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The Big Techification of Everything 万物的大技术化
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1984423
Reijer P Hendrikse, Ilke Adriaans, Tobias J. Klinge, Rodrigo Fernandez
A few months into the pandemic, Naomi Klein (2020) noted how a tech-driven ‘Pandemic Shock Doctrine’ was shaping up under conditions of lockdown and social distancing. In the US, Microsoft founder ...
大流行几个月后,内奥米·克莱因(Naomi Klein, 2020年)指出,在封锁和社交距离的条件下,技术驱动的“大流行冲击主义”正在形成。在美国,微软创始人…
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引用次数: 18
Amazon’s Ring: Surveillance as a Slippery Slope Service 亚马逊的指环:监控是一种滑坡服务
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1983797
Evan Selinger, Darrin Durant
Amazon’s Ring video doorbells allow users to easily see and talk with people in camera range over their phones, record and save camera footage to the cloud, and share videos of suspicious activity (Molla, 2020). Although Amazon markets the home security surveillance system and related Ring products (e.g. Neighbors social media app, home security cameras, mailbox sensor, and home surveillance drone) as consumer-friendly, smart home tools for deterring and reporting burglars and package thieves, the technology has been widely criticized. Most of the condemnation comes from privacy and civil rights activists. However, some academics and tech-company workers also have been critical. The strongest position is Ring doorbell cameras should be abolished. Evan Greer, director of Fight for the Future, declares that ‘products like Ring’ are ‘fundamentally incompatible with basic human rights and democracy’ (Ongweso, 2020). Surveillance scholar Chris Gilliard insists that some ‘technologies are incompatible with a free and equitable society,’ including Ring doorbell cameras (Oremus, 2020). An Amazon software engineer even claims, ‘The deployment of connected home security cameras that allow footage to be queried centrally are simply not compatible with a free society’ (Peterson, 2020). In the Science and Technology Studies (STS) tradition of the ‘modest scholar activist’ who is ‘openly partisan’ and intending to ‘stimulate social action’ (Woodhouse et al., 2002, p. 301), our goal is to document activist criticism and provide further conceptual justification for the research trajectory of what Frank Pasquale (2019) calls the ‘second wave of algorithmic accountability’. The reformist first wave approach focuses on improving technological
亚马逊的Ring视频门铃允许用户通过手机轻松看到摄像头范围内的人并与之交谈,将摄像头镜头记录并保存到云端,并分享可疑活动的视频(Molla, 2020)。尽管亚马逊将家庭安全监控系统和相关Ring产品(如邻居社交媒体应用程序、家庭安全摄像头、邮箱传感器和家庭监控无人机)作为消费者友好的智能家居工具来销售,以威慑和报告窃贼和包裹窃贼,但这项技术受到了广泛的批评。大多数谴责来自隐私权和民权活动人士。然而,一些学者和科技公司的员工也提出了批评。最强烈的立场是门铃摄像头应该被废除。“为未来而战”的负责人Evan Greer宣称,“像Ring这样的产品”“从根本上与基本人权和民主不相容”(Ongweso, 2020)。监控学者克里斯·吉利亚德(Chris Gilliard)坚持认为,一些“技术与自由公平的社会不相容”,包括门铃摄像头(Oremus, 2020)。一位亚马逊软件工程师甚至声称,“部署联网的家庭安全摄像头,允许集中查询视频,这与自由社会根本不兼容”(Peterson, 2020)。在科学技术研究(STS)传统中,“谦虚的学者活动家”是“公开的党派”,并打算“刺激社会行动”(Woodhouse等人,2002年,第301页),我们的目标是记录活动家的批评,并为Frank Pasquale(2019)所说的“第二波算法问责制”的研究轨迹提供进一步的概念证明。改革派的第一波方法侧重于改进技术
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引用次数: 7
Bioprinting as a Sociotechnical Project: Imaginaries, Promises and Futures 生物打印作为一个社会技术项目:想象、承诺和未来
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1977264
C. Lafontaine, M. Wolfe, J. Gagné, E. Abergel
ABSTRACT Bioprinting or the production of biological objects using additive manufacturing from a digital blueprint illustrates how sociotechnical imaginaries work within the paradigm of bio-innovation. This technology represents the near realization of the machine-based ideal attained by technologizing biological systems. The deployment of bioprinting establishes a powerful sociotechnical imaginary associated with this technology giving rise to a particular conception of the future. Interviews conducted with researchers working in a French start-up specialized on printing human skin revealed two types of futures built into the bioprinting imaginary: the indeterminate and uncertain future of tissues and organs for regenerative and personalized medicine; and the more achievable and profitable future of in vitro tissue models used by the pharmaceutical industry for drug screening. As part of this temporal landscape, bioprinting researchers struggle with issues such as the imperatives of the innovation model, technical challenges, media hype and their personal expectations. The concrete materialization of the bioprinting sociotechnical imaginary presents itself when researchers are directly confronted with the expectations of patients in search of treatments. These encounters provide an opportunity for researchers to reflect upon the ambiguous nature of their participation in the promissory economy and the construction of projected futures within the bioprinting imaginary.
