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Sequential comparison of two intraductal biliary brush cytology devices for suspected malignant biliary strictures 两种用于疑似恶性胆道狭窄的导管内胆道刷细胞学装置的顺序比较
IF 2.6 Q3 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-13 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2023-102627
Manu Nayar, Kofi W Oppong, Pardeep Maheshwari, Sarah Johnson, Shiran Esmaily, Ruth Waller, John Leeds
Background The diagnostic performance of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography brush cytology for malignant strictures is modest. A novel larger more abrasive brush may have improved diagnostic performance. We compared the utility of the new biliary brush with a conventional brush. Methods The new brush was used in 51 consecutive patients (group 1) referred with a biliary stricture and matched to 102 patients who underwent sampling with a conventional brush (group 2). Demographic data, stricture characteristics, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive values and positive predictive values were analysed and compared with final diagnosis. Analysis was performed using strict criteria (definite for cancer) and relaxed criteria (suspicious for cancer). All patients had a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the age and sex distribution between the two groups. Malignancy was diagnosed in 74% in both groups. There was no significant difference in sensitivity between the groups using either strict criteria (sensitivity group 1 47.4% vs group 2 52%, p=0.69) or relaxed criteria (sensitivity group 1 71.1% vs group 2 71.2%, p=1.0). Conclusions Our data suggest that the novel brush design does not confer improved diagnostic performance in malignant biliary strictures when compared in a robust manner. This highlights the difficulties of intraductal brush sampling and the need to develop newer diagnostic techniques. Data are available upon reasonable request.
背景内镜逆行胰胆管造影刷细胞学对恶性狭窄的诊断效果一般。一种新型的更大更耐磨的刷子可能会提高诊断效果。我们比较了新型胆道刷和传统刷的效用。方法 在 51 名连续转诊的胆道狭窄患者(第 1 组)中使用新型刷子,并与 102 名使用传统刷子取样的患者(第 2 组)进行比对。对人口统计学数据、胆道狭窄特征、敏感性、特异性、阴性预测值和阳性预测值进行了分析,并与最终诊断结果进行了比较。分析采用严格标准(确定为癌症)和宽松标准(怀疑为癌症)。所有患者的随访时间至少为 12 个月。结果 两组患者的年龄和性别分布差异无统计学意义。两组患者中均有 74% 确诊为恶性肿瘤。采用严格标准(敏感性第一组 47.4% 对第二组 52%,P=0.69)或宽松标准(敏感性第一组 71.1% 对第二组 71.2%,P=1.0),两组的敏感性无明显差异。结论 我们的数据表明,在以稳健的方式进行比较时,新型刷子设计并不能提高恶性胆道狭窄的诊断性能。这凸显了导管内刷取样的困难以及开发新诊断技术的必要性。如有合理要求,可提供相关数据。
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引用次数: 0
Optimising triage of urgent referrals for suspected IBD: results from the Birmingham IBD inception study 优化疑似 IBD 紧急转诊的分流:伯明翰 IBD 启动研究的结果
IF 2.6 Q3 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2023-102523
Peter Rimmer, Jonathan Cheesbrough, Jane Harris, Melanie Love, Samantha Tull, Asif Iqbal, Daniel Regan-Komito, Rachel Cooney, Karl Hazel, Naveen Sharma, Thomas Dietrich, Iain Chapple, Mohammad Nabil Quraishi, Tariq H Iqbal
Objective Diagnostic delays in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) result in adverse outcomes. We report a bespoke diagnostic pathway to assess how best to combine clinical history and faecal calprotectin (FCP) for early diagnosis and efficient resource utilisation. Methods A rapid-access pathway was implemented for suspected IBD patients referred outside urgent ‘two-week wait’ criteria. Patients were triaged using symptoms and FCP. A 13-point symptom history was taken prediagnosis and clinical indices, including repeat FCP, collected prospectively. Results Of 767 patients (January 2021–August 