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The Italian debate on the digital COVID certificate: co-producing epistemic and normative rationalities 意大利关于数字新冠肺炎证书的辩论:共同产生认识和规范理性
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-05-19 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2023.2211761
L. Marelli
Italy's digital Covid certificate, known nationally as the ‘Green Pass,' was enforced through unusual restrictions for a liberal democracy, as part of the government's effort to bolster the Covid-19 vaccination campaign. Since July 2021, the Green Pass provided the main authorizing tool for the public to access a wide spectrum of social spaces and activities, from leisure to public transport and from education to workplaces. The Green Pass therefore served as a normative technology, and triggered intense political controversy and heated debates in the Italian public discourse. In constructing claims about the Green Pass, advocates and critics alike co-produced normative arguments with understandings of scientific evidence. Notably, they articulated competing framings around: conceptions of freedom during a pandemic;what should be considered as ‘evidence that matters' regarding the effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccines;value-laden projections of vaccination as either a solidaristic practice or an act of self-protection;the proper relationship between the state and its citizens;and the most appropriate modes of public health intervention. Accordingly, Italy's Green Pass offers a revealing case study for probing the implications of a normative technology with respect to public health effectiveness and the safeguarding of individual and social rights. It also provides an opportunity for scrutinizing the (re-)structuring of scientific and public health governance in a major Western democracy during a public health crisis. © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
意大利的数字新冠肺炎证书在全国被称为“绿色通行证”,是通过对自由民主国家的不同寻常的限制来强制执行的,这是政府支持新冠肺炎疫苗接种运动的一部分。自2021年7月以来,绿色通行证为公众提供了广泛的社交空间和活动的主要授权工具,从休闲到公共交通,从教育到工作场所。因此,绿色通行证作为一种规范性技术,在意大利公共话语中引发了激烈的政治争议和激烈的辩论。在构建关于绿色通行证的主张时,倡导者和批评者都将规范性论点与对科学证据的理解结合起来。值得注意的是,他们围绕以下几个方面阐述了相互竞争的框架:疫情期间的自由概念;关于新冠肺炎疫苗的有效性,什么应该被视为“重要证据”;将疫苗接种视为一种团结的做法或自我保护行为的价值预测;国家与其公民之间的适当关系;以及最适当的公共卫生干预模式。因此,意大利的绿色通行证提供了一个具有启发性的案例研究,用于探讨规范性技术对公共卫生有效性以及保障个人和社会权利的影响。它还为在公共卫生危机期间仔细审查西方主要民主国家的科学和公共卫生治理结构提供了机会。©2023作者。由Informa UK Limited出版,交易名称为Taylor&Francis Group。
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引用次数: 0
The humanist challenge to China’s dominant policies for popularizing science and technology (PST) 中国主导科技推广政策面临的人文主义挑战
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-05-16 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2023.2211760
Siyu Fu, K. Nielsen
ABSTRACT In the early 2000s, a group of Chinese scholars who often refer to themselves as scientific humanists (科学文化人, or 科学人文主义者) launched a critique of dominant approaches to science popularization known as ‘kepu’ or science popularization (科普). Their scientific humanism connects traditional Chinese ideas about scientism and humanism to Western philosophy and STS, in particular the sociology of scientific knowledge. Challenging science popularization policies, the scientific humanists in 2001 launched the so-called Critical School of Science Communication (CSSC), which combines scientific humanism with STS approaches to science communication, namely critical public understanding of science and public engagement with science. The CSSC criticized the Popularization of Science and Technology (PST) policy adopted by China’s government and main scientific institutions to promote her technoscientific and technocratic visions. The CSSC is in favor of science communication, rather than science popularization, aimed at reconciling science with the humanities, stimulating genuine dialogue between science and the public, and ultimately increasing civic empowerment. CSSC proponents have engaged in a series of public interventions where they challenged dominant views on the social role of technoscience and PST. China’s explicit emphasis on, even legislative commitment to PST provided a unique context to which the CSSC responded by appropriating scientific humanism, itself an assemblage of Chinese ideas and STS theory, and STS-related concepts about science communication.