生物打印或从数字蓝图中使用增材制造生产生物物体说明了社会技术想象如何在生物创新范式中发挥作用。这项技术代表了生物系统技术化所达到的基于机器的理想的接近实现。生物打印的应用建立了一种强大的社会技术想象,这种想象与这项技术有关,产生了对未来的特定概念。对法国一家专门从事人体皮肤打印的初创企业的研究人员进行的采访揭示了生物打印想象中的两种未来:用于再生和个性化医疗的组织和器官的不确定和不确定的未来;以及制药行业用于药物筛选的体外组织模型更容易实现和有利可图的未来。作为这一时间格局的一部分,生物打印研究人员正在努力解决诸如创新模式的必要性、技术挑战、媒体炒作和个人期望等问题。当研究人员直接面对寻求治疗的患者的期望时,生物打印社会技术想象的具体具体化就会出现。这些遭遇为研究人员提供了一个机会,让他们反思他们参与承诺经济的模糊性质,以及在生物打印想象中构建预测的未来。
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引用次数: 3
Germ Growers in the Colonial Laboratory 殖民实验室的细菌种植者
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-28 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1970128
D. Crouch
ABSTRACT Written and set in the Australian colonies, Robert Potter’s The Germ Growers (1892) was amongst the earliest novels that engaged with the theme of extra-terrestrial invasion. It describes the discovery of aliens who breed ‘germs’ in a sophisticated laboratory hidden in the outback with the aim of conquering the human species. The novel’s introduction of these otherworldly interlopers into a setting already host to the political, social and scientific experiments of invaders, puts the colonial preoccupations with settlement and dispossession into sharp relief. Potter’s portrayal of relations between white settlers, aliens, exogenous and Indigenous others, accentuates how anxieties about invasion and contamination, insiders and outsiders, humans and nonhumans were accompanied by the application of scientific knowledge and technological expertise in the establishment and administration of social order. Highlighting the idea of colonies as sites for refining elaborate strategies of coercion and control, the novel provides a situated perspective upon the ways in which the affordances of the laboratory operated as central features of the imperial project and influenced its role in the development of biopolitical governance. In doing so, The Germ Growers brings attention to the archive of colonial fiction as a means of approaching the social and historical contexts that continue to undergird relations between science and culture.
摘要罗伯特·波特的《细菌种植者》(1892)以澳大利亚殖民地为背景,是最早以外星入侵为主题的小说之一。它描述了外星人的发现,他们在内陆一个复杂的实验室里繁殖“细菌”,目的是征服人类。小说将这些超凡脱俗的闯入者引入了一个已经存在入侵者的政治、社会和科学实验的环境中,使殖民地对定居和剥夺的关注得到了极大的缓解。波特对白人定居者、外星人、外来者和土著人之间关系的刻画,突出了对入侵和污染、内部人和外部人、人类和非人类的焦虑是如何伴随着科学知识和技术专长在社会秩序的建立和管理中的应用而来的。这部小说强调了殖民地是完善精心设计的胁迫和控制策略的场所的想法,对实验室的可供性作为帝国项目的核心特征并影响其在生物政治治理发展中的作用的方式提供了一个情境视角。在这样做的过程中,《萌芽者》引起了人们对殖民小说档案的关注,将其作为一种手段来处理继续支撑科学与文化之间关系的社会和历史背景。
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引用次数: 0
The Board Game Pandemic: Cooperative Sociotechnical Imaginaries Obscuring Power Relations 桌游大流行:合作的社会技术想象掩盖了权力关系
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-18 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1965111
Larry Au
Many stores in the United States reported that the board game Pandemic saw renewed interest at the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, with reports of increased sales due to lockdowns and stay-at-home ...
