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Economies of Virtue: The Circulation of ‘Ethics’ in Big Tech 美德经济:大型科技公司“伦理”的循环
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-11-04 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1990875
Thao Phan, Jake Goldenfein, Monique Mann, D. Kuch
Thao Phan , Jake Goldenfein, Monique Mann and Declan Kuch Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence on Automated Decision-Making & Society Melbourne, Australia; The Emerging Technologies Research Lab, Monash University, Caulfield East, Australia; Melbourne Law school, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia; School of Humanities and Social Sciences and Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia; Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
Thao Phan、Jake Goldenfen、Monique Mann和Declan Kuch澳大利亚研究委员会自动化决策与社会卓越中心,澳大利亚墨尔本;澳大利亚考尔菲德东部莫纳什大学新兴技术研究实验室;墨尔本大学墨尔本法学院,澳大利亚卡尔顿;澳大利亚伯伍德迪肯大学人文与社会科学学院和阿尔弗雷德·迪肯公民与全球化研究所;澳大利亚彭里斯西悉尼大学文化与社会研究所
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引用次数: 20
Assetization and the Logic of Venture Capital, or Why Facebook Does not ‘Feel’ Like a Monopoly to Zuckerberg 资产化与风险投资的逻辑,或者为什么脸书对扎克伯格来说不像是垄断
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-11-02 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1990874
Guy Balzam, Noam Yuran
The most valuable companies in 2021 are tech firms known as ‘Big Tech’. In recent years these companies were the subject of public and academic scrutiny, especially because they were accused of acting as monopolies (Kenney and Zysman, 2016), maintaining a profit regime sometimes referred to as ‘techfeudalism’ (Waters, 2020), and of having a vast and unprecedented social and political impact (Moore and Tambini, 2018). In a 2018 Senate hearing, Mark Zuckerberg, CEO and founder of Facebook, denied the accusation that his company is a monopoly, and his position was echoed by other Big Tech CEO’s. This position, we argue, is symptomatic of the nature of digital monopolies, which can be termed ‘fragile monopolies.’ Earlymanifestoes of the digital revolution, such as Negroponte’s Being Digital (1995), argued that the digital sphere was inherently resistant to monopoly control. There was a sound reasoning for this claim: bits, in contrast to atoms, are replicable and very cheaply so. History, obviously, refuted the promise of economically decentralized digital sphere. Yet Negroponte’s basic insight is important for understanding the form that contemporary Big Tech monopolies assume. They are motivated by a preliminary aim of creating monopolies, in an environment which is resistant to centralization. For that purpose, they develop from the outset things that can indeed be monopolized in the digital sphere. The popular aversion often directed at Big Tech companies reflects the unique form of their monopoly.What theymonopolize typically belongs to the sphere of intimate experience: forms of self-expression, social ties, or users’ memories and habits. Their presence in our lives is often presented as intrusive, but this intrusiveness reflects, in fact, the ephemeral nature of their assets. We argue that the emergence of a new form of monopoly has to do with a fact whose significance has been largely overlooked in research; namely that
2021年最有价值的公司是被称为“大型科技公司”的科技公司。近年来,这些公司成为公众和学术审查的对象,特别是因为它们被指责为垄断(Kenney和Zysman, 2016),维持一种有时被称为“技术封建主义”的利润制度(Waters, 2020),并具有巨大的和前所未有的社会和政治影响(Moore和Tambini, 2018)。在2018年的参议院听证会上,Facebook首席执行官兼创始人马克·扎克伯格(Mark Zuckerberg)否认了他的公司是垄断企业的指控,他的立场得到了其他大型科技公司首席执行官的呼应。我们认为,这种立场反映了数字垄断的本质,可以称之为“脆弱的垄断”。数字革命的早期宣言,如内格罗蓬特的《数字化》(1995),认为数字领域本质上是抵制垄断控制的。这种说法有一个合理的理由:与原子相比,比特是可复制的,而且非常便宜。显然,历史否定了经济去中心化数字领域的承诺。然而,内格罗蓬特的基本见解对于理解当代科技巨头垄断的形式很重要。他们的动机是在一个抵制中心化的环境中创造垄断的初步目标。为了这个目的,他们从一开始就开发出了在数字领域可以被垄断的东西。人们对大型科技公司的普遍厌恶反映了它们独特的垄断形式。他们所垄断的通常属于亲密体验领域:自我表达的形式,社会关系,或者用户的记忆和习惯。它们出现在我们的生活中,通常被认为是侵入性的,但事实上,这种侵入性反映了它们资产的短暂性。我们认为,一种新的垄断形式的出现与一个事实有关,而这个事实的重要性在研究中很大程度上被忽视了;即
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引用次数: 4
The Big Techification of Everything 万物的大技术化
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1984423
Reijer P Hendrikse, Ilke Adriaans, Tobias J. Klinge, Rodrigo Fernandez
A few months into the pandemic, Naomi Klein (2020) noted how a tech-driven ‘Pandemic Shock Doctrine’ was shaping up under conditions of lockdown and social distancing. In the US, Microsoft founder ...
