Pub Date : 2021-12-20DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2021.2015411
Mikko Piispa
ABSTRACT This article studies three key liquidities of a surfer-traveller lifestyle. The first liquidity is mobility, or the ‘fluid’ nature of the lifestyle, following Bauman’s analysis of liquid modernity. The second liquidity is water: waves and sea. The third liquidity refers to oil, the ‘lifeblood’ of mobility. The analysis is based on 20 thematic life story interviews with Finnish surfer-travellers who lead a highly mobile lifestyle, one that often involves flying to distant surf locations. The results reveal that the three liquidities intertwine and blend in complex ways. Surfing deepens surfer-travellers’ relationship with water, which enhances their understanding of ecological issues. Surfer-travellers largely desire to continue travelling, and their relationship with ecological issues is ambivalent, but they often also seek ways to compensate for their individual ecological footprint. Furthermore, many of them engage in various forms of environmental activism. The findings are connected with issues of sustainability in surfing and mobilities.
{"title":"Liquid lifestyles, mobile dreams. The threefold liquidity of a surfer-traveller lifestyle","authors":"Mikko Piispa","doi":"10.1080/11745398.2021.2015411","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2021.2015411","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This article studies three key liquidities of a surfer-traveller lifestyle. The first liquidity is mobility, or the ‘fluid’ nature of the lifestyle, following Bauman’s analysis of liquid modernity. The second liquidity is water: waves and sea. The third liquidity refers to oil, the ‘lifeblood’ of mobility. The analysis is based on 20 thematic life story interviews with Finnish surfer-travellers who lead a highly mobile lifestyle, one that often involves flying to distant surf locations. The results reveal that the three liquidities intertwine and blend in complex ways. Surfing deepens surfer-travellers’ relationship with water, which enhances their understanding of ecological issues. Surfer-travellers largely desire to continue travelling, and their relationship with ecological issues is ambivalent, but they often also seek ways to compensate for their individual ecological footprint. Furthermore, many of them engage in various forms of environmental activism. The findings are connected with issues of sustainability in surfing and mobilities.","PeriodicalId":47015,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Leisure Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47983952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-16DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2021.2015412
J. Lloret, Sílvia Gómez, M. Rocher, A. Carreño, Joan San, Eduard Inglés
ABSTRACT Non-motorized water sports requiring physical efforts such as swimming, scuba diving, kayaking, sailing and surfing are becoming increasingly popular in Mediterranean marine protected areas (MPAs). This research investigates the relationship between these types of water sports and practitioners’ psychological and mental health. It takes the MPAs of Cap de Creus and Gulf of Roses (north-western Mediterranean) as a case study and is underpinned by a literature review and in-depth interviews with specialized water sports instructors. Results provide evidence that doing non-motorized water sports in the sea has positive outcomes for practitioners’ physical and mental health. When done in well-preserved areas, these sports may be a viable tool for both wellness and health recovery, and could be introduced in the community as a preventative and rehabilitation health strategy. This should be accompanied by strategies to address the ecological impacts these sports may have on MPAs.
{"title":"The potential benefits of water sports for health and well-being in marine protected areas: a case study in the Mediterranean","authors":"J. Lloret, Sílvia Gómez, M. Rocher, A. Carreño, Joan San, Eduard Inglés","doi":"10.1080/11745398.2021.2015412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2021.2015412","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Non-motorized water sports requiring physical efforts such as swimming, scuba diving, kayaking, sailing and surfing are becoming increasingly popular in Mediterranean marine protected areas (MPAs). This research investigates the relationship between these types of water sports and practitioners’ psychological and mental health. It takes the MPAs of Cap de Creus and Gulf of Roses (north-western Mediterranean) as a case study and is underpinned by a literature review and in-depth interviews with specialized water sports instructors. Results provide evidence that doing non-motorized water sports in the sea has positive outcomes for practitioners’ physical and mental health. When done in well-preserved areas, these sports may be a viable tool for both wellness and health recovery, and could be introduced in the community as a preventative and rehabilitation health strategy. This should be accompanied by strategies to address the ecological impacts these sports may have on MPAs.","PeriodicalId":47015,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Leisure Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42059765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2021.2010223
T. Söderström
ABSTRACT Using questionnaire data collected from one gym in 1995, 2005, and 2015 this study examines 861 women’s and 1827 men’s training patterns and their motives for weight training. Between 1995 and 2015, the gym increased its membership, equipment, and machines. The analysis shows that the participants increased the time they trained in gyms and changed the muscle groups they prioritized. The motives to become stronger, healthier, and more fit remained stable over time, but both the men’s and women’s training de-emphasized building muscles and firmer shapes and emphasized fun, attractiveness, and endurance. The analysis suggests that how the socially constructed body should be shaped and the goal with the shaping has changed. In conclusion, the 20-year perspective captures changes that have not been reported previously and contributes to knowledge about the intersection of gyms and gender, shedding light on how gym culture has changed and the reasons for these changes.