2023), 423 were diagnosed with IBD (208 Crohn’s disease (CD), 215 ulcerative colitis (UC)). Most common symptoms in CD were abdominal pain (84%), looser stools (84%) and fatigue (79%) and in UC per-rectal bleeding (94%), urgency (82%) and looser stools (81%). Strongest IBD predictors were blood mixed with stools (CD OR 4.38; 95% CI 2.40–7.98, UC OR 33.68; 15.47–73.33) and weight loss (CD OR 3.39; 2.14–5.38, UC OR 2.33; 1.37–4.00). Repeat FCP testing showed reduction from baseline in non-IBD. Both measurements >100 µg/g (area under the curve (AUC) 0.800) and >200 µg/g (AUC 0.834) collectively predicted IBD. However, a second value ≥220 µg/g considered alone, regardless of the first result, was more accurate (Youden’s index 0.735, AUC 0.923). Modelling symptoms with FCP increased AUC to 0.947. Conclusion Serial FCP measurement prevents unnecessary colonoscopy. Two FCPs >200 µg/g could stream patients direct to colonoscopy, with two >100 µg/g prompting clinic review. A second result ≥220 µg/g was more accurate than dual-result thresholds. Coupling home FCP testing with key symptoms may form the basis of effective self-referral pathways. Data are available upon reasonable request.
目的 炎症性肠病(IBD)的诊断延误会导致不良后果。我们报告了一个定制诊断路径,以评估如何最好地结合临床病史和粪便钙蛋白(FCP)进行早期诊断和有效利用资源。方法 对在紧急 "两周等待 "标准之外转诊的疑似 IBD 患者实施快速通道。根据症状和 FCP 对患者进行分流。在诊断前采集 13 点症状病史和临床指标,包括重复 FCP。结果 在767名患者中(2021年1月至2023年8月),423人被确诊为IBD(208名克罗恩病(CD)患者,215名溃疡性结肠炎(UC)患者)。克罗恩病最常见的症状是腹痛(84%)、便稀(84%)和疲劳(79%),溃疡性结肠炎最常见的症状是直肠周围出血(94%)、便急(82%)和便稀(81%)。最强的 IBD 预测因子是大便混血(CD OR 4.38;95% CI 2.40-7.98,UC OR 33.68;15.47-73.33)和体重减轻(CD OR 3.39;2.14-5.38,UC OR 2.33;1.37-4.00)。重复 FCP 检测显示,非 IBD 患者的 FCP 值较基线值有所下降。测量值>100 µg/g(曲线下面积(AUC)0.800)和>200 µg/g(AUC 0.834)共同预测了 IBD。然而,不管第一个结果如何,单独考虑第二个≥220 µg/g的值更准确(尤登指数 0.735,AUC 0.923)。将症状与 FCP 建立模型可将 AUC 提高到 0.947。结论 连续测量 FCP 可避免不必要的结肠镜检查。两次 FCP >200 µg/g 可使患者直接接受结肠镜检查,两次 >100 µg/g 可促使患者接受门诊复查。第二次结果≥220 µg/g比双重结果阈值更准确。将家庭 FCP 检测与主要症状相结合,可为有效的自我转诊途径奠定基础。如有合理要求,可提供相关数据。
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引用次数: 0
Liver outcomes following proctocolectomy in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis 原发性硬化性胆管炎和溃疡性结肠炎患者直肠切除术后的肝脏预后
IF 2.6 Q3 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-06 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2023-102600
Thomas Ryan, Jonathan P Segal
Background The aims of this narrative review are to examine the impact of proctocolectomy on the liver in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis (PSC-UC), mainly focusing on graft loss, and to compare the different proctocolectomy techniques to help determine which is the best for PSC-UC patients. Methods A literature search was performed using the online databases MEDLINE and Embase. Studies found via the search were evaluated against both inclusion and exclusion criteria by two independent reviewers (TR and JS). Relevant studies were included in the review. Results Seven studies were deemed relevant through the literature search and review process and another one was included via other sources, therefore, eight studies were included in the final review. Conclusions Proctocolectomy does not appear to have a negative impact on the liver and ileostomy appears to have better outcomes in terms of graft loss compared with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. However, more high-quality studies on this topic are required as the existing literature is limited, and therefore, the findings should not be overinterpreted. Data is available upon request.
