-armed .

由瑞士和红十字国际委员会为《日内瓦公约》缔约国组织的“国际人道法国家专家会议:武装冲突中保护环境”于2023年初举行。会议汇集了来自120多个国家的国防部、环境部和外交部的近400名专家，分享了与武装冲突中保护环境有关的国家经验、挑战和良好做法。此外，来自联合国环境规划署、联合国国际法委员会和国际自然保护联盟的专家资源人员也为交流提供了支持。会议的目的是在各国执行有关在武装冲突中保护自然环境的国际人道主义法方面取得进展。瑞士和红十字国际委员会编写的主席摘要审查了会议的内容，包括分享的良好做法，可以用来加强战争中的环境保护。阿拉伯文、中文、英文、法文、俄文和西班牙文版本可在www.icrc.org/en/document/chairs-summary-report-state-expert-meeting-ihl-protecting-natural-environment-armed找到。

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引用次数: 0

Protected zones in context: Exploring the complexity of armed conflicts and their impacts on the protection of biodiversity 背景下的保护区:探讨武装冲突的复杂性及其对生物多样性保护的影响

IF 0.7 4区社会学 Q3 Social Sciences

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000450

Elaine (Lan Yin) Hsiao, Adrian Garside, Doug Weir, Andrew J. Plumptre

Protected areas safeguard biodiversity of global ecological importance, even throughout armed conflicts. The International Law Commission's Principles on Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts propose that certain ecologically important areas could be designated as protected zones during armed conflicts. This article uses a geospatial analysis of armed conflicts and Key Biodiversity Areas and three case studies to inform recommendations on how the protection of ecologically important areas could be enhanced through visibility, local actors and international stakeholders as part of a broader interpretation of a protected zone.

保护区保护具有全球生态重要性的生物多样性，即使在武装冲突期间也是如此。国际法委员会的《与武装冲突有关的环境保护原则》建议，在武装冲突期间可以将某些具有重要生态意义的地区指定为保护区。本文通过对武装冲突和关键生物多样性地区的地理空间分析以及三个案例研究，就如何通过能见度、当地行为体和国际利益攸关方加强对生态重要地区的保护提出建议，作为对保护区更广泛解释的一部分。

引用次数: 2

Above the law: Drones, aerial vision and the law of armed conflict – a socio-technical approach 法律之上:无人机、空中视野和武装冲突法——一种社会技术方法

IF 0.7 4区社会学 Q3 Social Sciences

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-11-15 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000413

Shiri Krebs

Aerial visuals play a central – and increasing – role in military operations, informing military decision-makers in real time. While adding relevant and time-sensitive information, these visuals construct an imperfect representation of people and spaces, placing additional burdens on decision-makers and creating a persuasive – yet misleading – virtual representation of the actual conditions on the ground. Based on interdisciplinary analysis of critical security studies, behavioural economics and international law literature, as well as rich data from US and Israeli military investigations into four military operations spanning from 2009 to 2021, this article identifies three types of challenges stemming from the mounting reliance on aerial visuals to inform military operations: technical challenges, relating to the technical capabilities and features of aerial vision technologies; cognitive challenges, relating to decision-making biases affecting human decision-makers; and human-technological challenges, relating to the human–machine interaction itself. The article suggests ways to mitigate these challenges, improve the application of the law of armed conflict, and protect people, animals and the environment during armed conflicts.

空中图像在军事行动中发挥着核心作用，并日益发挥作用，为军事决策者提供实时信息。虽然增加了相关和时间敏感的信息，但这些视觉效果构建了对人和空间的不完美表现，给决策者带来了额外的负担，并对实地的实际情况产生了有说服力但又具有误导性的虚拟表现。基于对关键安全研究、行为经济学和国际法文献的跨学科分析，以及美国和以色列对2009年至2021年四次军事行动的丰富数据调查，本文确定了三种类型的挑战，这些挑战源于对空中视觉的日益依赖，以为军事行动提供信息:技术挑战，与空中视觉技术的技术能力和特征有关;认知挑战，与影响人类决策者的决策偏见有关;以及与人机交互本身有关的人类技术挑战。本文提出了减轻这些挑战、改进武装冲突法的适用以及在武装冲突期间保护人民、动物和环境的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Detention by Non-State Armed Groups under International Law By Ezequiel Heffes * 根据国际法被非国家武装团体拘留*

4区社会学 Q3 Social Sciences

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-11-14 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000474

In this iteration of the Review 's “Beyond the Literature” series, we have invited Ezequiel Heffes to introduce his recent book Detention by Non-State Armed Groups under International Law , before then posing a series of questions to Tilman Rodenhäuser, René Provost, Mariana Chacón Lozano and Katharine Fortin, who have agreed to serve as discussants of the book. Tilman Rodenhäuser is a Legal Adviser at the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), with particular expertise in non-State armed groups (NSAGs) and detention. René Provost is the James McGill Professor of Law at McGill University and has written extensively on public international law, including his recent monograph Rebel Courts: The Administration of Justice by Armed Insurgents. 1 Mariana Chacón Lozano has served as the Operational Legal Coordinator for the ICRC in Colombia since October 2020 and has worked for the ICRC since 2011. Katharine Fortin is Associate Professor at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights within the Faculty of Law, Economics and Governance of Utrecht University. The Review team is grateful to all four discussants, and to Ezequiel, for taking part in this engaging conversation.

