IATSS Research最新文献_第5页

Exploring the factors affecting injury severity in highway and non-highway crashes in Bangladesh applying machine learning and SHAP 应用机器学习和SHAP探索影响孟加拉国公路和非公路碰撞伤害严重程度的因素

IF 3.2 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

IATSS Research

Pub Date : 2025-06-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2025.06.001

Nazmus Sakib , Tonmoy Paul , Subasish Das , Ahmed Hossain

To create effective preventive measures and targeted interventions, it is crucial to comprehend the contributing factors to the crash and quantify how they affect the injury, especially in least-developed countries. However, highway and non-highway crashes are linked to having distinguished characteristics, road-specific interventions, and data granularity. Combining all sorts of crashes into a single model may offer fewer insights than one would anticipate when building safety countermeasures. This research compares CART, RF, GBM, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost, and AdaBoost and effectively simulates the complex relationship between collision injury severity and risk factors for both highway and non-highway crashes. Additionally, the Shapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) framework is presented to explain the contribution of each risk factor from the output of the most appropriate classifier, thereby assisting in the construction of safety countermeasures and crash modification factors. GBM classifier was found to be the best classifier in terms of G-mean and AUC scores for both highway and non-highway models. Global SHAP values show that the type of collision, followed by the vehicle type, the vehicle involved, and road division, are the highest contributing factors for injury severity in highway crashes. For injury severity in non-highway crashes, the most important factors are the type of collision, followed by road division, vehicle type, and location type. Policy implications based on the study's findings have been suggested to develop successful preventive strategies and focused interventions. The study concludes by discussing the scope of future studies.

为了制定有效的预防措施和有针对性的干预措施，了解导致车祸的因素并量化它们如何影响伤害是至关重要的，特别是在最不发达国家。然而，公路和非公路碰撞与具有不同的特征、特定于道路的干预措施和数据粒度有关。在建立安全对策时，将各种各样的事故合并到一个模型中可能会提供比预期更少的见解。本研究对CART、RF、GBM、XGBoost、LightGBM、CatBoost和AdaBoost进行了比较，有效地模拟了公路和非公路碰撞中碰撞损伤严重程度与危险因素之间的复杂关系。此外，提出了Shapley加性解释（SHAP）框架，从最合适的分类器的输出中解释每个风险因素的贡献，从而帮助构建安全对策和碰撞修改因素。在高速公路和非高速公路模型的G-mean和AUC得分方面，GBM分类器都是最好的分类器。全球SHAP值表明，碰撞类型是影响公路碰撞伤害严重程度的最大因素，其次是车辆类型、涉及的车辆和道路划分。对于非公路碰撞的伤害严重程度，最重要的因素是碰撞类型，其次是道路划分、车辆类型和位置类型。根据研究结果提出的政策建议有助于制定成功的预防战略和有重点的干预措施。本研究最后讨论了未来研究的范围。

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引用次数: 0

E-scooter riders: A cross-cultural analysis of traffic safety attitudes and behaviors 电动踏板车使用者：交通安全态度与行为的跨文化分析

IF 3.2 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

IATSS Research

Pub Date : 2025-06-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2025.05.002

Milad Delavary , Craig Lyon , Ward G.M. Vanlaar , Robyn D. Robertson , Dimitrios Nikolaou , George Yannis

The rapid adoption of electric scooters (e-scooters) has transformed urban mobility, offering a practical and flexible alternative to traditional transportation modes, particularly in areas with limited access to public transit. However, this rise in popularity has also brought about serious road safety concerns, particularly regarding risky behaviors such as riding under the influence of alcohol, carrying multiple passengers, and non-compliance with traffic regulations. While non-compliance with traffic regulations is not unique to e-scooter users, the combination of multiple risky behaviors observed among them may contribute to a higher likelihood of such violations. In addition, protective behaviors, such as helmet use, remain low among many riders, increasing injury risk in the event of a crash. This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of self-reported risky behaviors across various demographic groups and regions, and to assess factors contributing to the likelihood of unsafe e-scooter riding behavior. To achieve this, we used data from the third edition of the E-Survey of Road users' Attitudes (ESRA), focusing on responses from 39 countries worldwide. Descriptive analyses of self-reported data were conducted to examine e-scooter usage patterns and self-declared risky behaviors. Additionally, mixed-effects logistic regression models were employed to identify significant predictors of these behaviors, including gender, age, student status, crash history, and attitudes toward traffic laws. The results revealed that younger individuals and males are more likely to use e-scooters and engage in risky behaviors. Key factors influencing or associated with these behaviors included previous crash involvement, student status, and permissive attitudes toward safety regulations. The study highlights the need for targeted safety interventions that address infrastructural factors as well as behavioral factors, including demographic and attitudinal influences. This integrated approach can help policymakers develop more effective strategies to mitigate the risks associated with e-scooter use and enhance urban road safety.