背景 这篇叙述性综述旨在研究直肠切除术对原发性硬化性胆管炎和溃疡性结肠炎(PSC-UC)患者肝脏的影响,主要关注移植损失,并比较不同的直肠切除术技术,以帮助确定哪种技术最适合 PSC-UC 患者。方法 使用在线数据库 MEDLINE 和 Embase 进行文献检索。两位独立审稿人(TR 和 JS)根据纳入和排除标准对检索到的研究进行了评估。相关研究被纳入综述。结果 通过文献检索和审查过程,有 7 项研究被认为是相关的,另有 1 项研究通过其他来源被纳入,因此,最终审查包括了 8 项研究。结论 直肠切除术似乎不会对肝脏产生负面影响,与回肠袋-肛门吻合术相比,回肠造口术在移植物损失方面的效果似乎更好。不过,由于现有文献有限,需要对这一主题进行更多高质量的研究,因此不应过度解读研究结果。数据可应要求提供。
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引用次数: 0
How can we improve the carbon footprint of IBD clinical care? 如何改善 IBD 临床护理的碳足迹?
IF 2.6 Q3 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-05 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2023-102564
Isabel Carbery, Gauraang Bhatnagar, Rachel Cooney, Christian Selinger
The carbon footprint of the National Health Service (NHS) is estimated to be responsible for 5.9% of the total UK carbon footprint. The NHS has committed to reach carbon net zero by 2040, and therefore, all healthcare professionals have a role to play in identifying ways to help achieve this goal within their individual clinical areas. While specific research focusing on the carbon footprint of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) care is limited, by combining principles of sustainable healthcare with work done in other healthcare areas, we can start to develop ideas to inspire our own sustainable IBD care. The aim of this review article is to examine each part of the IBD care pathway and consider where improvements in sustainability can be made or future research should be focused.
据估计,英国国家医疗服务系统(NHS)的碳足迹占英国碳足迹总量的 5.9%。英国国家医疗服务体系(NHS)承诺到 2040 年实现零碳排放,因此,所有医疗保健专业人员都有责任在各自的临床领域内找出帮助实现这一目标的方法。虽然针对炎症性肠病(IBD)护理碳足迹的具体研究有限,但通过将可持续医疗保健原则与其他医疗保健领域的工作相结合,我们可以开始提出一些想法,以启发我们自己的可持续 IBD 护理。这篇综述文章旨在研究 IBD 护理路径的各个环节,并考虑可在哪些方面改进可持续发展或未来研究的重点。
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引用次数: 0
UpFront 前方
IF 2.6 Q3 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2024-102659
R Mark Beattie
We (mostly) think of abnormal serum amylase as being elevated. In this issue, Jalal and colleagues report a systematic review of the conditions associated with low serum amylase. The authors found 19 studies reporting 15 097 patients. The main conditions associated with low serum amylase were diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, chronic pancreatitis (CP), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity. Low serum amylase showed a high specificity (94%) with low sensitivity (38.7%–59%) in diagnosing CP. The clinical implications are of interest. The authors suggest low amylase can be part of a metabolic process making it a useful metabolic marker in cases like obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. It can be used as an exocrine marker and trigger investigation for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. (See page 153) Chronic abdominal pain is common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and not always straightforward to manage. In this issue, Baille and colleagues present a practical guide. The authors start by reviewing pain pathways (see figure 1). It is important to …
我们(通常)认为血清淀粉酶异常就是升高。在本期杂志中,Jalal 及其同事对与血清淀粉酶偏低有关的情况进行了系统回顾。作者发现有 19 项研究报告了 15 097 名患者。与低血清淀粉酶相关的主要疾病有糖尿病、代谢综合征、慢性胰腺炎(CP)、非酒精性脂肪肝和肥胖症。在诊断慢性胰腺炎方面,低血清淀粉酶的特异性较高(94%),而敏感性较低(38.7%-59%)。其临床意义值得关注。作者认为,低淀粉酶可能是代谢过程的一部分,因此在肥胖、代谢综合征和糖尿病等病例中是一种有用的代谢标志物。淀粉酶可作为外分泌标志物,引发胰腺外分泌功能不全的检查。(见第 153 页)慢性腹痛是炎症性肠病(IBD)的常见症状,但并不总是可以直接控制。在本期中,Baille 及其同事提供了一份实用指南。作者首先回顾了疼痛的途径(见图 1)。重要的是...
