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Historical geographies of a Damascan population crisis: Jawlān and Ḥawrān in the late Mamluk - early Ottoman periods 大马士革人口危机的历史地理:马穆鲁克晚期-奥斯曼帝国早期的 Jawlān 和 Ḥawrān
IF 1.3 2区 历史学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2024.09.002
Abbasi Mustafa, Kate Raphael
This multidisciplinary study examines the potential causes of a severe and rapid population and settlement decline during the period of transition in the Jawlān and eastern Ḥawrān regions in the province of Damascus. The Jawlān had been part of a relatively small and centralized sultanate in the Mamluk period. However, in the sixteenth century it was incorporated into an empire that ruled over three continents, thus its importance and standing gradually diminished. Newly recovered data from archaeological surveys, two archaeological excavations, fifteenth-century Arabic chroniclers and sixteenth-century Ottoman tax registers (defters) evidence the magnitude of a demographic crisis that occurred in one of the province's most fertile areas at a time when neighboring regions enjoyed continuity, stability and growth. The study conclusions are significant: nomadization in conjunction with an internal, seasonal migration process likely caused the steep decline, and not external migration or sudden demographic decline due to plagues or natural disasters. This shift from sedentary to nomadic or semi-nomadic life lasted for a long time; the vast majority of the area residents were Bedouin, able to adapt quickly to the new reality that combined work in the (mazra'as) with cattle raising.
这项多学科研究探讨了大马士革省 Jawlān 和东部 Ḥawrān 地区在过渡时期人口和定居点急剧下降的潜在原因。Jawlān 在马穆鲁克时期曾是一个规模相对较小的中央集权苏丹国的一部分。但在 16 世纪,它被并入一个统治三大洲的帝国,因此其重要性和地位逐渐下降。从考古调查、两次考古发掘、15 世纪阿拉伯语编年史和 16 世纪奥斯曼帝国税务登记簿(defters)中获得的新数据证明,在邻近地区享有连续性、稳定性和增长的时候,该省最富饶的地区之一却发生了严重的人口危机。研究结论意义重大:游牧化与内部季节性迁移过程很可能导致了人口的急剧下降,而不是外部迁移或瘟疫或自然灾害导致的人口突然减少。这种从定居生活向游牧或半游牧生活的转变持续了很长时间;该地区的绝大多数居民都是贝都因人,他们能够迅速适应新的现实,将在 mazra'as 的工作与养牛结合起来。
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引用次数: 0
IF 1.3 2区 历史学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2024.10.001
Eberhard Crailsheim
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引用次数: 0
Contesting monuments: Heritage and historical geographies of inequality, an introduction 争夺古迹:遗产与不平等的历史地理学,导言
IF 1.3 2区 历史学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2024.09.005
Stephen Legg
This paper introduces a virtual special issue that explores how monuments have been contested in the past and how they continue to be so in the present. A survey of papers published in this journal from the 1990s to the early-2000s demonstrates an ongoing and rich interest in the interconnections between nationalism, landscape and ritual, with some emphasis on resistance but little sense of the contemporary lives of these historic monuments. Broader geographical scholarship in the mid-2000s evidenced the memory boom that was taking place across the discipline, beyond historical geography. A second survey of papers in this journal, published from 2012 to 2021, evidences a richer engagement with post-colonial, post-Soviet and post-slavery periods and perspectives, and with a broader range of sites beyond Europe and North America. More recent scholarship has focused on participatory geography, calls for statues to fall, and for more experimental, non-representational methods. This introduction concludes by summarising the papers in this special issue and reflecting on the relationships between monuments and contestation that they create, namely: monuments to contestation; the historic contestation of monuments; and the ongoing contestation of monuments as heritage spaces (attacks and felling, retaining and explaining, re-using, creating counter-monuments, artistically re-symbolising and re-imagining monuments, and contestatory scholarship).