大流行几个月后,内奥米·克莱因(Naomi Klein, 2020年)指出,在封锁和社交距离的条件下,技术驱动的“大流行冲击主义”正在形成。在美国,微软创始人…
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引用次数: 18
Amazon’s Ring: Surveillance as a Slippery Slope Service 亚马逊的指环:监控是一种滑坡服务
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1983797
Evan Selinger, Darrin Durant
Amazon’s Ring video doorbells allow users to easily see and talk with people in camera range over their phones, record and save camera footage to the cloud, and share videos of suspicious activity (Molla, 2020). Although Amazon markets the home security surveillance system and related Ring products (e.g. Neighbors social media app, home security cameras, mailbox sensor, and home surveillance drone) as consumer-friendly, smart home tools for deterring and reporting burglars and package thieves, the technology has been widely criticized. Most of the condemnation comes from privacy and civil rights activists. However, some academics and tech-company workers also have been critical. The strongest position is Ring doorbell cameras should be abolished. Evan Greer, director of Fight for the Future, declares that ‘products like Ring’ are ‘fundamentally incompatible with basic human rights and democracy’ (Ongweso, 2020). Surveillance scholar Chris Gilliard insists that some ‘technologies are incompatible with a free and equitable society,’ including Ring doorbell cameras (Oremus, 2020). An Amazon software engineer even claims, ‘The deployment of connected home security cameras that allow footage to be queried centrally are simply not compatible with a free society’ (Peterson, 2020). In the Science and Technology Studies (STS) tradition of the ‘modest scholar activist’ who is ‘openly partisan’ and intending to ‘stimulate social action’ (Woodhouse et al., 2002, p. 301), our goal is to document activist criticism and provide further conceptual justification for the research trajectory of what Frank Pasquale (2019) calls the ‘second wave of algorithmic accountability’. The reformist first wave approach focuses on improving technological
亚马逊的Ring视频门铃允许用户通过手机轻松看到摄像头范围内的人并与之交谈,将摄像头镜头记录并保存到云端,并分享可疑活动的视频(Molla, 2020)。尽管亚马逊将家庭安全监控系统和相关Ring产品(如邻居社交媒体应用程序、家庭安全摄像头、邮箱传感器和家庭监控无人机)作为消费者友好的智能家居工具来销售,以威慑和报告窃贼和包裹窃贼,但这项技术受到了广泛的批评。大多数谴责来自隐私权和民权活动人士。然而,一些学者和科技公司的员工也提出了批评。最强烈的立场是门铃摄像头应该被废除。“为未来而战”的负责人Evan Greer宣称,“像Ring这样的产品”“从根本上与基本人权和民主不相容”(Ongweso, 2020)。监控学者克里斯·吉利亚德(Chris Gilliard)坚持认为,一些“技术与自由公平的社会不相容”,包括门铃摄像头(Oremus, 2020)。一位亚马逊软件工程师甚至声称,“部署联网的家庭安全摄像头,允许集中查询视频,这与自由社会根本不兼容”(Peterson, 2020)。在科学技术研究(STS)传统中,“谦虚的学者活动家”是“公开的党派”,并打算“刺激社会行动”(Woodhouse等人,2002年,第301页),我们的目标是记录活动家的批评,并为Frank Pasquale(2019)所说的“第二波算法问责制”的研究轨迹提供进一步的概念证明。改革派的第一波方法侧重于改进技术
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引用次数: 7
Bioprinting as a Sociotechnical Project: Imaginaries, Promises and Futures 生物打印作为一个社会技术项目:想象、承诺和未来
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-09-17 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1977264
C. Lafontaine, M. Wolfe, J. Gagné, E. Abergel