电动滑板车（e-scooters）的迅速普及改变了城市交通，为传统交通方式提供了一种实用而灵活的替代方案，特别是在公共交通有限的地区。然而，这种受欢迎程度的上升也带来了严重的道路安全问题，特别是关于危险行为，如酒后骑行、携带多名乘客和不遵守交通规则。虽然不遵守交通法规并不是电动滑板车使用者所独有的，但在他们中间观察到的多种危险行为的结合可能会导致这种违规行为的可能性更高。此外，许多车手使用头盔等保护行为的比例仍然很低，这增加了发生碰撞时受伤的风险。本研究旨在分析不同人口群体和地区自我报告的危险行为的流行程度，并评估导致不安全电动滑板车骑行行为可能性的因素。为了实现这一目标，我们使用了第三版道路使用者态度电子调查（ESRA）的数据，重点关注了全球39个国家的反馈。对自我报告的数据进行描述性分析，以检查电动滑板车的使用模式和自我声明的危险行为。此外，采用混合效应逻辑回归模型来确定这些行为的重要预测因素，包括性别、年龄、学生身份、碰撞历史和对交通法规的态度。结果显示，年轻人和男性更有可能使用电动滑板车并从事危险行为。影响或相关这些行为的关键因素包括以前的碰撞参与，学生身份和对安全法规的宽容态度。该研究强调需要有针对性的安全干预措施，既要解决基础设施因素，也要解决行为因素，包括人口和态度的影响。这种综合方法可以帮助政策制定者制定更有效的战略，以减轻与电动滑板车使用相关的风险，并加强城市道路安全。

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引用次数: 0

Fundamental theory of coordination efficiency of signalized intersections on an arterial road 主干道信号交叉口协调效率的基本理论

IF 3.2 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

IATSS Research

Pub Date : 2025-06-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2025.04.002

Hajime Sakakibara , Takashi Oguchi

In this study, we employed the general formula of the delay per vehicle for the case of one link at two intersections as a function of the link length and offset of traffic signals at two adjacent intersections with the general value of green splits under arbitral demand condition without oversaturation. The highest and lowest coordination efficiencies are defined for different link lengths. The nature of the link lengths and offsets that provide minimum delay per vehicle were analyzed and demonstrated. Additionally, two types of extensions to this study were conducted by determining the effects of an additional intersection located in the middle of the target link and for the installation at two adjacent intersections outside the target link.

在本研究中，我们采用任意需求条件下，在不过饱和的情况下，将两个交叉口的一条链路情况下的每辆车延误的一般公式作为相邻两个交叉口的链路长度和交通信号偏移量的函数，并具有绿灯分隔的一般值。对于不同的链路长度，定义了最高和最低的协调效率。分析和论证了提供每辆车最小延迟的链路长度和偏移量的性质。此外，本研究还进行了两种类型的扩展，通过确定位于目标路段中间的额外交叉口的效果，以及在目标路段外的两个相邻交叉口安装的效果。

引用次数: 0

Distractions or long waits? Impacts on risky crossing behaviour 分心还是长时间等待？对危险过马路行为的影响

IF 3.2 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

IATSS Research

Pub Date : 2025-05-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2025.05.001

Mohsen Miladi , E. Owen D. Waygood , Marie-Soleil Cloutier , Wang Bobin , Zeinab Ali Yas

