Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.1057/s41284-023-00408-y
Sami Miniaoui, Sudad Muammar, Nasiruddeen Muhammad, Nasser Al Muraqab, Shadi Atalla
With the widespread use of radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology as a means for commerce and identification, new types of cybercrime have emerged. Accordingly, revisions to extant cybercrime law are required. This research attempts to determine the relevance of current UAE laws in addressing new cybercrimes on emergent technologies. We reviewed the literature to identify threats to RFID systems, classifying works into three categories: blocking, interception, and physical attacks. We mapped these categories to 50 articles of the UAE cybercrime law to assess their relevance. According to the distribution of law articles pertaining to RFID attacks, it was found that RFID communication interception attacks are not sufficiently addressed in the law and that further amendments are required in the UAE. Example of international statutes are highlighted as models.
随着射频识别（RFID）技术作为商业和身份识别手段的广泛使用，出现了新型网络犯罪。因此，需要对现有的网络犯罪法进行修订。本研究试图确定阿联酋现行法律在应对新兴技术上的新型网络犯罪方面的相关性。我们查阅了相关文献，以确定 RFID 系统面临的威胁，并将作品分为三类：拦截、截获和物理攻击。我们将这些类别与阿联酋网络犯罪法的 50 个条款相对应，以评估其相关性。根据与射频识别（RFID）攻击有关的法律条文的分布情况，我们发现法律对射频识别（RFID）通信拦截攻击的处理不够充分，阿联酋需要进一步修订。国际法规的范例得到了强调。
{"title":"Do cybercrime laws address emergent IoT security threats? The case of UAE federal cybercrime law regarding RFID technology","authors":"Sami Miniaoui, Sudad Muammar, Nasiruddeen Muhammad, Nasser Al Muraqab, Shadi Atalla","doi":"10.1057/s41284-023-00408-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-023-00408-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the widespread use of radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology as a means for commerce and identification, new types of cybercrime have emerged. Accordingly, revisions to extant cybercrime law are required. This research attempts to determine the relevance of current UAE laws in addressing new cybercrimes on emergent technologies. We reviewed the literature to identify threats to RFID systems, classifying works into three categories: blocking, interception, and physical attacks. We mapped these categories to 50 articles of the UAE cybercrime law to assess their relevance. According to the distribution of law articles pertaining to RFID attacks, it was found that RFID communication interception attacks are not sufficiently addressed in the law and that further amendments are required in the UAE. Example of international statutes are highlighted as models.</p>","PeriodicalId":47023,"journal":{"name":"Security Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138559818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The risks that tourists perceive during their travels are relevant for their travel experience. Thus, safety has become one of the most important issues not only for travellers, but also for the tourism industry and all its related stakeholders. The reason for safety being prioritised is that tourists share their experiences online, thus forming tourism electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), which has a definite impact on the tourism destination image (TDI) and influencing future tourists. Therefore, it is relevant to analyse travel reviews to explore, identify and tackle the problems of tourism destination. This paper focuses on analysing the online travel reviews related to the safety issues within the rail systems of three specific destinations. For many visitors, the train network is the first point of contact for tourists with the destinations and have a significant impact on their experience. The content analysis of online travel reviews aims to reveal the factors that influence tourism safety perception, allowing some specific recommendations for destination management organisations to improve tourists’ experience and the projected image of destination in terms of safety.