在本期《评论》“超越文学”系列中，我们邀请了埃兹奎尔·海夫斯介绍他最近出版的《国际法下非国家武装团体的拘留》一书，然后向同意担任该书讨论嘉宾的蒂尔曼Rodenhäuser、ren Provost、Mariana Chacón Lozano和Katharine Fortin提出了一系列问题。蒂尔曼Rodenhäuser是红十字国际委员会的法律顾问，在非国家武装团体和拘留方面具有专长。ren Provost是麦吉尔大学詹姆斯·麦吉尔法学教授，在国际公法方面著述广泛，包括他最近的专著《叛乱法院:武装叛乱分子的司法管理》。1 Mariana Chacón Lozano自2020年10月起担任红十字国际委员会在哥伦比亚的业务法律协调员，并自2011年起为红十字国际委员会工作。Katharine Fortin是荷兰乌得勒支大学法律、经济和治理学院荷兰人权研究所的副教授。评审小组感谢所有四位讨论者和Ezequiel参与了这次引人入胜的对话。

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引用次数: 0

Re-evaluating international humanitarian law in a triple planetary crisis: New challenges, new tools 在三重危机中重新评估国际人道法:新挑战，新工具

4区社会学 Q3 Social Sciences

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-11-06 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000449

Britta Sjöstedt, Karen Hulme

Abstract In the face of the triple planetary crisis, which includes climate change, biodiversity loss and environmental degradation, there is growing recognition that the environment needs to be re-evaluated and better protected. Recent developments, such as a values assessment by the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES), 1 the concept of biocultural rights and the acknowledgment of granting rights to nature, emphasize the intrinsic value of the environment and endorse the understanding of the interconnectedness between humans and non-human entities. These developments are also increasingly evident in legal frameworks; for instance, several domestic legal systems now accept the rights of nature and grant legal standing to natural entities. This expansion in our understanding of the environment challenges the traditional anthropocentric focus of international law, which has primarily prioritized human rights and interests, perceiving humans as having dominance over nature and the liberty to harness its resources. Simultaneously, international environmental law is increasingly recognizing the interdependence of ecosystems and species. This acknowledgment drives the promotion of approaches to environmental management and conservation that centre around ecosystems and local communities. The present article looks at how to reconcile these heightened environmental values and the legal norms in armed conflict by examining two examples: the safeguarding of protected areas and the restoration of the environment post-conflict. By analyzing the changing values and legal developments in this area, the article offers legal and practical tools to support the protection of nature's intrinsic value in future warfare.

面对气候变化、生物多样性丧失和环境退化的三重危机，人们越来越认识到需要对环境进行重新评估和更好的保护。最近的发展，如生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台(IPBES)的价值评估，1生物文化权利的概念和承认赋予自然权利，都强调了环境的内在价值，并赞同对人类和非人类实体之间相互联系的理解。这些发展在法律框架中也日益明显;例如，一些国内法律制度现在接受自然权利并给予自然实体法律地位。我们对环境理解的这种扩展挑战了传统的以人类为中心的国际法焦点，后者主要优先考虑人权和利益，认为人类对自然具有支配地位，并有利用其资源的自由。同时，国际环境法日益认识到生态系统和物种之间的相互依存关系。这种认识推动了以生态系统和当地社区为中心的环境管理和保护方法的推广。本文通过研究两个例子:保护保护区和冲突后环境的恢复，来探讨如何调和这些提高的环境价值和武装冲突中的法律规范。通过分析这一领域的价值变化和法律发展，本文提供了在未来战争中支持保护自然内在价值的法律和实用工具。

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引用次数: 1

Protecting the environment in armed conflict: Evaluating the US perspective 武装冲突中的环境保护:评估美国的视角

4区社会学 Q3 Social Sciences

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000516

W. Casey Biggerstaff, Michael N. Schmitt

Abstract This article outlines and evaluates the US perspective on how treaty and customary international law protect the natural environment during international armed conflict. It surveys the relevant treaties to which the United States is a party and examines US views on their pertinent provisions. It then assesses claims that the environmental obligations residing in the 1977 Additional Protocol I to the 1949 Geneva Conventions have attained customary status, outlines the United States’ rejection of those claims, and evaluates the reasonableness thereof. Finally, it highlights ambiguities in certain US environmental positions, the resolution of which would bring much-needed clarity to the law.