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引用次数: 1
Stereotypes, gender, and humor in representations of coders in Silicon Valley. Review of TV series Silicon Valley (HBO 2014–2019) 硅谷程序员的刻板印象、性别和幽默。电视剧《硅谷》回顾(HBO 2014–2019)
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-03-18 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2023.2189094
H. Little
As I scroll through my Twitter feed, I notice a link to an article. ‘20Ways HBO’s SiliconValley Is Just Like theReal Thing’ (Waugh, 2020), it reads. I pause. Is this a fun, observational listicle? Or a thorough take-down of how real tech culture is based on the same toxic attitudes and problematic characters we see in the show? It turns out to be the former, but it got me thinking about why I was so alarmed at the idea that Silicon Valley might represent current reality. Silicon Valley (Altschuler et al., 2014-2019) follows a team of male coders in present-day Silicon Valley as they launch and develop a startup company called Pied Piper. Pied Piper is a company based on a single algorithm developed by Richard Hendricks, the show’s protagonist, that allows for astonishingly efficient file compression without losing any data quality. The show follows the Pied Piper team over six seasons as they rise, fall and reinvent themselves to tackle the challenges that the tech industry throws at them. The show represents tech culture as a toxic, capitalist, predominantly male-dominated world with someutterly reprehensible characters frequently expressingmisogynistic attitudes that are outdated for themid to late 2010s timeperiod it is set in.At times, the show successfully illustrates the issues and hostilitywomen facewithin the tech industry through to the present day, though always with its tongue firmly in its cheek. In the series 2 episode The Lady, for instance, some of the Pied Piper team recommend hiring a coder named Carla Walton: a brash, punky woman with a leather jacket, blue-highlighted hair and heavy eyeliner. Jared, Pied Piper’s COO, remarks ‘There’s a distinct over-representation of men in this
当我滚动我的Twitter feed时,我注意到一篇文章的链接。它写道:“HBO的硅谷就像真实的东西一样”(Waugh, 2020)。我停了下来。这是一篇有趣的、观察性的文章吗?还是彻底摧毁真实的科技文化是如何建立在我们在剧中看到的同样有毒的态度和有问题的人物基础上的?事实证明是前者,但这让我开始思考,为什么我对硅谷可能代表当前现实的观点如此担忧。《硅谷》(Altschuler等人,2014-2019)讲述了当今硅谷的一群男性编码器,他们创办并开发了一家名为Pied Piper的创业公司。Pied Piper是一家基于剧中主角理查德·亨德里克斯(Richard Hendricks)开发的单一算法的公司,该算法可以在不损失任何数据质量的情况下实现惊人的高效文件压缩。这部剧讲述了花衣魔笛手团队在六季中的起起落落和重塑自我,以应对科技行业给他们带来的挑战。这部剧把科技文化描绘成一个有毒的、资本主义的、男性主导的世界,其中一些完全应该受到谴责的角色经常表现出厌恶女性的态度,这些态度在它设定的2010年代中后期已经过时了。有时,这部剧成功地展示了女性在科技行业面临的问题和敌意,直到今天,尽管它总是直言不讳。例如,在第二季的《淑女》(the Lady)一集中,花衣魔笛手(Pied Piper)团队中的一些人建议雇佣一位名叫卡拉·沃尔顿(Carla Walton)的程序员:她是一个傲慢、朋克的女人,穿着皮夹克,头发是蓝色的,画着浓重的眼线。Pied Piper的首席运营官贾里德(Jared)说:“在这个行业中,男性的比例明显过高
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引用次数: 0
The promise of ELSI: coproducing the future of life on earth ELSI的承诺:共同创造地球生命的未来
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-03-03 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2023.2182189
Tess Doezema
ABSTRACT Scientific knowledge and authority are central to dire warnings of biodiversity loss and climate change, as well as corollary visions of pathways for environmental repair and the provision of future human wellbeing. Such articulations of futures possible through the advance of science and technology, and especially genetics, have been extensively studied by STS scholars concerned with the ways society, government, and capital are ordered in relation to these expectations. In the Human Genome Project, projections of future benefit reached almost mythical – for some alarming – proportions, and initiated the now familiar model of institutional funding of Ethical, Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) research. Following this model, the Earth Biogenome Project seeks to sequence the genomes of all life on earth, with expansive promises about the good that will follow. While the inclusion of an ELSI committee is treated as the application of a known model of social ordering, and as routine and natural for such a project, its remit and role in negotiating right modes of relationality between humans and the environment are neither straightforward nor well institutionalized. In so doing, the project contributes to the stabilization of a particular set of concepts and practices as constitutive of environmental ethics while at the same time constructing biodiversity in distinct ways that align with its vision of the scientific pursuit of good human futures. As such, the constructions of environmental ethics and biodiversity that the project advances are coproduced, contributing to the shared articulations of right human-environment relationships, and institutionalized practices for ordering the world accordingly.