本文介绍了一个虚拟特刊,该特刊探讨了古迹在过去是如何受到争议的,以及它们在现在又是如何继续受到争议的。对 20 世纪 90 年代至 21 世纪初发表在本刊上的论文进行的调查显示,人们对民族主义、景观和仪式之间的相互联系一直有着浓厚的兴趣,其中一些论文强调了抵抗,但对这些历史遗迹的当代生活却知之甚少。2000 年代中期更广泛的地理学术研究表明,除历史地理学之外,整个学科都出现了记忆热潮。对 2012 年至 2021 年发表在本期刊上的论文进行的第二次调查显示,后殖民、后苏联和后奴隶制时期和视角以及欧洲和北美以外更广泛的遗址得到了更丰富的参与。最近的学术研究侧重于参与性地理学,呼吁雕像倒下,以及采用更具实验性、非代表性的方法。本引言最后总结了本特刊中的论文,并反思了纪念碑与它们所创造的争议之间的关系,即:争议纪念碑;纪念碑的历史争议;纪念碑作为遗产空间的持续争议(攻击和砍伐、保留和解释、再利用、创造反纪念碑、艺术地重新象征和重新想象纪念碑,以及争议性学术研究)。
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引用次数: 0
Eastern isles, western isles: Geographical imaginaries and trans-island identities in British conceptions of Japan, 1800–1868 东岛,西岛:1800-1868 年英国人对日本的地理想象和跨岛身份认同
IF 1.3 2区 历史学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2024.10.008
Annabel Storr
Ideas of islands shaped Britain's self-identity and its relationship with the wider world in the early and mid-nineteenth century. Existing interpretations of Anglo-Japanese relations have emphasized the development of the idea of Japan as the ‘Britain of the East’ in the late nineteenth century with the significance of Japan adopting a western model of development. This article argues for a critical re-evaluation that directly engages with the crucial developments within early nineteenth-century ideas of Japan as Britain's eastern reflection. It argues that the idea of Japan as Britain's eastern reflection did not arise out of Japanese reforms during the mid-nineteenth century but significantly predated these developments, grounded in ideas of geographical and cartographical connections between the two island nations and reinforced by firsthand travel accounts from the late 1850s onwards. Crucially, it argues that these ideas of twin isles of East and West exerted a powerful, at times eclipsing, influence over British conceptions of Japan in the early and mid-nineteenth century, employing geographical imaginaries in the face of geographical and cartographical difference.
19 世纪早期和中期,岛屿观念塑造了英国的自我认同及其与更广阔世界的关系。现有的英日关系诠释强调了 19 世纪晚期日本作为 "东方英国 "的发展理念,以及日本采用西方发展模式的意义。本文主张进行批判性的重新评价,直接探讨 19 世纪早期日本作为英国东方反射的重要发展。文章认为,日本是英国的东方映像这一观点并非产生于 19 世纪中叶的日本改革,而是早在这些发展之前就已存在,其基础是两个岛国之间的地理和地图联系,并得到了 19 世纪 50 年代末期以来第一手旅行资料的支持。至关重要的是,该书论证了这些东西方孪生岛屿的观念在 19 世纪早期和中期对英国人的日本观念产生了强大的影响,有时甚至使其黯然失色,在地理和地图差异面前运用了地理想象。
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引用次数: 0
Map making as memory practice: The historical geography of East European shtetls as expressed in Jewish yizker bikher 作为记忆实践的地图绘制:犹太人的 "yizker bikher "所表达的东欧什特尔历史地理
IF 1.3 2区 历史学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2024.10.004
Marta Kubiszyn
This article argues that the spatial subjectivity of the map maker is a crucial component of historical geography and uses maps in post-Holocaust yizker bikher to demonstrate how these hand-drawn geographies are invaluable counterweights to perpetrator mapping projects. To develop the argument, the article analyzes three selected yizker bikher maps, renderings of towns inhabited by Jewish and non-Jewish communities in prewar Poland as representations of the subjective idea of an historical place embedded in post-genocide memories of individual spatial experience. Yizker bikher are Jewish memorial books, historical publications compiled by communities of Holocaust survivors after World War II; they often feature hand-drawn maps from the perspective of the survivor. Building on a scholarship regarding cognitive mapping and the role of emotions in map-making, the article provides a deeper understanding of the yizker bikher drawings as a form of memory practice. Unlike the other sketches representing town spaces that are referred to in most of the cognitive mapping scholarship, the shtetl drawings not only represent a historical geography but also express the map maker's awareness of loss and grief, while working as a point of reference for sustaining the site- and community- oriented identity of the Jewish survivors displaced after the Holocaust.
本文认为,地图绘制者的空间主观性是历史地理学的重要组成部分,并利用大屠杀后 yizker bikher 中的地图来说明这些手绘地理学是如何与肇事者的地图绘制项目形成宝贵的抗衡。为了展开论述,文章分析了三幅精选的 yizker bikher 地图,这些地图描绘了战前波兰犹太人和非犹太人社区居住的城镇,代表了种族灭绝后个人空间经验记忆中历史地点的主观概念。Yizker bikher 是犹太人的纪念书籍,是二战后大屠杀幸存者社区编纂的历史出版物;它们通常以幸存者的视角手绘地图。文章以认知地图绘制和情感在地图绘制中的作用为学术基础,对作为记忆实践形式的 yizker bikher 图纸进行了更深入的理解。与大多数认知地图学术研究中提到的代表城镇空间的其他草图不同,"什特尔 "图不仅代表了历史地理,还表达了地图绘制者对损失和悲伤的认识,同时作为一个参照点,维持大屠杀后流离失所的犹太幸存者以遗址和社区为导向的身份。
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引用次数: 0
IF 1.3 2区 历史学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2024.10.003
Ana María Silva Campo
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引用次数: 0
Tracing the shores of empire: Imperial visuality on the Chinese coast in the late-Qing era 追溯帝国的海岸:晚清时期中国沿海的帝国视觉性
IF 1.3 2区 历史学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2024.09.003
Mimi Cheng
This article investigates the connection between visuality, territoriality, and the production of geographical knowledge in the Qing empire during the latter half of the nineteenth century. I examine a series of incidents in which German and British surveying ships entered Chinese waters under the pretense of conducting hydrographic research, as well as the drawings, maps, and surveys that resulted from them. Whereas European diplomats argued that the ships were collecting information for the advancement of science and free market trade that would benefit all parties, Chinese officials perceived them as forms of military aggression and territorial encroachment. Drawing from the fields of visual culture, history of science, and colonial history, this article examines the processes through which images were created and the settings under which they operated to reveal the speculative nature of imperial visuality, especially as it was distributed across the shifting boundary between land and sea.