美国的许多商店报告说,在Covid-19大流行开始时,桌面游戏“大流行”重新引起了人们的兴趣,有报道称,由于封锁和居家,销量有所增加……
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引用次数: 3
The (Possible) Future of Cyborg Healthcare: Depictions of Disability in Cyberpunk 2077 电子人医疗保健(可能的)未来:《赛博朋克2077》中对残疾的描述
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1956888
A. Fox
ABSTRACT In the social imagination, cyborgs often invoke visions of super-humans entangled with cutting-edge technology capable of surpassing the limits of the human body. However, the focus on futuristic high-tech hybrids often overlooks the challenges and demands of disabled people – people who already experience life as cyborgs. Differently abled people are frequently under-or-un-represented within popular culture and media. And representation is often limited to super-abled tropes or redemption through technology. Video games are not exceptional in their representation of disabled people. This review will focus more intensely on how disability is depicted in the American dark future of Cyberpunk 2077. Ultimately recognizing that while this game could benefit from rendering its themes of interdependency, trust, maintenance, more salient for a general audience, Cyberpunk 2077 ultimately embraces a more robust representation of healthcare challenges and experiences of differently abled people than many other games featuring cyborgs.
摘要在社会的想象中,半机械人经常唤起超级人类与能够超越人体极限的尖端技术纠缠在一起的景象。然而,对未来高科技混合动力车的关注往往忽视了残疾人的挑战和需求——他们已经体验到了半机械人的生活。不同能力的人在流行文化和媒体中的代表性往往不足或缺乏。代表性往往局限于超能力的比喻或通过技术进行救赎。电子游戏在代表残疾人方面并不例外。这篇综述将更集中地关注《赛博朋克2077》中美国黑暗的未来是如何描绘残疾的。《赛博朋克2077》最终认识到,虽然这款游戏可以从将其相互依存、信任、维护的主题呈现给普通观众中受益,但与许多其他以半机械人为主角的游戏相比,它最终更有力地展现了不同能力人群的医疗挑战和体验。
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引用次数: 4
Aging in a Technoscientific World: Postphenomenology versus critical phenomenology Medical Technics 技术科学世界中的老龄化:后现象学与批判现象学
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-31 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1956889
M. Charette
From glucose monitoring devices to arthritis aids, technologies related to aging seem to be everywhere, but what are their effects on us? One possible answer is that, by targeting and monitoring an...
从血糖监测设备到关节炎辅助设备,与衰老相关的技术似乎无处不在,但它们对我们有什么影响呢?一个可能的答案是,通过瞄准和监控……
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引用次数: 0
Centers, Peripheries and Subordination. A View on Latin American Science 中心、外围和从属。拉丁美洲科学观
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-21 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1954153
Federico Vasen
There has been a renewed interest, in Science and Technology Studies in science developed outside Western Europe and North America. A new subfield of postcolonial studies of science and technology ...
人们对西欧和北美以外发展起来的科学技术研究重新产生了兴趣。后殖民科学技术研究的一个新领域。。。
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引用次数: 0
Island Imaginaries: Introduction to a Special Section 海岛幻想:专题导论
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-06-15 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1939294
M. Gugganig, Nina Klimburg-Witjes
ABSTRACT Colonial empires, scientists, philanthropists and Hollywood studios have long sustained an image of islands as remote places with unique ecologies and cultures, experimental labs, or loci of escapism. The climate crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic have contributed to a predominant view of islands as both exceptional spaces and testbeds to be scaled up onto continental or planetary levels. Likewise, the metaphor of the island is foundational to Western thought yet has been less explored in the context of scientific processes and technology development. Bringing together science and technology studies (STS) with critical Island Studies and related fields, this special section expands upon the spatial dimension of sociotechnical imaginaries to consider islands and their imaginations as both preexisting and channeling visions of science and technology. The introduced concept of Island Imaginaries captures the mutual constitution of island visions and their materialization in scientific, technological and technocratic endeavors that are imagined and pursued by scientific communities, policymakers, and other social collectives. Such an approach explores the co-constitutive dynamic of islands as sites for the foundation of technoscientific knowledge regimes, and the concomitant rendering of islands as conducive places for discovery and experimentation. The special section offers empirical case studies with insights into islands as synecdoche for larger wholes (the Earth), as experimental and exceptional sites for trialing business creation and political orders (in Singapore, and for Asia), and as variously interpreted laboratory paradise (of Hawai‘i). Further research themes for STS are suggested in the Conclusion.