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引用次数: 0
Unmet research needs in sustainable luminal gastroenterology practice 可持续腔镜胃肠病学实践中尚未满足的研究需求
IF 2.6 Q3 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-01 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2023-102482
Anjan Dhar, Hasan Haboubi, Christian Selinger, Ramesh Arasaradnam
While it is now well recognised that gastroenterology, hepatology and endoscopy are major contributors to climate change on account of the amount of greenhouse gases (GHGs) that are generated in these specialties, systematic research that measures the exact amount of GHGs generated by different aspects of clinical care in the specialty is lacking. Similarly, while there are a number of publications highlighting the potential strategies for the reduction of GHGs, interventional studies assessing the impact of change are only beginning to be carried out. As such, there are a number of unmet research needs in this field and this mini review is aimed at discussing some of these.
目前,人们普遍认为胃肠病学、肝病学和内窥镜检查是造成气候变化的主要因素,因为这些专科产生了大量温室气体(GHGs),但目前还缺乏系统的研究来测量该专科临床护理的不同方面所产生的温室气体的确切数量。同样,虽然有许多出版物强调了减少温室气体的潜在策略,但评估变革影响的干预性研究才刚刚开始。因此,该领域还有许多研究需求尚未得到满足,本小型综述旨在讨论其中的一些需求。
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引用次数: 0
Chest pain in a patient with suicidal history 有自杀史的患者出现胸痛
IF 2.6 Q3 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2023-102617
Chien-Ming Chiang, Hsueh-Chien Chiang, Jui-Wen Kang
A 69-year-old man with diabetes mellitus (DM) visited the emergency department with chest pain for 4 days. He had suicidal history 6 months ago, using a knife to cut into his throat about 3 cm depth. An elevated body temperature (37.4°C) was detected. Electrocardiography showed sinus rhythm without ST or T wave changes, and chest computed tomography angiography (CTA) demonstrated no aortic dissection or pulmonary embolism. His blood test revealed mildly elevated C-reaction protein (CRP), without elevation …
一名 69 岁的男性糖尿病患者因胸痛 4 天来急诊就诊。他在 6 个月前有自杀史,曾用刀割喉约 3 厘米深。检查发现体温升高(37.4°C)。心电图显示为窦性心律,无ST波或T波改变,胸部计算机断层扫描(CTA)显示无主动脉夹层或肺栓塞。他的血液检查显示C反应蛋白(CRP)轻度升高,但没有升高...