{"title":"Tourism safety on train systems: A case study on electronic word-of-mouth in Spain, Italy and Greece","authors":"Chin-Han Lin, Jordi Arcos-Pumarola, Nayra Llonch-Molina","doi":"10.1057/s41284-023-00405-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-023-00405-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The risks that tourists perceive during their travels are relevant for their travel experience. Thus, safety has become one of the most important issues not only for travellers, but also for the tourism industry and all its related stakeholders. The reason for safety being prioritised is that tourists share their experiences online, thus forming tourism electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), which has a definite impact on the tourism destination image (TDI) and influencing future tourists. Therefore, it is relevant to analyse travel reviews to explore, identify and tackle the problems of tourism destination. This paper focuses on analysing the online travel reviews related to the safety issues within the rail systems of three specific destinations. For many visitors, the train network is the first point of contact for tourists with the destinations and have a significant impact on their experience. The content analysis of online travel reviews aims to reveal the factors that influence tourism safety perception, allowing some specific recommendations for destination management organisations to improve tourists’ experience and the projected image of destination in terms of safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":47023,"journal":{"name":"Security Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138518000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1057/s41284-023-00403-3
Alishba Hania, Farzan Yahya, Muhammad Waqas
{"title":"The asymmetric effect of environmental pollution and macroeconomic indicators on interpersonal violence across OECD countries","authors":"Alishba Hania, Farzan Yahya, Muhammad Waqas","doi":"10.1057/s41284-023-00403-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-023-00403-3","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47023,"journal":{"name":"Security Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135635453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.1057/s41284-023-00404-2
Shlomo O. Goldman, Yael Ram
{"title":"Are tourists being targeted? Panel data analysis of terror attacks against tourist targets","authors":"Shlomo O. Goldman, Yael Ram","doi":"10.1057/s41284-023-00404-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-023-00404-2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47023,"journal":{"name":"Security Journal","volume":"206 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135875998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-11DOI: 10.1057/s41284-023-00402-4
Mark Button, Branislav Hock, David Shepherd, Paul M. Gilmour
Abstract An evidence base of what works using high-quality evaluations in tackling societal problems has become the norm in many spheres, including tackling traditional crime. Yet, as we show in the example of fraud faced by organisations, high-quality evaluations are not always possible, or even necessary for tackling problems effectively. Drawing on a review of over 400 research studies exploring the prevention of fraud, this paper finds a paucity of studies meeting the highest quality of standards of evaluation using the Maryland Scale. This is largely because of the barriers to implementing the Maryland Scale, given the challenges of measuring fraud, rather than because of a low quality of research per se. In the absence of high-quality evaluations, this paper uses a novel alternative to the Maryland scale to identify a range of effective tools that organisations can use to prevent fraud. Finally, the paper provides practical and theoretical reflections upon a broader problem of how and to what extent scientific evaluations of high-quality evidence are necessary in combating fraud effectively.
{"title":"What really works in preventing fraud against organisations and do decision-makers really need to know?","authors":"Mark Button, Branislav Hock, David Shepherd, Paul M. Gilmour","doi":"10.1057/s41284-023-00402-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-023-00402-4","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract An evidence base of what works using high-quality evaluations in tackling societal problems has become the norm in many spheres, including tackling traditional crime. Yet, as we show in the example of fraud faced by organisations, high-quality evaluations are not always possible, or even necessary for tackling problems effectively. Drawing on a review of over 400 research studies exploring the prevention of fraud, this paper finds a paucity of studies meeting the highest quality of standards of evaluation using the Maryland Scale. This is largely because of the barriers to implementing the Maryland Scale, given the challenges of measuring fraud, rather than because of a low quality of research per se. In the absence of high-quality evaluations, this paper uses a novel alternative to the Maryland scale to identify a range of effective tools that organisations can use to prevent fraud. Finally, the paper provides practical and theoretical reflections upon a broader problem of how and to what extent scientific evaluations of high-quality evidence are necessary in combating fraud effectively.","PeriodicalId":47023,"journal":{"name":"Security Journal","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136099649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-28DOI: 10.1057/s41284-023-00401-5
Marguerite DeLiema, Paul Witt
Abstract We examine the characteristics of consumers who reported scams to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission. We assess how consumers vary demographically across six scam types, and how the overall emotional sentiment of a consumer’s complaint (positive, negative, neutral/mixed) relates to reporting victimization versus attempted fraud (no losses). For romance, tech support, and prize, sweepstakes, and lottery scams, more older than young and middle-aged adults reported victimization. Across all scam types, consumers classified as Black, Hispanic, and Asian/Asian Pacific Islander were more likely than non-Hispanic white consumers to report victimization than attempted fraud. Relative to complaints categorized as emotionally neutral or mixed, we find that emotionally positive complaints and emotionally negative complaints were significantly associated with victimization, but that these relationships differed by scam type. This study helps identify which consumer groups are affected by specific scams and the association between emotion and victimization.