本文研究了 19 世纪后半叶清帝国的视觉性、领土性和地理知识生产之间的联系。我研究了德国和英国测量船以水文研究为名进入中国水域的一系列事件,以及由此产生的图纸、地图和测量结果。欧洲外交官认为,这些船只收集信息是为了促进科学发展和自由市场贸易,对各方都有利,而中国官员则认为这是一种军事侵略和领土侵犯。本文从视觉文化、科学史和殖民史等领域出发,研究了图像的创作过程及其运作环境,揭示了帝国视觉的投机性质,尤其是当它分布在陆地和海洋之间不断变化的边界时。
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引用次数: 0
IF 1.3 2区 历史学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2024.09.006
Theano S. Terkenli
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引用次数: 0
A finer resolution for historical residential segregation: Geocoding and analyzing the population of 1860 Washington, D.C. 对历史上的居住隔离进行更精细的解析:对 1860 年华盛顿特区的人口进行地理编码和分析
IF 1.3 2区 历史学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2023.04.002
Robert C. Shepard
This study geolocates the place of residence for a majority of free residents in Washington, D.C. in the year 1860 using archival data and evaluates their spatial distribution with respect to racialized residential segregation patterns. Transcribed individual census entries were joined to city directory records and geocoded at the household level using a customized historical address locator derived from period street directories in order to extract socioeconomic details at a fine scale. These data points are used here to contextualize early segregation patterns in Washington, and additionally they were joined to city blocks to conduct quantitative analyses of racialized residential segregation. Measurements at the city block level indicate a moderately high degree of unevenness and isolation between the White and Black population already present in the years before the 1861–1865 US Civil War (antebellum) Washington, well ahead of the widespread development of alley style housing that drove microscale racial segregation in subsequent decades.
本研究利用档案数据对 1860 年华盛顿特区大多数自由居民的居住地进行了地理定位,并评估了他们与种族化居住隔离模式有关的空间分布情况。转录的个人人口普查条目与城市目录记录相结合,并使用从当时的街道目录中提取的定制历史地址定位器对家庭层面进行地理编码,以提取精细尺度的社会经济细节。这些数据点在这里被用来描述华盛顿早期的种族隔离模式,此外,它们还与城市街区相连接,以便对种族化的居住隔离进行定量分析。城市街区层面的测量结果表明,在 1861-1865 年美国内战之前的年代(前内战时期),华盛顿的白人和黑人人口之间已经存在中等程度的不均衡和隔离,远远早于随后几十年里推动微观种族隔离的小巷式住宅的广泛发展。
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引用次数: 0
An assemblage of urban water access: The geography of water marginalization in Amsterdam, 1690-1840 城市用水的组合:1690-1840 年阿姆斯特丹水资源边缘化的地理特征
IF 1.3 2区 历史学 Q2 GEOGRAPHY Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhg.2024.07.012
Bob Pierik
This article delves into the urban environmental history of early modern Amsterdam through the examination of water access. In this coastal city, environmental change combined with the late 16th and especially 17th century urban growth made ground and surface waters brackish and polluted. As a result, access to clean drinking water required substantial efforts. A combined system of mainly rain containers (cisterns) and surface water imports from upstream made for a complex and continuously changing water infrastructure. In this article, I employ novel data on the different ways in which people accessed potable water to explore the neglected spatial and environmental inequalities of early modern Amsterdam's water access. I discuss new data on thousands of previously underexplored rain containers that laid in public space but were for private use. I map and analyse the unequal access to water on a city-wide level, on the level of individual streets and on the level of individual households and their everyday practices.
本文通过对水源获取的研究,深入探讨了现代早期阿姆斯特丹的城市环境史。在这座沿海城市,环境变化加上 16 世纪晚期,特别是 17 世纪的城市发展,使得地下水和地表水变得咸涩和污染。因此,获取清洁饮用水需要付出巨大的努力。一个主要由雨水容器(蓄水池)和从上游输入的地表水组成的综合系统,构成了一个复杂且不断变化的水利基础设施。在这篇文章中,我利用有关人们获取饮用水的不同方式的新数据,探讨了现代早期阿姆斯特丹在获取水资源方面被忽视的空间和环境不平等问题。我讨论了以前未被充分开发的数千个雨水容器的新数据,这些容器放置在公共空间,但供私人使用。我绘制并分析了整个城市、单个街道和单个家庭及其日常用水的不平等情况。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Historical Geography
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