长期以来,殖民帝国、科学家、慈善家和好莱坞电影公司一直将岛屿视为拥有独特生态和文化、实验实验室或逃避现实场所的偏远地区。气候危机和2019冠状病毒病大流行促使人们普遍认为,岛屿既是特殊空间,也是可以扩展到大陆或全球层面的试验台。同样,岛屿的隐喻是西方思想的基础,但在科学进程和技术发展的背景下却很少被探索。将科学和技术研究(STS)与关键的岛屿研究和相关领域结合在一起,这一特殊部分扩展了社会技术想象的空间维度,将岛屿及其想象视为既存在又引导科学和技术的愿景。引入的岛屿想象概念捕捉了岛屿愿景的相互构成及其在科学,技术和技术官僚努力中的物化,这些努力是由科学界,决策者和其他社会集体想象和追求的。这种方法探索了岛屿作为技术科学知识制度基础的共同构成动力,以及岛屿作为有利于发现和实验的地方的伴随呈现。特别部分提供了实证案例研究,对岛屿作为更大整体(地球)的喻喻,作为试验商业创造和政治秩序的实验和特殊场所(在新加坡和亚洲),以及作为各种解释的实验室天堂(夏威夷)的见解进行了深入研究。结语部分提出了进一步研究STS的主题。
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引用次数: 7
Monstrous Motherhood – Women on the Edge of Reproductive Age 怪异的母性——处于生育年龄边缘的女性
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-06-08 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1935842
S. W. Adrian, C. Kroløkke, J. Herrmann
ABSTRACT Women using reproductive technologies to extend the period they can procreate challenge nature and culture, and traverse the boundary between what is considered normal and abnormal. In other words, women inhabit the potentialities of reproductive change found in Margrit Schildrich's figure of the monstrous. Haraway and Dumit's implosion method is a useful vehicle for following women who are on the edge of reproductive age through legislation, the media, and the fertility clinic, revealing how maternal age is disciplined and (re)configured. While older women who conceived naturally are viewed as acceptable mothers, those who used technological assistance are perceived with uneasiness. The dichotomy of the natural and the unnatural is especially prevalent as an ordering principle in legislation, but it is (re)configured in media reports and clinical settings where a youthful appearance mental attitude and behaviour, can mitigate age. While the discussion about an age limit for parenthood is important, the nature-based ideas that are central to regulating women's bodies but not men's should be challenged. The way that moral boundaries emerge calls for legislation, media perceptions, and clinical practices to be adjusted to include new modes of ordering that are less repressive of women, their bodies, and their reproductive lives.
摘要利用生殖技术延长生育期的女性挑战自然和文化,跨越正常和异常之间的界限。换言之,女性拥有Margrit Schildrich笔下怪物形象中生殖变化的潜力。Haraway和Dumit的内爆方法是一种有用的工具,可以通过立法、媒体和生育诊所跟踪处于生育年龄边缘的女性,揭示产妇年龄是如何被约束和(重新)配置的。自然受孕的老年妇女被视为可接受的母亲,而那些使用技术援助的老年妇女则被视为不安。自然和非自然的二分法作为一项命令原则在立法中尤其普遍,但在媒体报道和临床环境中,年轻人的外表、心理态度和行为可以减轻年龄。虽然关于为人父母的年龄限制的讨论很重要,但对调节女性身体而非男性身体至关重要的基于自然的观念应该受到挑战。道德界限的出现要求对立法、媒体观念和临床实践进行调整,以纳入对女性、她们的身体和生殖生活不那么压抑的新秩序模式。
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引用次数: 5
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