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引用次数: 1
From evil demiurge to caring hero: images of geneticists in the movies 从邪恶的半冲动到关爱英雄:电影中的遗传学家形象
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-02-27 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2023.2180627
J. Domaradzki
ABSTRACT Although images of science and scientists depicted in popular culture have been criticized as an exaggeration and fear mongering, the cinema is an important resource that influences individuals’ beliefs about science. Because popular depictions of science play a crucial role in constructing the public’s ‘scientific imaginary’ they constitute an inherent dimension of the social understanding of science and are as important for science communication as the ‘real’ science. Fictional filmic representations of geneticists portrayed in 145 films reveal that popular culture (re)constructs common images and stereotypes of scientists. While the most prevalent negative stereotypes depicted in films include: the evil demiurge, the egoist without morals, the nerdy geneticist, and the capitalist who betrays the ethos of science, over the last few decades films tend to construct more positive images of geneticists: the objective researcher, the practical expert, the bioethicist, the caring physician and the dedicated idealist. Additionally, although molecular biology depicted in films largely represents a man’s world, especially since the 1990s, the figure of the woman geneticist is on the rise. The coexistence of multiple representations of geneticists in films demonstrate that cinematic images of geneticists constitute an important narrative tool that helps moviemakers in reconstructing the social promises and perils related to biotechnology. Thus, films should be understood as a site for the examination of how popular culture fuels hopes and anxieties related to the scientific revolution that permeate culture and how these hopes and fears change over time from horror to hope and from fiction to reality.
尽管大众文化中描绘的科学和科学家形象被批评为夸大和制造恐惧,但电影是影响个人科学信仰的重要资源。因为大众对科学的描述在构建公众的“科学想象”中起着至关重要的作用,它们构成了社会对科学理解的一个固有维度,对于科学传播与“真实”科学一样重要。145部电影中对遗传学家的虚构描述表明,流行文化(重新)构建了科学家的共同形象和刻板印象。虽然电影中最普遍的负面刻板印象包括:邪恶的造物主,没有道德的利己主义者,书呆子遗传学家和背叛科学精神的资本家,但在过去的几十年里,电影倾向于构建更积极的遗传学家形象:客观的研究者,实用的专家,生物伦理学家,有爱心的医生和专注的理想主义者。此外,尽管电影中描述的分子生物学主要代表了一个男人的世界,尤其是自20世纪90年代以来,女性遗传学家的形象正在上升。遗传学家在电影中的多重表现表明,遗传学家的电影形象构成了一个重要的叙事工具,帮助电影制作人重建与生物技术有关的社会承诺和危险。因此,电影应该被理解为一个检验流行文化如何激发与渗透文化的科学革命相关的希望和焦虑的场所,以及这些希望和恐惧如何随着时间的推移从恐怖到希望,从虚构到现实。
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引用次数: 0
Metaphors of foreign strangers: antimicrobial resistance in biomedical discourses 外来陌生人的隐喻:生物医学话语中的抗微生物耐药性
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-02-17 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2023.2180628
A. Kamenshchikova, P. Wolffs, C. Hoebe, J. Penders, K. Horstman