{"title":"Chest pain in a patient with suicidal history","authors":"Chien-Ming Chiang, Hsueh-Chien Chiang, Jui-Wen Kang","doi":"10.1136/flgastro-2023-102617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/flgastro-2023-102617","url":null,"abstract":"A 69-year-old man with diabetes mellitus (DM) visited the emergency department with chest pain for 4 days. He had suicidal history 6 months ago, using a knife to cut into his throat about 3 cm depth. An elevated body temperature (37.4°C) was detected. Electrocardiography showed sinus rhythm without ST or T wave changes, and chest computed tomography angiography (CTA) demonstrated no aortic dissection or pulmonary embolism. His blood test revealed mildly elevated C-reaction protein (CRP), without elevation …","PeriodicalId":46937,"journal":{"name":"Frontline Gastroenterology","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2024-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139979427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
FIT for the future 面向未来的 FIT
IF 2.6 Q3 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2023-102586
Robert Logan, Charles Andrews
Based on evidence from patients with both high-risk and low-risk symptoms of colorectal cancer (CRC), National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) NG56 (quantitative faecal immunochemical testing (FIT) to guide CRC referral in primary care) places FIT at the heart of CRC diagnosis in primary care.1 When fully implemented, it should improve the diagnosis of CRC by identifying those at increased risk and reduce the demand for unnecessary (low value) endoscopy in those at low risk. However, greater use of FIT as a triage tool in primary care will lead to two challenges: first, how to manage any increased demand arising from widespread use of FIT in patients outside of NG56 recommendations, and second, how to manage patients with symptoms but who are ‘FIT negative’ (and not anaemic) and who represent the vast majority of patients referred for suspected cancer. In their publication, Bashir et al provide reassuring real-world evidence from the north-east of England which validates the use of FIT and propose cancer detection rate (CDR) as a new …
国家临床优化研究所 (NICE) 的 NG56(定量粪便免疫化学检验 (FIT),用于指导初级医疗机构的 CRC 转诊)基于高风险和低风险结直肠癌 (CRC) 症状患者的证据,将 FIT 作为初级医疗机构 CRC 诊断的核心1 。然而,在初级医疗中更多地使用 FIT 作为分诊工具将带来两个挑战:第一,如何管理因在 NG56 建议范围之外的患者中广泛使用 FIT 而增加的需求;第二,如何管理有症状但 FIT 为 "阴性"(且不贫血)的患者,这些患者占疑似癌症转诊患者的绝大多数。在他们的出版物中,Bashir 等人提供了来自英格兰东北部的令人欣慰的实际证据,证实了 FIT 的使用,并提出将癌症检出率 (CDR) 作为一种新的 ...
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引用次数: 0
Evaluation of the safety, efficacy and feasibility of ‘at-home’ capsule endoscopy 评估 "在家 "胶囊内窥镜检查的安全性、有效性和可行性
IF 2.6 Q3 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2023-102565
Ioanna Parisi, Angelica Vania Hosea, Sandro Stoffel, Martin Nemec, Sohail Badat, Edward Seward, Aradhna Kaushal, Robert Kerrison, Christian Von Wagner
Objective The role of small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) in diagnosing gastrointestinal diseases has long been established. Recently, colon CE (CCE) has been suggested as an alternative to colonoscopy. CE has been traditionally conducted at endoscopy units. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a switch was made to ‘at-home CE’ (ACE) which has continued to date. This study is an evaluation of ACE, focusing on safety, efficacy, feasibility and patient perceptions. Methods The study evaluated the performance of ACE in 105 consecutive patients, considering procedure outcomes, completion rates, complications and patient satisfaction. Self-report questionnaires were used to assess perceptions and preferences of 84 ACE patients and 43 in-hospital CE patients. ACE procedure involved preassessment calls, bowel preparation, equipment setup, virtual verbal consent, capsule ingestion, booster alerts and equipment collection. Descriptive statistics and tests of independence were used for data analysis. Results All 105 ACE patients were able to have CE at home, with completion rates for SBCE, CCE and panenteric (Crohn’s) CE at 98.3%, 75.9% and 55.6%, respectively. Patients reported low levels of pain (94.1%), embarrassment (98.8%) and anxiety (82.1%). ACE saved time and money, as 42.9% of patients were able to avoid work absence and 52.4% avoided transportation costs. ACE patients reported high satisfaction with the overall procedure (mean=8.5, SD=1.9), and 83.3% would prefer CE again at home. Conclusion This study demonstrates that at-home CEs are clinically effective and well received by patients, providing the opportunity to conduct the test in the comfort of patients’ homes. No data are available. Request for additional information about the data should be made to corresponding author.