{"title":"Profiling consumers who reported mass marketing scams: demographic characteristics and emotional sentiments associated with victimization","authors":"Marguerite DeLiema, Paul Witt","doi":"10.1057/s41284-023-00401-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-023-00401-5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We examine the characteristics of consumers who reported scams to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission. We assess how consumers vary demographically across six scam types, and how the overall emotional sentiment of a consumer’s complaint (positive, negative, neutral/mixed) relates to reporting victimization versus attempted fraud (no losses). For romance, tech support, and prize, sweepstakes, and lottery scams, more older than young and middle-aged adults reported victimization. Across all scam types, consumers classified as Black, Hispanic, and Asian/Asian Pacific Islander were more likely than non-Hispanic white consumers to report victimization than attempted fraud. Relative to complaints categorized as emotionally neutral or mixed, we find that emotionally positive complaints and emotionally negative complaints were significantly associated with victimization, but that these relationships differed by scam type. This study helps identify which consumer groups are affected by specific scams and the association between emotion and victimization.","PeriodicalId":47023,"journal":{"name":"Security Journal","volume":"133 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135344127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-23DOI: 10.1057/s41284-023-00399-w
Rasha Kassem
Abstract This study used semi-structured interviews with twenty-four external auditors to explore how they perceive and use fraud factors when assessing fraudulent financial reporting risk in external audits. The fraud factors include top management’s motive, integrity, opportunity, rationalisation, and capabilities. The participants work for Big four audit firms and have international auditing experience, specifically in the US, the UK, Egypt, the UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia. The findings reveal that top management’s integrity and motives are, in theory, the most critical factors in fraud risk assessment. However, a self-selection bias pushes external auditors not to evaluate these essential factors because they are too complicated to assess, and not enough guidance is provided to them by standard setters or audit firms. In turn, external auditors concentrate mainly on evaluating the opportunities to commit fraud when assessing fraud risk. This may lead to non-optimal fraud risk assessment and, ultimately, non-optimal audit quality. The findings have implications for policy, practice, and future research, later discussed.
{"title":"External auditors’ use and perceptions of fraud factors in assessing fraudulent financial reporting risk (FFRR): Implications for audit policy and practice","authors":"Rasha Kassem","doi":"10.1057/s41284-023-00399-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-023-00399-w","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study used semi-structured interviews with twenty-four external auditors to explore how they perceive and use fraud factors when assessing fraudulent financial reporting risk in external audits. The fraud factors include top management’s motive, integrity, opportunity, rationalisation, and capabilities. The participants work for Big four audit firms and have international auditing experience, specifically in the US, the UK, Egypt, the UAE, Qatar, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia. The findings reveal that top management’s integrity and motives are, in theory, the most critical factors in fraud risk assessment. However, a self-selection bias pushes external auditors not to evaluate these essential factors because they are too complicated to assess, and not enough guidance is provided to them by standard setters or audit firms. In turn, external auditors concentrate mainly on evaluating the opportunities to commit fraud when assessing fraud risk. This may lead to non-optimal fraud risk assessment and, ultimately, non-optimal audit quality. The findings have implications for policy, practice, and future research, later discussed.","PeriodicalId":47023,"journal":{"name":"Security Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135959416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-13DOI: 10.1057/s41284-023-00400-6
Kelly Huie, Michelle Butler, Andrew Percy
Abstract Few studies have examined crime on Snapchat despite its popularity and growing accounts of victimization occurring on the application. This study addresses this gap in knowledge by conducting a rapid review of crime on Snapchat across 18 databases. The findings indicate this area is under-researched, with only 35 articles eligible for inclusion and five focusing solely on crime on Snapchat. Nevertheless, eleven types of crimes were identified as occurring on Snapchat, including: blackmail; the sharing of private, sexual material without consent; grooming/solicitation of minors; stalking; posting threatening, intimidating or harassing material; hate crime; sharing offensive, menacing or obscene content; obtaining illicit goods; identity theft; fraud; and hacking. The findings additionally revealed some patterns in offending and victimization that are also discussed.
{"title":"Identifying trends and patterns in offending and victimization on Snapchat: a rapid review","authors":"Kelly Huie, Michelle Butler, Andrew Percy","doi":"10.1057/s41284-023-00400-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-023-00400-6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Few studies have examined crime on Snapchat despite its popularity and growing accounts of victimization occurring on the application. This study addresses this gap in knowledge by conducting a rapid review of crime on Snapchat across 18 databases. The findings indicate this area is under-researched, with only 35 articles eligible for inclusion and five focusing solely on crime on Snapchat. Nevertheless, eleven types of crimes were identified as occurring on Snapchat, including: blackmail; the sharing of private, sexual material without consent; grooming/solicitation of minors; stalking; posting threatening, intimidating or harassing material; hate crime; sharing offensive, menacing or obscene content; obtaining illicit goods; identity theft; fraud; and hacking. The findings additionally revealed some patterns in offending and victimization that are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":47023,"journal":{"name":"Security Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135740568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-06DOI: 10.1057/s41284-023-00397-y
Patience Adzande
{"title":"Socio-spatial structure of urban communities and the distribution of crime in Makurdi, Nigeria","authors":"Patience Adzande","doi":"10.1057/s41284-023-00397-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-023-00397-y","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47023,"journal":{"name":"Security Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.2,"publicationDate":"2023-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58556719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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