{"title":"Principles and Heuristics","authors":"B. Clark","doi":"10.4324/9781003197263-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003197263-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46975,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88469668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What Words Can Do","authors":"B. Clark","doi":"10.4324/9781003197263-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003197263-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46975,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72400354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adjusting The Maxims","authors":"B. Clark","doi":"10.4324/9781003197263-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003197263-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":46975,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80305652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper studies the discourse-embedding of specificational clauses, in contrast with predicative ones. Specificational clauses – which express a variable – value relation – are assumed to have a ‘fixed’ information structure. This follows from the widespread definition of information structure in terms of a presupposition – focus contrast, which is often conflated with the variable – value contrast, on the one hand, and with a given – new contrast, on the other. Against these conflations, this study demonstrates that the specification is a separate layer of meaning, which not only shows variation in terms of focus-marking (Van Praet and O’Grady 2018), but also in terms of its embedding in specific contexts of use. These findings urge us to revisit not only the basis for distinguishing specificational clauses from predicative ones, but also to separate out the different layers of coded and pragmatic meaning that have been conflated under the header of ‘information structure’.
本文研究了具体从句与谓语从句的语篇嵌入。说明子句——表达变量值关系——被认为具有“固定”的信息结构。这是根据预设焦点对比对信息结构的广泛定义而来的，这通常与一方面的可变值对比和另一方面的给定新对比相混淆。针对这些合并，本研究表明，规范是一个单独的意义层，它不仅在焦点标记方面表现出变化(Van Praet and O’grady 2018)，而且在特定使用上下文的嵌入方面也表现出变化。这些发现不仅促使我们重新审视区分具体从句和谓语从句的基础，而且还促使我们区分被合并在“信息结构”标题下的编码和语用意义的不同层次。
{"title":"Re-evaluating the importance of discourse-embedding for specificational and predicative clauses","authors":"Wout Van Praet","doi":"10.1075/PRAG.20053.VAN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PRAG.20053.VAN","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper studies the discourse-embedding of specificational clauses, in contrast with predicative ones. Specificational\u0000 clauses – which express a variable – value relation – are assumed to have a ‘fixed’ information structure. This follows from the widespread\u0000 definition of information structure in terms of a presupposition – focus contrast, which is often conflated with the variable – value\u0000 contrast, on the one hand, and with a given – new contrast, on the other. Against these conflations, this study demonstrates that the\u0000 specification is a separate layer of meaning, which not only shows variation in terms of focus-marking (Van Praet and O’Grady 2018), but also in terms of its embedding in specific contexts of use. These findings urge us to revisit not\u0000 only the basis for distinguishing specificational clauses from predicative ones, but also to separate out the different layers of coded and\u0000 pragmatic meaning that have been conflated under the header of ‘information structure’.","PeriodicalId":46975,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76256408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article provides an overview of the question-response system in Mandarin Chinese from a conversation analytic perspective. Based on 403 question-response sequences from natural conversations, this study discusses the grammatical coding of Mandarin questions, social actions accomplished by questions, and formats of responses. It documents three grammatical types of questions, that is, polar questions (including sub-types), Q-word questions, and alternative questions. These questions are shown to perform a range of social actions, confirmation request being the most frequent. Also, this article reveals that the preferred format for confirming polar answers is interjection, while that for disconfirming polar answers is repetition. It provides a starting point for future studies on Mandarin questions and responses as well as a reference point for further crosslinguistic comparison.
{"title":"The question-response system in Mandarin conversation","authors":"Wei Wang","doi":"10.1075/PRAG.20019.WAN","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PRAG.20019.WAN","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article provides an overview of the question-response system in Mandarin Chinese from a conversation analytic\u0000 perspective. Based on 403 question-response sequences from natural conversations, this study discusses the grammatical coding of\u0000 Mandarin questions, social actions accomplished by questions, and formats of responses. It documents three grammatical types of\u0000 questions, that is, polar questions (including sub-types), Q-word questions, and alternative questions. These questions are shown\u0000 to perform a range of social actions, confirmation request being the most frequent. Also, this article reveals that the preferred\u0000 format for confirming polar answers is interjection, while that for disconfirming polar answers is repetition. It provides a\u0000 starting point for future studies on Mandarin questions and responses as well as a reference point for further crosslinguistic\u0000 comparison.","PeriodicalId":46975,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73866374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses socialization processes in the interaction between two Belgian, Dutch-speaking sisters, aged 10 and 8, more specifically with regard to power dynamics and establishing the roles of socialization target and agent. Socialization is collaborative, but usually entails some division of roles, which is intricately linked to power dynamics. Consequently, socialization efforts, and the socialization roles of target and agent, can be discarded or contested as part of these power dynamics. The analysis shows that socialization efforts between the sisters are often accepted, but also regularly contested and resisted. Moreover, the data indicates that roles and goals of some socialization efforts are so unclear that the boundaries between socialization efforts and interactional actions that aim to gain control become blurred. In conclusion, socialization must not only be considered in terms of its learning potential, but also as a power struggle with intricate and complex negotiation dynamics.
