Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.4.16
Olga Aleksandrova, Sergey V. Kroshilin, Olga Makhrova
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-
{"title":"Seminar «Formation of an system assessment of nursing personnel qualification»","authors":"Olga Aleksandrova, Sergey V. Kroshilin, Olga Makhrova","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.4.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.4.16","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>-</jats:p>","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138997004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.4.1
Vyacheslav Lokosov
In the conditions of the emergence of a new technological, and perhaps also social, structure, the main source of national wealth is considered to be «human potential», because the main sectors of economy are education, healthcare, science and culture, which form the so-called knowledge economy. The article is devoted to study of human potential: genesis of this concept, its definition and measurement techniques. It is substantiated that the concept of «human potential» is one of the key, integral ones for study and diagnosis of social processes. It needs a broad interpretation and cannot be reduced to purely economic concepts such as «human capital», «human resources», «labor potential» or «human potential of economy». It is necessary to distinguish between «quality of life» and «human potential» and consider the first as a means, and the second as the end, understanding that improving the quality of life does not necessarily entail increasing the quality of the population and vice versa. The author’s definition of human potential and a 5-stage model for its implementation are given. In the case of an increase in the useful effect of potential realization, the quantitative characteristics of the population, which primarily include demographic characteristics, will lose their importance compared to the qualitative ones. The work assessed domestic experience in human potential research and identified methodological approaches to its measurement using statistical indicators. It is proposed, on the basis of expert assessments and calculations, to use the method of extremely critical (threshold) indicators to assess human potential. Based on this method, a preliminary conclusion is made about the weakening of human potential, because over the past 30 years, not a single problem of expanded reproduction of a healthy, primarily indigenous population has been solved. The main results of the study can be used in developing activities in the field of strengthening Russian human potential and its implementation.
{"title":"Human potential: conceptual approaches and measurement methods","authors":"Vyacheslav Lokosov","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.4.1","url":null,"abstract":"In the conditions of the emergence of a new technological, and perhaps also social, structure, the main source of national wealth is considered to be «human potential», because the main sectors of economy are education, healthcare, science and culture, which form the so-called knowledge economy. The article is devoted to study of human potential: genesis of this concept, its definition and measurement techniques. It is substantiated that the concept of «human potential» is one of the key, integral ones for study and diagnosis of social processes. It needs a broad interpretation and cannot be reduced to purely economic concepts such as «human capital», «human resources», «labor potential» or «human potential of economy». It is necessary to distinguish between «quality of life» and «human potential» and consider the first as a means, and the second as the end, understanding that improving the quality of life does not necessarily entail increasing the quality of the population and vice versa. The author’s definition of human potential and a 5-stage model for its implementation are given. In the case of an increase in the useful effect of potential realization, the quantitative characteristics of the population, which primarily include demographic characteristics, will lose their importance compared to the qualitative ones. The work assessed domestic experience in human potential research and identified methodological approaches to its measurement using statistical indicators. It is proposed, on the basis of expert assessments and calculations, to use the method of extremely critical (threshold) indicators to assess human potential. Based on this method, a preliminary conclusion is made about the weakening of human potential, because over the past 30 years, not a single problem of expanded reproduction of a healthy, primarily indigenous population has been solved. The main results of the study can be used in developing activities in the field of strengthening Russian human potential and its implementation.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":"11 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138998838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.4.2
Irina Vankina, Y. Simagin, Djamilya Murtuzalieva
The article analyzes population data by federal districts, subjects and municipalities of the Russian Federation, obtained from two different official sources of Rosstat for close dates: data from the current population registration as of January 1, 2022 and data from the All-Russian Population Census of 2020, the control point of which was October 1, 2021. Since population size changes rather slowly, theoretically these data should not differ significantly. In fact, it has turned out that the population size across the country, according to various data, differs by more than 1% (by 1.6 million people in the direction of the census data). The lower the level of administrative division, the greater the differences. At the level of some municipalities of the Russian Federation, the differences make almost 2 times. Moreover, with approximately equal frequency, there are both municipalities where, according to the census, the population is greater than according to the current population registration, and with the opposite situation. The article identifies the administrative units of the country where the differences between the census data and the current population registration are the largest, and the causes of the differences in one direction or another. The largest “overweight” of the population in favor of the census was found in the municipalities of the Central Federal District (especially in the Moscow urban agglomeration), and the maximum “shortage” of the population compared to the current accounting data was in the Far Eastern and Siberian Federal Districts.