Pedestrian-vehicle conflicts at intersections are considered as a major source of injuries and fatalities. Intersections are a critical part of roadway design since pedestrians are exposed to different and potentially dangerous activities due to how an intersection is designed, but also what the pedestrian is doing and where in the city they are. In this study, various influences on risky crossing behaviour are examined. At the individual level, the influence of distractions and where people are looking before crossing are tested. Further, various intersection design variables including wait time, intersection size and speed limits, and contextual variables such as the built environment nearby and traffic flow are examined. The data was gathered by observing pedestrians at 24 intersections in Montreal and Quebec City (12 each). Logistic regression models were estimated to determine the influencing variables on four dangerous behaviours: a) start on red, b) finish on red, c) finish on red having started on green, and d) cross completely on red. Results demonstrate the importance of wait time on risky crossing behaviour with short wait times (< 30s) decreasing the likelihood of such behaviours considerably. For individual behaviour, having a cellphone in one's hand reduces the likelihood of starting to cross on red. In contrast, looking at traffic was over four times more associated with crossing illegally.

行人与车辆在十字路口的冲突被认为是造成伤亡的主要原因。十字路口是道路设计的关键部分，因为由于十字路口的设计方式，行人暴露在不同的潜在危险活动中，而且行人正在做什么以及他们在城市中的位置。在这项研究中，各种影响危险的交叉行为进行了检查。在个人层面上，测试了分心的影响和人们在过马路前看的地方。此外，各种十字路口的设计变量，包括等待时间，十字路口的大小和速度限制，以及上下文变量，如附近的建筑环境和交通流量进行了检查。这些数据是通过观察蒙特利尔和魁北克市24个十字路口（每个路口12个）的行人收集的。估计逻辑回归模型以确定四种危险行为的影响变量：a)开始时为红色，b)结束时为红色，c)开始时为绿色，结束时为红色，d)完全越过红色。结果表明，等待时间对短等待时间(<；30年代)大大减少了这种行为的可能性。就个人行为而言，手里拿着手机会减少开始闯红灯的可能性。相比之下，看交通状况与非法越境的关联要高出四倍以上。

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引用次数: 0

Traffic safety evaluation using surrogate safety measures in the context of Indian mixed traffic: A critical review 在印度混合交通的背景下使用替代安全措施的交通安全评价：一个关键的审查

IF 3.2 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

IATSS Research

Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2025.04.004

N. Mohamed Hasain , Mokaddes Ali Ahmed

The concern over road safety has increased in the last several decades, especially in developing countries like India. Even with increasing road accidents, crash data at a particular location is mostly underreported. Hence, using the Traffic Conflict Technique (TCT) with Surrogate Safety Measures (SSMs) to evaluate traffic safety instead of accident data has gained significant attention among researchers in India. However, the traffic existing in the country is more complex and diverse than most of the developed nations around the world. This led the researchers to modify the existing methods and propose new methods to address the heterogeneity of the existing mixed traffic. The current study formulated six research questions to guide the review process. Since the number of studies in the area of research is increasing rapidly, there is a need to study the current state of the art in the country. Hence, the paper critically reviewed thirty-three studies conducted in the area of research in Indian conditions, including their findings and limitations. Further, an overview of sixteen commonly used SSMs worldwide was presented, along with some potential research gaps and recommendations.

在过去的几十年里，对道路安全的关注有所增加，尤其是在印度这样的发展中国家。即使道路交通事故不断增加，特定地点的碰撞数据也大多被低估了。因此，使用交通冲突技术（TCT）和替代安全措施（SSMs）来评估交通安全，而不是事故数据，受到了印度研究人员的极大关注。然而，与世界上大多数发达国家相比，该国现有的交通更加复杂和多样化。这使得研究人员修改了现有的方法，并提出了新的方法来解决现有混合交通的异质性。本研究制定了六个研究问题来指导审查过程。由于研究领域的研究数量正在迅速增加，因此有必要研究该国目前的技术状况。因此，本文批判性地回顾了在印度条件下进行的研究领域的33项研究，包括它们的发现和局限性。此外，还概述了全球16种常用的ssm，以及一些潜在的研究差距和建议。

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引用次数: 0

Perceptions of pedestrian safety in Delhi: A Rasch analysis approach 德里行人安全认知：一种Rasch分析方法