ABSTRACT Complex phenomena such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are often explained in biomedical sciences by using analogies and metaphors. Metaphors play a crucial role in the knowledge production processes, as well as in ensuring the continuity of scientific models of thought. Novel conceptual metaphors, such as ‘AMR is an apocalypse’ or ‘antibiotics are weapons’ are usually immediately recognised as metaphors. Therefore, they have been scrutinised for their role in producing militaristic and even discriminatory discourses towards specific antibiotic use practices or populations, such as migrants or residents of low-income countries. At the same time, other terms have been presented as literal and descriptive, thus escaping critical analysis. Terms such as ‘bacterial reservoirs’ and ‘bacterial colonies’ have been conventionalised in biomedical sciences. However, the historical links between these terms and the sources of comparisons (reservoir – a source of something; and colony – a settlement in a foreign territory) are still present in biomedical discourses. As such, these terms stimulate a style of thinking about bacteria as foreign actors coming from foreign lands and bodies. Critical engagement with conventionalised metaphors helps to trace the continuity in scientific thought processes that links the historical context from where these metaphors are coming from to the present material practices and methods of science-making, including funding distribution.
摘要生物医学中经常使用类比和隐喻来解释抗菌药物耐药性等复杂现象。隐喻在知识生产过程中发挥着至关重要的作用,同时也确保了科学思维模式的连续性。新颖的概念隐喻,如“AMR是世界末日”或“抗生素是武器”,通常会立即被认为是隐喻。因此,他们在针对特定抗生素使用做法或人群(如移民或低收入国家的居民)发表军国主义甚至歧视性言论方面所起的作用受到了审查。与此同时,其他术语被描述为文字和描述性的,从而逃避了批判性分析。“细菌库”和“菌落”等术语在生物医学科学中已成为惯例。然而,这些术语与比较来源(水库——某种东西的来源;殖民地——外国领土上的定居点)之间的历史联系仍然存在于生物医学话语中。因此,这些术语激发了一种将细菌视为来自外国土地和身体的外国行动者的思维方式。对传统隐喻的批判性参与有助于追踪科学思维过程的连续性,这些思维过程将这些隐喻的历史背景与当前的物质实践和科学制作方法联系起来,包括资金分配。
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引用次数: 0
Negotiating Belgian identity in Wisconsin through ancestry genomics 通过血统基因组学来协商威斯康星州的比利时身份
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-02-15 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2023.2178401
François C. Romijn
ABSTRACT How do Wisconsin-based descendants of Belgian immigrants – living in a mid-western, largely white, and mostly rural community – connect a perceived common Belgian ancestry to a contemporary sense of belonging through genomic ancestry testing (GAT)? Members of this community negotiate GAT’s results in relation to their prior self-identification with Belgian ancestry and present-identity claims, highlighting two important findings. First, in this community, prior self-identification with both Belgian ancestry and present-day identity are important for understanding how group members negotiate GAT’s results. GAT results have meaning for group members as long as they can be interpreted in a way that re-establishes the histories of connectedness and social life experiences that underpin a specifically ‘Belgian’ identity. Second, another feature of more interest for STS researchers is that there are no specific genomic markers clearly linking individuals to a ‘Belgian’ ancestry. The lack of genomic markers for Belgian ancestry ends up enabling a socially flexible interpretation of results. Indirectly and with inventiveness, community members establish their Belgian ancestry through the genomic results, despite the absence of a ‘Belgian’ category derivable from the tests. As such, there is significant flexibility in the way that genomic ancestry testing ends up filtering into everyday practices.