{"title":"A 20-year analysis of motives and training patterns of Swedish gym-goers","authors":"T. Söderström","doi":"10.1080/11745398.2021.2010223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2021.2010223","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Using questionnaire data collected from one gym in 1995, 2005, and 2015 this study examines 861 women’s and 1827 men’s training patterns and their motives for weight training. Between 1995 and 2015, the gym increased its membership, equipment, and machines. The analysis shows that the participants increased the time they trained in gyms and changed the muscle groups they prioritized. The motives to become stronger, healthier, and more fit remained stable over time, but both the men’s and women’s training de-emphasized building muscles and firmer shapes and emphasized fun, attractiveness, and endurance. The analysis suggests that how the socially constructed body should be shaped and the goal with the shaping has changed. In conclusion, the 20-year perspective captures changes that have not been reported previously and contributes to knowledge about the intersection of gyms and gender, shedding light on how gym culture has changed and the reasons for these changes.","PeriodicalId":47015,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Leisure Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43115686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-30DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2021.2010225
V. Santos, Á. Dias, Paulo Ramos, Arlindo Madeira, B. Sousa
ABSTRACT This study aims to examine and estimate the relationships between wine involvement, cultural experience, winescape attributes, wine excitement and sensorial attraction in two different wine tourism destinations and the antecedent role of wine involvement as the starting point that enhances the other dimensions. Survey data was analysed using structural equation modelling. Results reveal a direct relationship of wine involvement, winescape attributes, and sensorial attraction in the cultural experience and wine excitement of wine tourists. Furthermore, the mediating role of winescape attributes and sensorial attraction was identified in the relationship between wine involvement cultural experiences. These results allow wine marketeers and decision-makers to map the different stages in a wine tourism experience and to combine the use of these five different wine tourism dimensions to deliver a superior cultural experience.
{"title":"Mapping the wine visit experience for tourist excitement and cultural experience","authors":"V. Santos, Á. Dias, Paulo Ramos, Arlindo Madeira, B. Sousa","doi":"10.1080/11745398.2021.2010225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2021.2010225","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study aims to examine and estimate the relationships between wine involvement, cultural experience, winescape attributes, wine excitement and sensorial attraction in two different wine tourism destinations and the antecedent role of wine involvement as the starting point that enhances the other dimensions. Survey data was analysed using structural equation modelling. Results reveal a direct relationship of wine involvement, winescape attributes, and sensorial attraction in the cultural experience and wine excitement of wine tourists. Furthermore, the mediating role of winescape attributes and sensorial attraction was identified in the relationship between wine involvement cultural experiences. These results allow wine marketeers and decision-makers to map the different stages in a wine tourism experience and to combine the use of these five different wine tourism dimensions to deliver a superior cultural experience.","PeriodicalId":47015,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Leisure Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44152522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2021.1993286
Andrew Lepp, Jeff Rose, Kensey Amerson, D. Dustin
ABSTRACT The Pacific Crest Trail (PCT) runs from Mexico to Canada across the western United States. Attempting to complete the entire trail (i.e. thru-hiking) is increasingly popular. We surveyed 560 PCT thru-hikers and found that 97% carried smartphones. This study examined backcountry smartphone use along the PCT. We assessed thru-hikers’ daily smartphone use, different smartphone use behaviours, and days on the trail. Factor analysis categorized the smartphone use behaviours into logical groups: communication, navigation, feeling safe, boredom alleviation, and photography. Regression analysis found that days on the trail, navigation, and boredom alleviation were significant, positive predictors of thru-hikers’ daily smartphone use. Additionally, females were significantly more likely than males to report using smartphones to feel safe. Smartphones are fully integrated into daily life, so outdoor recreation managers should understand how to employ the technology to enhance rather than hinder the quality of outdoor recreation experiences. Implications and future research are discussed.