{"title":"Power and socialization in sibling interaction","authors":"J. Declercq","doi":"10.1075/PRAG.20012.DEC","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PRAG.20012.DEC","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000This paper analyses socialization processes in the interaction between two Belgian, Dutch-speaking sisters, aged 10 and 8, more specifically with regard to power dynamics and establishing the roles of socialization target and agent. Socialization is collaborative, but usually entails some division of roles, which is intricately linked to power dynamics. Consequently, socialization efforts, and the socialization roles of target and agent, can be discarded or contested as part of these power dynamics. The analysis shows that socialization efforts between the sisters are often accepted, but also regularly contested and resisted. Moreover, the data indicates that roles and goals of some socialization efforts are so unclear that the boundaries between socialization efforts and interactional actions that aim to gain control become blurred. In conclusion, socialization must not only be considered in terms of its learning potential, but also as a power struggle with intricate and complex negotiation dynamics.","PeriodicalId":46975,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87814944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
While teasing can cause offence, participants on television variety or game shows are generally expected to tolerate it. In this paper, we examine comments posted on YouTube in response to reports of a leaked recording of a television host in Taiwan swearing at and insulting a guest who teased the host about his “inability to take a defeat”. In so doing, we examine both the perceived limits of teasing (i.e. what is considered allowable and what goes too far), and the perceived limits of taking offence in response to teasing (i.e. what ways of indicating offence are considered allowable and what goes too far). We conclude that instances where there are disputes about whether taking offence is warranted by the teasing in question provides us with a useful lens to examine the role ideological discourses play in (re-)constituting the underlying moral fabric of social interaction.
{"title":"Taking it too far","authors":"W. Chang, Michael Haugh, Hsi-Yao Su","doi":"10.1075/PRAG.20003.CHA","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PRAG.20003.CHA","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000While teasing can cause offence, participants on television variety or game shows are generally expected to tolerate it. In this paper, we examine comments posted on YouTube in response to reports of a leaked recording of a television host in Taiwan swearing at and insulting a guest who teased the host about his “inability to take a defeat”. In so doing, we examine both the perceived limits of teasing (i.e. what is considered allowable and what goes too far), and the perceived limits of taking offence in response to teasing (i.e. what ways of indicating offence are considered allowable and what goes too far). We conclude that instances where there are disputes about whether taking offence is warranted by the teasing in question provides us with a useful lens to examine the role ideological discourses play in (re-)constituting the underlying moral fabric of social interaction.","PeriodicalId":46975,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76057923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
It is generally put forth that Spanish has the subjunctive as the required mood in the complements of emotive-factives (alegrarse de que ‘to be happy that’), desire verbs (querer ‘to want’), verbs of uncertainty (dudar ‘to doubt’), modals (ser posible que ‘to be possible that’), causatives (hacer que ‘to make that’), and directives (recomendar que ‘to recommend that’) (e.g., Real Academia Española 2011). However, in spite of these traditional rules, it has been observed that some of these environments allow for the indicative (Blake 1981; Crespo del Río 2014; Deshors and Waltermire 2019; Gallego and Alonso-Marks 2014; García and Terrell 1977; Gregory and Lunn 2012; Kowal 2007; Lipski 1978; Silva-Corvalán 1994; Waltermire 2019). The current study explored one such environment; emotive-factive clauses. Results showed that the presuppositions that speakers hold regarding the knowledge that their addressees possess influence the mood that they select. This, thus, demonstrates the important role that pragmatics plays in the occurrence of mood variation.
一般认为，在西班牙语中，情态动词(alegrasse de que ' to be happy that ')、愿望动词(querer ' to want ')、不确定动词(dudar ' to doubt ')、情态动词(ser possible que ' to be possible that ')、使词(hacer que ' to make that ')和指令(recomdear que ' to recommend that ')的补语中，虚拟语气是必需的语气(例如，Real Academia Española 2011)。然而，尽管有这些传统规则，有人观察到，其中一些环境允许指示性(Blake 1981;Crespo del Río 2014;Deshors and Waltermire 2019;Gallego and Alonso-Marks 2014;García and Terrell 1977;Gregory and Lunn 2012;Kowal 2007;Lipski 1978;Silva-Corvalan 1994;Waltermire 2019)。目前的研究探索了一个这样的环境;emotive-factive条款。结果表明，说话者对被说话人所掌握的知识的预设会影响他们所选择的情绪。因此，这表明语用学在情绪变化的发生中起着重要作用。