ABSTRACT Bioprinting or the production of biological objects using additive manufacturing from a digital blueprint illustrates how sociotechnical imaginaries work within the paradigm of bio-innovation. This technology represents the near realization of the machine-based ideal attained by technologizing biological systems. The deployment of bioprinting establishes a powerful sociotechnical imaginary associated with this technology giving rise to a particular conception of the future. Interviews conducted with researchers working in a French start-up specialized on printing human skin revealed two types of futures built into the bioprinting imaginary: the indeterminate and uncertain future of tissues and organs for regenerative and personalized medicine; and the more achievable and profitable future of in vitro tissue models used by the pharmaceutical industry for drug screening. As part of this temporal landscape, bioprinting researchers struggle with issues such as the imperatives of the innovation model, technical challenges, media hype and their personal expectations. The concrete materialization of the bioprinting sociotechnical imaginary presents itself when researchers are directly confronted with the expectations of patients in search of treatments. These encounters provide an opportunity for researchers to reflect upon the ambiguous nature of their participation in the promissory economy and the construction of projected futures within the bioprinting imaginary.
生物打印或从数字蓝图中使用增材制造生产生物物体说明了社会技术想象如何在生物创新范式中发挥作用。这项技术代表了生物系统技术化所达到的基于机器的理想的接近实现。生物打印的应用建立了一种强大的社会技术想象,这种想象与这项技术有关,产生了对未来的特定概念。对法国一家专门从事人体皮肤打印的初创企业的研究人员进行的采访揭示了生物打印想象中的两种未来:用于再生和个性化医疗的组织和器官的不确定和不确定的未来;以及制药行业用于药物筛选的体外组织模型更容易实现和有利可图的未来。作为这一时间格局的一部分,生物打印研究人员正在努力解决诸如创新模式的必要性、技术挑战、媒体炒作和个人期望等问题。当研究人员直接面对寻求治疗的患者的期望时,生物打印社会技术想象的具体具体化就会出现。这些遭遇为研究人员提供了一个机会,让他们反思他们参与承诺经济的模糊性质,以及在生物打印想象中构建预测的未来。
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引用次数: 3
Germ Growers in the Colonial Laboratory 殖民实验室的细菌种植者
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-28 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1970128
D. Crouch
ABSTRACT Written and set in the Australian colonies, Robert Potter’s The Germ Growers (1892) was amongst the earliest novels that engaged with the theme of extra-terrestrial invasion. It describes the discovery of aliens who breed ‘germs’ in a sophisticated laboratory hidden in the outback with the aim of conquering the human species. The novel’s introduction of these otherworldly interlopers into a setting already host to the political, social and scientific experiments of invaders, puts the colonial preoccupations with settlement and dispossession into sharp relief. Potter’s portrayal of relations between white settlers, aliens, exogenous and Indigenous others, accentuates how anxieties about invasion and contamination, insiders and outsiders, humans and nonhumans were accompanied by the application of scientific knowledge and technological expertise in the establishment and administration of social order. Highlighting the idea of colonies as sites for refining elaborate strategies of coercion and control, the novel provides a situated perspective upon the ways in which the affordances of the laboratory operated as central features of the imperial project and influenced its role in the development of biopolitical governance. In doing so, The Germ Growers brings attention to the archive of colonial fiction as a means of approaching the social and historical contexts that continue to undergird relations between science and culture.