{"title":"Thru-hikers’ smartphone use on the Pacific Crest Trail","authors":"Andrew Lepp, Jeff Rose, Kensey Amerson, D. Dustin","doi":"10.1080/11745398.2021.1993286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2021.1993286","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The Pacific Crest Trail (PCT) runs from Mexico to Canada across the western United States. Attempting to complete the entire trail (i.e. thru-hiking) is increasingly popular. We surveyed 560 PCT thru-hikers and found that 97% carried smartphones. This study examined backcountry smartphone use along the PCT. We assessed thru-hikers’ daily smartphone use, different smartphone use behaviours, and days on the trail. Factor analysis categorized the smartphone use behaviours into logical groups: communication, navigation, feeling safe, boredom alleviation, and photography. Regression analysis found that days on the trail, navigation, and boredom alleviation were significant, positive predictors of thru-hikers’ daily smartphone use. Additionally, females were significantly more likely than males to report using smartphones to feel safe. Smartphones are fully integrated into daily life, so outdoor recreation managers should understand how to employ the technology to enhance rather than hinder the quality of outdoor recreation experiences. Implications and future research are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47015,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Leisure Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41507197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-19DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2021.1993287
Erose Sthapit, Peter Björk, P. Senthil Kumaran
ABSTRACT This study examines the motivation for local food consumption amongst domestic tourists. It integrates the positive psychology concept of savouring by examining the positive emotions savoured by domestic tourists on the basis of broaden-and-build theory, including the savouring processes used when recalling their recent local food experiences. Data were collected only from Indian residents using a self-administered open-ended web-based questionnaire. Empirical findings revealed that out of the 178 respondents, more than half reported tasting local food as one of the main motivations for undertaking their particular trip. The two main motivations for tasting local food were to experience something new and experience the local culture. The most common positive emotion savoured by guests when remembering their local food experiences was joy, followed by love. Taste and socializing with friends and family members were identified as the dominant factors that intensified respondents’ savouring of their recent local food experiences.
{"title":"Domestic tourists and local food consumption: motivations, positive emotions and savouring processes","authors":"Erose Sthapit, Peter Björk, P. Senthil Kumaran","doi":"10.1080/11745398.2021.1993287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2021.1993287","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study examines the motivation for local food consumption amongst domestic tourists. It integrates the positive psychology concept of savouring by examining the positive emotions savoured by domestic tourists on the basis of broaden-and-build theory, including the savouring processes used when recalling their recent local food experiences. Data were collected only from Indian residents using a self-administered open-ended web-based questionnaire. Empirical findings revealed that out of the 178 respondents, more than half reported tasting local food as one of the main motivations for undertaking their particular trip. The two main motivations for tasting local food were to experience something new and experience the local culture. The most common positive emotion savoured by guests when remembering their local food experiences was joy, followed by love. Taste and socializing with friends and family members were identified as the dominant factors that intensified respondents’ savouring of their recent local food experiences.","PeriodicalId":47015,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Leisure Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44984282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-04DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2021.1949734
I. Heijnen, Emma J. Stewart, S. Espiner
ABSTRACT This paper documents and discusses the walking interview method as it was used to explore how outdoor educators' sense of place informed their professional practice in the Port Hills of Christchurch, New Zealand. Eight participants who were working as outdoor educators in the primary, secondary or tertiary education sector in Christchurch, and who spent time in the Port Hills both as part of their teaching practice, as well as in their personal lives, were interviewed. We found walking interviews provided a richer perspective on place and practice than would have been possible using only indoor and stationary interviews. This suggests there is merit in utilizing mobile methods across a range of fields examining the interactions of people and place. In the outdoors, where people and place are often on the move, the walking interview has potential to capture this mobility and better understand its significance in outdoor education practice.
{"title":"On the move: the theory and practice of the walking interview method in outdoor education research","authors":"I. Heijnen, Emma J. Stewart, S. Espiner","doi":"10.1080/11745398.2021.1949734","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2021.1949734","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper documents and discusses the walking interview method as it was used to explore how outdoor educators' sense of place informed their professional practice in the Port Hills of Christchurch, New Zealand. Eight participants who were working as outdoor educators in the primary, secondary or tertiary education sector in Christchurch, and who spent time in the Port Hills both as part of their teaching practice, as well as in their personal lives, were interviewed. We found walking interviews provided a richer perspective on place and practice than would have been possible using only indoor and stationary interviews. This suggests there is merit in utilizing mobile methods across a range of fields examining the interactions of people and place. In the outdoors, where people and place are often on the move, the walking interview has potential to capture this mobility and better understand its significance in outdoor education practice.","PeriodicalId":47015,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Leisure Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46064738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-19DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2021.1974906
S. Taylor, Anna Carr
ABSTRACT As a popular adventure sport worldwide, mountain biking provides a range of challenges and opportunities for participants. This paper aims to understand whether experienced riders actively search for ‘flow experiences’ that can manifest themselves in a range of euphoric feelings, varying from the loss of awareness of time to sub-conscious control over actions. Exploring findings from research undertaken in New Zealand and England, the paper suggests that committed riders do encounter and can describe a range of flow characteristics when riding, although the findings conclude that such experiences are considered to be by-products of participation, rather than motivational factors in their own right.