IF 3.2 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

IATSS Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2025.04.003

Neba C Tony , Geetam Tiwari , Taku Fujiyama , M. Manoj , Niladri Chatterjee

Safety perception about the built environment influences a pedestrian's walking and crossing decisions. Rasch analysis, a relatively underutilized psychometric technique in the road safety domain, can provide deep insights into pedestrian's perceptions and decision making process. This paper evaluates pedestrian safety perception based on built environment features in Delhi, India. Pedestrians' perceptions of built environment was collected and analyzed using the Rasch technique to simultaneously compute pedestrian performances and safety constructs. The analysis highlights key areas that need immediate interventions. Results revealed that most safety-related constructs are beyond the safety thresholds of even the most capable pedestrians, suggesting that the general pedestrian environment in Delhi is hostile to walking. This paper also discusses the implications of Rasch analysis for revising survey questions, providing valuable insights for early researchers about survey questionnaire design.

对建筑环境的安全感知影响着行人的行走和过马路决策。Rasch分析是一种在道路安全领域尚未得到充分利用的心理测量技术，它可以深入了解行人的感知和决策过程。本文基于印度德里的建筑环境特征对行人安全感知进行了评价。使用Rasch技术收集和分析行人对建筑环境的感知，同时计算行人性能和安全结构。分析强调了需要立即干预的关键领域。结果显示，即使是最有能力的行人，大多数与安全相关的结构也超过了安全阈值，这表明德里的一般行人环境对步行不利。本文还讨论了Rasch分析对问卷问题修改的启示，为早期研究者对问卷设计提供了有价值的见解。

引用次数: 0

Determinants of crash injury severity for delivery riders: Insights from an error components mixed logit model with heterogeneous means and variances 快递员碰撞伤害严重程度的决定因素：来自具有异构均值和方差的错误成分混合logit模型的见解

IF 3.2 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

IATSS Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2025.04.001

Thanapong Champahom , Chamroeun Se , Wimon Laphrom , Sajjakaj Jomnonkwao , Rattanaporn Kasemsri , Vatanavongs Ratanavaraha

The rapid growth of e-commerce and food delivery services has led to an increase in commercial motorcycle riders, raising concerns about their safety on the road. This study aims to identify and analyze the determinants of crash injury severity for delivery riders in Thailand. Questionairs data was collected from 2000 commercial motorcycle users across five regions of Thailand, incorporating a wide range of demographic, work-related, and environmental factors. The study employs a Heteroscedastic Error Components Mixed Logit with Heterogeneity in Means (HECMLHM) model to capture unobserved heterogeneity and complex interactions between variables. Key findings reveal that rider age, experience, education level, income, work frequency, and rest periods significantly influence crash injury severity, often with varying effects across the population. Counterintuitively, more experienced riders faced a higher risk of severe injuries. Based on these findings, policy recommendations include targeted safety education programs, experience-based training to mitigate overconfidence, work schedule management, and optimized rest period policies. This study contributes to the field by focusing exclusively on delivery riders, employing advanced modeling techniques, and providing a comprehensive analysis of factors influencing crash severity in an emerging market context. The findings offer valuable insights for developing targeted safety interventions and policies to reduce crash injury severity among this growing workforce.

电子商务和外卖服务的快速发展导致商业摩托车骑手的增加，引发了人们对他们在道路上安全的担忧。本研究旨在识别和分析泰国快递骑手碰撞伤害严重程度的决定因素。问卷数据收集自泰国5个地区的2000名商业摩托车使用者，包括广泛的人口统计、工作相关和环境因素。本研究采用异方差误差分量混合Logit均值异质性（HECMLHM）模型来捕捉未观察到的异质性和变量之间复杂的相互作用。主要研究结果表明，骑手的年龄、经验、教育水平、收入、工作频率和休息时间对碰撞损伤的严重程度有显著影响，而且对不同人群的影响各不相同。与直觉相反的是，经验丰富的骑手受到严重伤害的风险更高。基于这些发现，政策建议包括有针对性的安全教育计划、基于经验的培训以减轻过度自信、工作时间表管理和优化休息时间政策。这项研究通过专门关注快递员，采用先进的建模技术，并在新兴市场背景下对影响事故严重程度的因素进行全面分析，为该领域做出了贡献。研究结果为制定有针对性的安全干预措施和政策提供了有价值的见解，以降低这一不断增长的劳动力的碰撞伤害严重程度。