摘要本文概述并评价了美国在国际武装冲突中条约和习惯国际法如何保护自然环境方面的观点。它调查了美国作为缔约国的有关条约，并审查了美国对其有关条款的看法。然后，它评估了关于1949年《日内瓦公约》1977年《第一附加议定书》中规定的环境义务已达到习惯地位的主张，概述了美国对这些主张的拒绝，并评估了其合理性。最后，它凸显了美国某些环境立场的模糊性，解决这些问题将为法律带来亟需的明确性。

引用次数: 0

Protection of the Environment During Armed Conflict 武装冲突期间的环境保护

4区社会学 Q3 Social Sciences

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-10-31 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000462

Bruno Demeyere

An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

此内容没有摘要。当您可以访问此内容时，该页上会提供完整的HTML内容。此内容的PDF也可以通过“保存PDF”操作按钮获得。

引用次数: 1

Increasing the safeguarding of protected areas threatened by warfare through international environmental law 通过国际环境法加强对受战争威胁的保护区的保护

4区社会学 Q3 Social Sciences

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-10-23 DOI: 10.1017/s181638312300036x

Jérôme de Hemptinne

Abstract Vulnerable ecological areas are often seriously impacted by armed conflicts. In theory, these areas could benefit from the safeguards offered by the international humanitarian law (IHL) regimes of “demilitarized zones” and “undefended localities”, but in practice, these regimes – which are designed to protect human beings from the violence of hostilities, and whose application entirely depends on the goodwill of belligerents – are rarely triggered to protect the environment as such. However, international environmental law (IEL) contains a rich and diversified normative framework which organizes the establishment and management of areas of major ecological importance. While this framework has not primarily been conceived to apply to war-related situations, it could nonetheless play a substantive role in strengthening the IHL normative regimes in two respects. Firstly, it could provide interpretative guidance for these regimes so that they can be oriented towards more “ecocentric” purposes and can be read in accordance with the most advanced IEL standards and mechanisms governing biodiversity hotspots (the “environmentalization” of IHL). Secondly, IEL norms and practices could directly apply during warfare and thus complement IHL in many respects. That said, the co-application of IEL and IHL raises difficult issues of compatibility between these regimes, requiring inter alia that the IEL framework governing protected areas be adapted to the needs and specificities of armed conflicts (the “humanitarization” of IEL).

脆弱生态区域往往受到武装冲突的严重影响。理论上，这些地区可以从“非军事区”和“不受防御地区”的国际人道主义法制度所提供的保障中受益，但实际上，这些旨在保护人类免受敌对暴力的制度，其适用完全取决于交战各方的善意，很少被触发来保护环境本身。然而，国际环境法包含丰富多样的规范框架，组织建立和管理具有重要生态重要性的地区。虽然这一框架的主要设想并非适用于与战争有关的局势，但它可以在两个方面为加强国际人道法规范制度发挥实质性作用。首先，它可以为这些制度提供解释性指导，使它们能够面向更“生态中心”的目的，并可以根据最先进的国际人道主义法标准和管理生物多样性热点的机制(国际人道主义法的“环境化”)来解读。其次，国际法律准则和做法可直接适用于战争，从而在许多方面补充国际人道法。也就是说，法律与国际人道法的共同适用引发了这些制度之间兼容性的难题，除其他外，要求管理保护区的法律框架适应武装冲突的需求和特殊性(法律的“人道主义化”)。

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The protection of the natural environment under international humanitarian law: The ICRC's 2020 Guidelines 国际人道法下的自然环境保护:红十字国际委员会2020年指南

4区社会学 Q3 Social Sciences

International Review of the Red Cross

Pub Date : 2023-10-17 DOI: 10.1017/s1816383123000401

Helen Obregón Gieseken, Vanessa Murphy

Abstract In 2020, the International Committee of the Red Cross's work on the protection of the natural environment under international humanitarian law (IHL) produced the Committee's Guidelines on the Protection of the Natural Environment in Armed Conflict (ICRC Guidelines), an update of their 1994 predecessor. The ICRC Guidelines consist of thirty-two rules and recommendations under IHL, each accompanied by a commentary explaining their legal basis and providing guidance for interpretation. This article presents an overview of the context surrounding the Guidelines, certain key legal content, and practical implications for the conduct of parties to armed conflict as they fight.

2020年，红十字国际委员会根据国际人道法保护自然环境的工作制定了《武装冲突中保护自然环境委员会指南》(《红十字国际委员会指南》)，是其1994年前身的更新版。《红十字国际委员会准则》由国际人道法下的32条规则和建议组成，每条规则和建议都附有解释其法律依据并提供解释指导的评论。本文概述了《准则》的背景、某些关键的法律内容以及对武装冲突各方战斗行为的实际影响。

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