居住在威斯康星州的比利时移民后裔——居住在中西部以白人为主的农村社区——如何通过基因组血统测试(GAT)将共同的比利时血统与当代归属感联系起来?这个社区的成员就GAT的结果与他们先前对比利时血统的自我认同和现在的认同主张进行了谈判,突出了两个重要的发现。首先,在这个群体中,先前对比利时血统和现在身份的自我认同对于理解群体成员如何协商GAT结果很重要。GAT的结果对群体成员来说是有意义的,只要它们能够以一种重新建立联系的历史和社会生活经历的方式来解释,这种联系和社会生活经历支撑着特定的“比利时”身份。其次,STS研究人员更感兴趣的另一个特征是,没有特定的基因组标记明确地将个体与“比利时”祖先联系起来。缺乏比利时血统的基因组标记最终使社会对结果的解释变得灵活。尽管没有从测试中衍生出“比利时”类别,但社区成员通过基因组结果间接地和创造性地确定了他们的比利时血统。因此,在基因祖先测试最终渗透到日常实践的方式上有很大的灵活性。
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引用次数: 0
Teaching the normal and the pathological: educational technologies and the material reproduction of medicine 师范与病理学教学:教育技术与医学物质再生产
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-02-10 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2023.2171859
John Nott, A. Harris
ABSTRACT That pathology and normality exist on a complex spectrum of bodily manifestation is an enduring problem at the heart of the philosophy, anthropology and history of medicine. As the primary locus for the reproduction of medicine, medical schools are important sites for cultivating knowledge of what is normal and what is not. Here students come to engage with the slippery concepts of normality and pathology in collaboration with a wide range of educational technologies – the cadavers, plastic models, illustrations and diagnostic tools which corral student knowledge of the body in both health and disease. These technologies are not universally employed across medical faculties, and variations in their use contributes to various constructions of pathology and normality. Ethnographic observation and historical research in medical faculties in Hungary, the Netherlands and Ghana, shows that educational practices are shaped by the epistemic traditions which manifest in the material environment of the medical school, and that these different sociomaterial settings contribute to inconsistent notions of normalcy. Although educational technologies often tend towards fixity in their representations of the body in health and disease, medical school practice in the north of Ghana resists the imposition of the often alien standards typically found in teaching materials imported from Europe or North America. By teaching around and beyond these materials, Ghanaian educators also challenge their assuredness and the intellectual history of contemporary medicine.
病理学和正常性存在于一个复杂的身体表现谱中,这是哲学、人类学和医学史的核心问题。医学院作为医学繁殖的主要场所,是培养什么是正常知识和什么不是正常知识的重要场所。在这里,学生们与广泛的教育技术合作,开始接触正常和病理学的狡猾概念——尸体、塑料模型、插图和诊断工具,这些工具汇集了学生对身体健康和疾病的知识。这些技术并没有在医学院中普遍使用,它们的使用变化导致了病理学和正常化的各种结构。匈牙利、荷兰和加纳医学院的民族志观察和历史研究表明,教育实践是由医学院物质环境中表现出来的认识传统所塑造的,这些不同的社会物质环境导致了正常观念的不一致。尽管教育技术在健康和疾病方面对身体的表现往往趋于固定,但加纳北部的医学院实践抵制强加从欧洲或北美进口的教材中通常存在的外来标准。通过围绕和超越这些材料进行教学,加纳教育工作者也挑战了他们的自信和当代医学的知识史。
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引用次数: 1
Data-driven governance and performances of accountability: critical reflections from US agri-environmental policy 数据驱动的治理和问责绩效:来自美国农业环境政策的重要反思
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-02-08 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2023.2175654
Ritwick Ghosh
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引用次数: 2
Thank you to Science as Culture reviewers 感谢科学文化评论家
IF 2.6 3区 哲学 Q1 CULTURAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-01-02 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2023.2181758
{"title":"Thank you to Science as Culture reviewers","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/09505431.2023.2181758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2023.2181758","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47064,"journal":{"name":"Science As Culture","volume":"32 1","pages":"i - ii"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45388170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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