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引用次数: 0

Statistical analysis of motorcyclists' safety behavior and crash risks in Kuwait 科威特摩托车手安全行为与碰撞风险的统计分析

IF 3.2 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

IATSS Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2025.03.005

Sharaf AlKheder, Shaikha Al Mutairi, Dana Musaed, Dana Nayef

Road crashes represent a significant global safety crisis, with motorcyclists, cyclists, and pedestrians involved in over half of all traffic fatalities, motorcyclists being particularly vulnerable as both potential causes and victims of crashes. In Kuwait, the increasing use of motorcycles, particularly for delivery services, has raised crash risks, highlighting the need for updated safety measures. This study analyzes the driving behavior of motorcyclists and car drivers, focusing on road usage, traffic violations, and licensing while identifying key factors contributing to motorcycle crashes through surveys, interviews, and historical records. A busy area of the city was chosen as the research site due to its high concentration of restaurants and heavy traffic from delivery motorcyclists, customers, and other road users. Data was collected from interviews with 103 motorcyclists, an online survey of 300 car drivers, and publicly available open-source national data. Advanced statistical methods were used for analysis, including the Vector Autoregressive Model, Structural Equation Modeling, and Principal Component Analysis. The findings revealed that motorcycle-related road crashes are influenced by factors such as the motorcyclist's gender, spatial awareness, perceptual challenges, and familiarity with motorcycle positioning. Conversely, crash frequency is associated with the driver's experience, right-of-way violations by other road users, traffic violations by motorcyclists, and road conditions. To mitigate motorcycle-related road crashes, the study recommends the development of an Exclusive Motorcycle Lane with an optimal width of 1.855 m in the selected research site. This step has the potential to significantly improve road safety, reduce accidents, and save lives, contributing to safer urban mobility in Kuwait. Similar measures could also be implemented in countries with a high risk of motorcycle-related road crashes.

道路交通事故是一项重大的全球安全危机，半数以上的交通死亡事故涉及摩托车手、骑自行车者和行人，摩托车手作为事故的潜在原因和受害者尤其脆弱。在科威特，越来越多地使用摩托车，特别是用于送货服务，增加了撞车风险，突出表明需要更新安全措施。本研究分析了摩托车手和汽车司机的驾驶行为，重点关注道路使用、交通违规和许可，同时通过调查、访谈和历史记录确定导致摩托车撞车的关键因素。城市中一个繁忙的地区被选为研究地点，因为那里的餐馆高度集中，外卖摩托车手、顾客和其他道路使用者的交通繁忙。数据收集自对103名摩托车手的采访，对300名汽车司机的在线调查，以及公开的开源国家数据。采用先进的统计方法进行分析，包括向量自回归模型、结构方程模型和主成分分析。研究结果显示，摩托车相关道路交通事故受摩托车驾驶员性别、空间意识、感知挑战和对摩托车定位的熟悉程度等因素的影响。相反，碰撞频率与驾驶员的经验、其他道路使用者违反路权、摩托车手违反交通规则以及道路状况有关。为了减少与摩托车相关的道路交通事故，研究建议在选定的研究地点开发一条最佳宽度为1.855米的摩托车专用车道。这一步骤有可能显著改善道路安全，减少事故，挽救生命，为科威特更安全的城市交通做出贡献。在与摩托车有关的道路碰撞事故风险较高的国家也可采取类似措施。

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引用次数: 0

E-scooter crash severity in the United Kingdom: A comparative analysis using machine learning techniques and random parameters logit with heterogeneity in means and variances 英国电动滑板车碰撞严重程度：使用机器学习技术和随机参数logit进行比较分析，其均值和方差均存在异质性

IF 3.2 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

IATSS Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2025.03.004

Ali Agheli , Kayvan Aghabayk , Matin Sadeghi , Subasish Das

The increasing use of e-scooters in urban areas has raised safety concerns, necessitating research for effective safety interventions. This study analyzes three years of e-scooter crash data from the United Kingdom using statistical and machine learning methods to identify key factors influencing crash severity. We employed a random parameters logit model and investigated several machine learning algorithms, with XGBoost performing best. Analysis reveals that severe injuries are more likely in crashes involving senior riders, at night with lighting, and at T, staggered, or crossroad junctions. Further insights from the XGBoost-SHAP analysis and heterogeneity in means and variances of random parameters revealed nuanced patterns. While crashes involving female riders or crashes at give way or uncontrolled junctions typically have less severe outcomes, specific condition (young female riders or nighttime crashes at these junctions) intensify the risk of severe injuries. These insights advocate for tailored public policy adjustments and infrastructure enhancements to mitigate e-scooter risks, ensuring safer urban mobility for all demographics.