目的 小肠胶囊内镜(SBCE)在诊断胃肠道疾病方面的作用早已确立。最近,有人建议将结肠镜检查(CCE)作为结肠镜检查的替代方法。结肠镜检查传统上在内镜室进行。然而,在 COVID-19 大流行期间,人们开始改用 "居家大肠癌检查"(ACE),并一直沿用至今。本研究对 ACE 进行了评估,重点关注其安全性、有效性、可行性和患者感受。方法 该研究评估了连续 105 名患者的 ACE 表现,考虑了手术结果、完成率、并发症和患者满意度。使用自我报告问卷评估了 84 名 ACE 患者和 43 名院内 CE 患者的感知和偏好。ACE 程序包括预评估呼叫、肠道准备、设备设置、虚拟口头同意、胶囊摄入、增强警报和设备收集。数据分析采用了描述性统计和独立性检验。结果 所有 105 名 ACE 患者都能在家中进行肠道造影,SBCE、CCE 和泛肠道(克罗恩病)造影的完成率分别为 98.3%、75.9% 和 55.6%。患者报告的疼痛程度(94.1%)、尴尬程度(98.8%)和焦虑程度(82.1%)均较低。ACE 节省了时间和金钱,42.9% 的患者避免了缺勤,52.4% 的患者避免了交通费用。ACE患者对整个治疗过程的满意度很高(平均值=8.5,标准差=1.9),83.3%的患者愿意在家中再次进行CE治疗。结论 本研究表明,在家进行心电图检查在临床上是有效的,并且深受患者欢迎,因为患者有机会在舒适的家中进行检查。暂无数据。如需有关数据的更多信息,请联系通讯作者。
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引用次数: 0
Should environmental sustainability be a priority for the gastroenterology community? 环境的可持续发展是否应成为肠胃病学界的优先事项?
IF 2.6 Q3 GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-23 DOI: 10.1136/flgastro-2023-102567
Desmond Leddin
Sustainable practice means living within our means and not compromising the health of the planet for future generations. We are not meeting this goal at present as evidenced by the breaking of several indicators of planetary health and ever-increasing global mean temperatures. The arguments in favour of environmental sustainability include our ethical obligations as healthcare providers not to harm patients. We know that the emissions from healthcare are damaging health, so it follows that we have an obligation to minimise them. There is also the issue of intergenerational justice, that is not living beyond our means and leaving the problems for the next generation to deal with. We have professional obligations of leadership and advocacy on this issue, and it makes good economic and management sense to reduce environmental damage. Finally, there is the question of self-interest. If we do not change the trajectory of global warming, we face an existential threat in the not-too-distant future. We currently lack data on how to most effectively reduce the environmental impact of digestive health practice and we even lack a clear vision of what sustainable care might look like. However, that is being remedied and in the meantime it should not stop us beginning to take action, which is urgently needed as the climate crisis continues to gather momentum.
可持续实践意味着量入为出,不损害地球健康,造福子孙后代。目前,我们并没有实现这一目标,地球健康的多项指标被打破以及全球平均气温不断上升就是证明。支持环境可持续发展的论据包括我们作为医疗服务提供者不伤害病人的道德义务。我们知道,医疗保健产生的废气会损害健康,因此我们有义务尽量减少废气排放。此外,还有代际公正的问题,即不要超出我们的能力范围生活,把问题留给下一代处理。在这个问题上,我们有领导和宣传的专业义务,减少对环境的破坏也是一种经济和管理上的明智之举。最后是自身利益问题。如果我们不改变全球变暖的轨迹,在不远的将来,我们将面临生存的威胁。目前,我们缺乏有关如何最有效地减少消化系统保健实践对环境影响的数据,我们甚至对可持续保健的模样缺乏清晰的认识。不过,这些问题正在得到解决,同时,这也不应阻止我们开始采取行动,因为气候危机的势头仍在继续,我们迫切需要采取行动。
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引用次数: 0
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