{"title":"Prescriptively or descriptively speaking?","authors":"Tris Faulkner","doi":"10.1075/PRAG.19044.FAU","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PRAG.19044.FAU","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 It is generally put forth that Spanish has the subjunctive as the required mood in the complements of\u0000 emotive-factives (alegrarse de que ‘to be happy that’), desire verbs (querer ‘to want’), verbs\u0000 of uncertainty (dudar ‘to doubt’), modals (ser posible que ‘to be possible that’), causatives\u0000 (hacer que ‘to make that’), and directives (recomendar que ‘to recommend that’) (e.g., Real Academia Española 2011). However, in spite of these traditional rules, it has been\u0000 observed that some of these environments allow for the indicative (Blake 1981; Crespo del Río 2014; Deshors and Waltermire 2019; Gallego and Alonso-Marks 2014; García and Terrell 1977; Gregory and Lunn\u0000 2012; Kowal 2007; Lipski 1978; Silva-Corvalán 1994; Waltermire 2019). The current study explored one such environment;\u0000 emotive-factive clauses. Results showed that the presuppositions that speakers hold regarding the knowledge that their addressees\u0000 possess influence the mood that they select. This, thus, demonstrates the important role that pragmatics plays in the occurrence\u0000 of mood variation.","PeriodicalId":46975,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81970790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The negotiation of patients’ therapy proposals often makes a strong statement about doctors’ consultative styles in Nigerian clinical encounters. This invites a search into the relationship between patients’ preferred treatment options and doctors’ and patients’ approaches to negotiating them. Analysis reveals the sequential and face orientation mechanisms deployed in negotiating patients’ proposals in predominantly doctor-centred clinics, the interactional moves made by them in negotiating the proposals in predominantly patient-centred clinics, and the pragmatic implications of the proposals negotiated in both clinics. The negotiations in the clinics are anchored to strategic rapport building, the colonisation of patients’ lifeworld and constrained joint decisions. Rapport is poorly built in the doctor-centred clinic with power-imbued strategies which stifle patients’ voice and lead to completely-constrained joint decisions on therapy proposals by patients. Participatory consultation enhances negotiation in the patient-centred clinic, but the physician’s misleading strategic sequences and exaggerated emotions somewhat weaken the ultimate consultative outcome.
{"title":"Negotiating patients’ therapy proposals in paternalistic and humanistic clinics","authors":"A. Odebunmi","doi":"10.1075/PRAG.18054.ODE","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PRAG.18054.ODE","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The negotiation of patients’ therapy proposals often makes a strong statement about doctors’ consultative styles\u0000 in Nigerian clinical encounters. This invites a search into the relationship between patients’ preferred treatment options and\u0000 doctors’ and patients’ approaches to negotiating them. Analysis reveals the sequential and face orientation mechanisms deployed in\u0000 negotiating patients’ proposals in predominantly doctor-centred clinics, the interactional moves made by them in negotiating the\u0000 proposals in predominantly patient-centred clinics, and the pragmatic implications of the proposals negotiated in both\u0000 clinics. The negotiations in the clinics are anchored to strategic rapport building, the colonisation of patients’ lifeworld and\u0000 constrained joint decisions. Rapport is poorly built in the doctor-centred clinic with power-imbued strategies which stifle\u0000 patients’ voice and lead to completely-constrained joint decisions on therapy proposals by patients. Participatory consultation\u0000 enhances negotiation in the patient-centred clinic, but the physician’s misleading strategic sequences and exaggerated emotions\u0000 somewhat weaken the ultimate consultative outcome.","PeriodicalId":46975,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90497893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper examines three borrowed pragmatic markers from Nigerian Pidgin into Nigerian English, abeg, sef and na, with a view to exploring their meanings, frequencies, spelling adaptability, syntactic positions, collocational patterns and discourse-pragmatic functions in Nigerian English. The data which were extracted from the International Corpus of English-Nigeria and the Nigerian component of the corpus of Global Web-based English were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively, using the theory of pragmatic borrowing. The results indicate that the three pragmatic markers differ distinctly in their frequency across text types, syntactic position, the range of pragmatic meanings, the number of spelling variants and their collocations: abeg is used as a mitigation marker which can also function as an emphasis marker, sef is an emphasis marker but has additive and dismissive functions, while na is used purely as an emphasis pragmatic marker. The study shows the influence of Nigerian Pidgin on Nigerian English.
{"title":"“Abeg na! we write so our comments can be posted!”","authors":"F. Unuabonah, Folajimi Oyebola, Ulrike Gut","doi":"10.1075/PRAG.19038.UNU","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1075/PRAG.19038.UNU","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper examines three borrowed pragmatic markers from Nigerian Pidgin into Nigerian English, abeg,\u0000 sef and na, with a view to exploring their meanings, frequencies, spelling adaptability, syntactic\u0000 positions, collocational patterns and discourse-pragmatic functions in Nigerian English. The data which were extracted from the\u0000 International Corpus of English-Nigeria and the Nigerian component of the corpus of Global Web-based English were analysed\u0000 quantitatively and qualitatively, using the theory of pragmatic borrowing. The results indicate that the three pragmatic markers\u0000 differ distinctly in their frequency across text types, syntactic position, the range of pragmatic meanings, the number of\u0000 spelling variants and their collocations: abeg is used as a mitigation marker which can also function as an\u0000 emphasis marker, sef is an emphasis marker but has additive and dismissive functions, while na\u0000 is used purely as an emphasis pragmatic marker. The study shows the influence of Nigerian Pidgin on Nigerian English.","PeriodicalId":46975,"journal":{"name":"Pragmatics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2021-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89481191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"文学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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