城市地区越来越多地使用电动滑板车引起了人们对安全的担忧，有必要研究有效的安全干预措施。本研究使用统计学和机器学习方法分析了英国三年的电动滑板车碰撞数据，以确定影响碰撞严重程度的关键因素。我们采用随机参数logit模型并研究了几种机器学习算法，其中XGBoost表现最好。分析显示，严重的伤害更有可能发生在涉及老年骑手的撞车事故中，发生在有灯光的夜晚，以及在T字形路口、交错路口或十字路口。XGBoost-SHAP分析和随机参数均值和方差的异质性进一步揭示了微妙的模式。虽然涉及女性骑手的撞车事故或在让路或不受控制的路口发生的撞车事故通常没有那么严重的后果，但特殊情况（年轻女性骑手或夜间在这些路口发生的撞车事故）会增加严重伤害的风险。这些见解主张进行有针对性的公共政策调整和基础设施建设，以减轻电动滑板车的风险，确保所有人口的城市交通更安全。

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引用次数: 0

Study of psychological aspects of the safety culture of motorcyclists' behaviors in Indonesia's urban road traffic: Construction of road users' belief systems 印尼城市道路交通摩托车手行为安全文化的心理层面研究：道路使用者信念体系的建构

IF 3.2 Q3 TRANSPORTATION

IATSS Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.iatssr.2025.03.002

Andrijanto , Makoto Itoh , Sunardy , Michael Jonathan

The poor development of traffic safety culture by road traffic organizations in Indonesia has caused motorcyclists to behave irresponsibly while driving. Consequently, some behaviors may cause conflict with other road users, which may affect traffic safety. Therefore, studying the beliefs of road users regarding motorcyclists' behavior can describe the psychological aspects of the safety culture in urban road traffic. In this study, we used the reciprocal safety culture model as a framework, by applying a behavioral-based safety program to investigate motorcyclists' critical behaviors in urban areas in Indonesia. Adapting Ward's transformation model of belief systems to a behavior, we approach the psychological aspects of the traffic safety culture by observing the relationship between motorcyclists' critical behaviors and belief systems. We explore the belief system of Ward's model using a driving safety questionnaire (DSQ) and a cause-effect questionnaire. By applying multiple linear regression to the DSQ results, we revealed six motorcyclist behaviors critical to safety that affect car drivers and pedestrians. Furthermore, we constructed the belief systems of these behaviors by investigating behavioral beliefs, attitudes, normative beliefs, perceived norms, perceived control, and control beliefs to reveal “what road users think” about motorcyclits' behaviors related to traffic safety culture in the urban area.

印度尼西亚道路交通组织的交通安全文化发展不佳，导致摩托车手在驾驶时行为不负责任。因此，一些行为可能会引起与其他道路使用者的冲突，从而影响交通安全。因此，研究道路使用者对摩托车手行为的信念可以描述城市道路交通安全文化的心理层面。在本研究中，我们以互惠安全文化模型为框架，应用基于行为的安全计划来调查印度尼西亚城市地区摩托车手的关键行为。本文将Ward的信念系统转化模型应用于行为，通过观察摩托车手的批判行为与信念系统之间的关系，探讨了交通安全文化的心理层面。我们使用驾驶安全问卷（DSQ）和因果问卷来探讨Ward模型的信念系统。通过对DSQ结果进行多元线性回归，我们揭示了影响汽车驾驶员和行人的六种摩托车驾驶员对安全至关重要的行为。在此基础上，通过调查行为信念、态度信念、规范信念、感知规范信念、感知控制信念和控制信念，构建了这些行为的信念体系，以揭示道路使用者对城市地区摩托车驾驶员交通安全文化相关行为的“看法”。

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引用次数: 0