摘要罗伯特·波特的《细菌种植者》(1892)以澳大利亚殖民地为背景,是最早以外星入侵为主题的小说之一。它描述了外星人的发现,他们在内陆一个复杂的实验室里繁殖“细菌”,目的是征服人类。小说将这些超凡脱俗的闯入者引入了一个已经存在入侵者的政治、社会和科学实验的环境中,使殖民地对定居和剥夺的关注得到了极大的缓解。波特对白人定居者、外星人、外来者和土著人之间关系的刻画,突出了对入侵和污染、内部人和外部人、人类和非人类的焦虑是如何伴随着科学知识和技术专长在社会秩序的建立和管理中的应用而来的。这部小说强调了殖民地是完善精心设计的胁迫和控制策略的场所的想法,对实验室的可供性作为帝国项目的核心特征并影响其在生物政治治理发展中的作用的方式提供了一个情境视角。在这样做的过程中,《萌芽者》引起了人们对殖民小说档案的关注,将其作为一种手段来处理继续支撑科学与文化之间关系的社会和历史背景。
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引用次数: 0
The Board Game Pandemic: Cooperative Sociotechnical Imaginaries Obscuring Power Relations 桌游大流行:合作的社会技术想象掩盖了权力关系
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-18 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1965111
Larry Au
Many stores in the United States reported that the board game Pandemic saw renewed interest at the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, with reports of increased sales due to lockdowns and stay-at-home ...
美国的许多商店报告说,在Covid-19大流行开始时,桌面游戏“大流行”重新引起了人们的兴趣,有报道称,由于封锁和居家,销量有所增加……
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引用次数: 3
The (Possible) Future of Cyborg Healthcare: Depictions of Disability in Cyberpunk 2077 电子人医疗保健(可能的)未来:《赛博朋克2077》中对残疾的描述
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-08-17 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1956888
A. Fox
ABSTRACT In the social imagination, cyborgs often invoke visions of super-humans entangled with cutting-edge technology capable of surpassing the limits of the human body. However, the focus on futuristic high-tech hybrids often overlooks the challenges and demands of disabled people – people who already experience life as cyborgs. Differently abled people are frequently under-or-un-represented within popular culture and media. And representation is often limited to super-abled tropes or redemption through technology. Video games are not exceptional in their representation of disabled people. This review will focus more intensely on how disability is depicted in the American dark future of Cyberpunk 2077. Ultimately recognizing that while this game could benefit from rendering its themes of interdependency, trust, maintenance, more salient for a general audience, Cyberpunk 2077 ultimately embraces a more robust representation of healthcare challenges and experiences of differently abled people than many other games featuring cyborgs.
摘要在社会的想象中,半机械人经常唤起超级人类与能够超越人体极限的尖端技术纠缠在一起的景象。然而,对未来高科技混合动力车的关注往往忽视了残疾人的挑战和需求——他们已经体验到了半机械人的生活。不同能力的人在流行文化和媒体中的代表性往往不足或缺乏。代表性往往局限于超能力的比喻或通过技术进行救赎。电子游戏在代表残疾人方面并不例外。这篇综述将更集中地关注《赛博朋克2077》中美国黑暗的未来是如何描绘残疾的。《赛博朋克2077》最终认识到,虽然这款游戏可以从将其相互依存、信任、维护的主题呈现给普通观众中受益,但与许多其他以半机械人为主角的游戏相比,它最终更有力地展现了不同能力人群的医疗挑战和体验。
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引用次数: 4
Aging in a Technoscientific World: Postphenomenology versus critical phenomenology Medical Technics 技术科学世界中的老龄化:后现象学与批判现象学
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-31 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1956889
M. Charette
From glucose monitoring devices to arthritis aids, technologies related to aging seem to be everywhere, but what are their effects on us? One possible answer is that, by targeting and monitoring an...
从血糖监测设备到关节炎辅助设备,与衰老相关的技术似乎无处不在,但它们对我们有什么影响呢?一个可能的答案是,通过瞄准和监控……
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引用次数: 0
Centers, Peripheries and Subordination. A View on Latin American Science 中心、外围和从属。拉丁美洲科学观
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2021-07-21 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2021.1954153
Federico Vasen
There has been a renewed interest, in Science and Technology Studies in science developed outside Western Europe and North America. A new subfield of postcolonial studies of science and technology ...
人们对西欧和北美以外发展起来的科学技术研究重新产生了兴趣。后殖民科学技术研究的一个新领域。。。
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引用次数: 0
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Science As Culture
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