{"title":"‘Living in the moment’: mountain bikers’ search for flow","authors":"S. Taylor, Anna Carr","doi":"10.1080/11745398.2021.1974906","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2021.1974906","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT As a popular adventure sport worldwide, mountain biking provides a range of challenges and opportunities for participants. This paper aims to understand whether experienced riders actively search for ‘flow experiences’ that can manifest themselves in a range of euphoric feelings, varying from the loss of awareness of time to sub-conscious control over actions. Exploring findings from research undertaken in New Zealand and England, the paper suggests that committed riders do encounter and can describe a range of flow characteristics when riding, although the findings conclude that such experiences are considered to be by-products of participation, rather than motivational factors in their own right.","PeriodicalId":47015,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Leisure Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49357464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-17DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2021.1974905
L. Usher
ABSTRACT Reflexivity has become a standard practice in qualitative research to improve the trustworthiness of the results and offer a critical perspective on the researcher’s role in the study. Qualitative researchers typically position themselves in their studies, acknowledging their identity, and the ways it may have influenced the study. I argue that reflexivity should be a part of quantitative survey research as well. The imperfect nature of social science, especially leisure research, makes purely positivist research difficult, despite the emphasis on this tradition and the outward appearance of ‘objectivity’ found in quantitative research in our field. Conducting quantitative survey research with surfers can be especially ‘messy,’ because they have long been thought to have their own antiestablishment, nonconformist culture. My pragmatist-grounded research with this user group provides compelling evidence for the importance of incorporating reflexivity into survey research. The paper concludes with recommendations for quantitative leisure researchers.
{"title":"The case for reflexivity in quantitative survey research in leisure studies: lessons from surf research","authors":"L. Usher","doi":"10.1080/11745398.2021.1974905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2021.1974905","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Reflexivity has become a standard practice in qualitative research to improve the trustworthiness of the results and offer a critical perspective on the researcher’s role in the study. Qualitative researchers typically position themselves in their studies, acknowledging their identity, and the ways it may have influenced the study. I argue that reflexivity should be a part of quantitative survey research as well. The imperfect nature of social science, especially leisure research, makes purely positivist research difficult, despite the emphasis on this tradition and the outward appearance of ‘objectivity’ found in quantitative research in our field. Conducting quantitative survey research with surfers can be especially ‘messy,’ because they have long been thought to have their own antiestablishment, nonconformist culture. My pragmatist-grounded research with this user group provides compelling evidence for the importance of incorporating reflexivity into survey research. The paper concludes with recommendations for quantitative leisure researchers.","PeriodicalId":47015,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Leisure Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42889842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-09-16DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2021.1974904
Debra Lord, Caroline Winter
ABSTRACT This study focuses on three stakeholders in duck shooting in Victoria, Australia: hunters, activists, and a government regulator, each of which competes for the public’s support. The issue is intensely debated, especially considering that the ducks are native animals and are not over-populated. The paper compares statements from each stakeholder’s website, to identify their ethical positions. The hunters demonstrate an instrumental, deontological ethic that requires them to follow a set of detailed rules. They portray themselves as safe and responsible hunters, with expertize that enables them to exact a ‘clean kill’. The management authority supports and regulates hunting, and provides a detailed explanation of ‘ethical hunting’ that includes ‘ethical practise in the field’ and legal compliance. The animal activists hold an animal rights ethic, and directly oppose duck shooting. They demonstrate a teleological, or ends-based approach, that is focused upon the outcomes of shooting on the ducks.
{"title":"The contradictory ethics of native duck shooting: recreation, protection and management","authors":"Debra Lord, Caroline Winter","doi":"10.1080/11745398.2021.1974904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2021.1974904","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study focuses on three stakeholders in duck shooting in Victoria, Australia: hunters, activists, and a government regulator, each of which competes for the public’s support. The issue is intensely debated, especially considering that the ducks are native animals and are not over-populated. The paper compares statements from each stakeholder’s website, to identify their ethical positions. The hunters demonstrate an instrumental, deontological ethic that requires them to follow a set of detailed rules. They portray themselves as safe and responsible hunters, with expertize that enables them to exact a ‘clean kill’. The management authority supports and regulates hunting, and provides a detailed explanation of ‘ethical hunting’ that includes ‘ethical practise in the field’ and legal compliance. The animal activists hold an animal rights ethic, and directly oppose duck shooting. They demonstrate a teleological, or ends-based approach, that is focused upon the outcomes of shooting on the ducks.","PeriodicalId":47015,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Leisure Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2021-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43024531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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