{"title":"Territorial differences between the data of the current population registration and the results of the 2020 Census","authors":"Irina Vankina, Y. Simagin, Djamilya Murtuzalieva","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.4.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.4.2","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes population data by federal districts, subjects and municipalities of the Russian Federation, obtained from two different official sources of Rosstat for close dates: data from the current population registration as of January 1, 2022 and data from the All-Russian Population Census of 2020, the control point of which was October 1, 2021. Since population size changes rather slowly, theoretically these data should not differ significantly. In fact, it has turned out that the population size across the country, according to various data, differs by more than 1% (by 1.6 million people in the direction of the census data). The lower the level of administrative division, the greater the differences. At the level of some municipalities of the Russian Federation, the differences make almost 2 times. Moreover, with approximately equal frequency, there are both municipalities where, according to the census, the population is greater than according to the current population registration, and with the opposite situation. The article identifies the administrative units of the country where the differences between the census data and the current population registration are the largest, and the causes of the differences in one direction or another. The largest “overweight” of the population in favor of the census was found in the municipalities of the Central Federal District (especially in the Moscow urban agglomeration), and the maximum “shortage” of the population compared to the current accounting data was in the Far Eastern and Siberian Federal Districts.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":"25 21","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139000730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.4.14
A. Pugachev, A. Chistyakova
The economic inequality of people in Russia today is high. The decline in intergenerational mobility is determined by increasing concentration of capital. The purpose of the study is to examine the capabilities of taxes in smoothing the wealth inequality of Russians and strengthening the intergenerational mobility in the framework of assessing their relationship on the basis of the World Bank database. According to the results of the analysis, there was a decrease in the mobility between generations in Russia and emergence of the problem of consolidating the economic situation within family, which, if the present trends continue, will be intensifying. For generations born in the 1970s and 1980s, there was recorded a sharp increase in the relative indicator of immobility — the correlation coefficient between the duration of education of children and their parents, from 0.32 to 0.48. There is observed a decrease in the absolute indicators of mobility between generations — a decrease in the share of children who got a longer or higher education than their parents. The Great Gatsby Curve has been transformed in the coordinates of the concentration coefficient of net personal wealth and relative intergenerational mobility in education. Russia’s position on the Great Gatsby Curve indicates aggravation of two related problems — consolidation of inequality and reduction of mobility between generations. To level the economic inequality in Russia, it is necessary to increase vertical mobility between generations. One of the traditional and effective ways of the state regulation of the polarization of personal assets and property of citizens is tax regulation. Today in Russia, property taxes do not help to smooth out the inequality. Personal income tax on donations and property taxes of citizens make in total about 1% of the tax revenues of the consolidated budget. Concentration of wealth in 10% of the most affluent Russians exceeded 74% in 2021. Progressive taxation of personal property, increased rates for owners of many real estate objects, ««luxury tax», inheritance and gift tax, as well as capital taxation have prospects from the standpoint of smoothing wealth inequality and activating intergenerational mobility in Russia.
{"title":"Wealth inequality and intergenerational mobility in Russia: possibilities of tax regulation","authors":"A. Pugachev, A. Chistyakova","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.4.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.4.14","url":null,"abstract":"The economic inequality of people in Russia today is high. The decline in intergenerational mobility is determined by increasing concentration of capital. The purpose of the study is to examine the capabilities of taxes in smoothing the wealth inequality of Russians and strengthening the intergenerational mobility in the framework of assessing their relationship on the basis of the World Bank database. According to the results of the analysis, there was a decrease in the mobility between generations in Russia and emergence of the problem of consolidating the economic situation within family, which, if the present trends continue, will be intensifying. For generations born in the 1970s and 1980s, there was recorded a sharp increase in the relative indicator of immobility — the correlation coefficient between the duration of education of children and their parents, from 0.32 to 0.48. There is observed a decrease in the absolute indicators of mobility between generations — a decrease in the share of children who got a longer or higher education than their parents. The Great Gatsby Curve has been transformed in the coordinates of the concentration coefficient of net personal wealth and relative intergenerational mobility in education. Russia’s position on the Great Gatsby Curve indicates aggravation of two related problems — consolidation of inequality and reduction of mobility between generations. To level the economic inequality in Russia, it is necessary to increase vertical mobility between generations. One of the traditional and effective ways of the state regulation of the polarization of personal assets and property of citizens is tax regulation. Today in Russia, property taxes do not help to smooth out the inequality. Personal income tax on donations and property taxes of citizens make in total about 1% of the tax revenues of the consolidated budget. Concentration of wealth in 10% of the most affluent Russians exceeded 74% in 2021. Progressive taxation of personal property, increased rates for owners of many real estate objects, ««luxury tax», inheritance and gift tax, as well as capital taxation have prospects from the standpoint of smoothing wealth inequality and activating intergenerational mobility in Russia.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":"62 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139000261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.4.6
Konstantin Korsakov
In modern Russia, criminological and sociological problems of external labor migration are relevant and topical, and primarily associated with large-scale uncontrolled and illegal migration, as well as with the ongoing criminalization of the sphere of migration relations. The problems accumulated in the migration area pose a significant threat to the national security of our country. The author has made an attempt to identify social hotbeds and determinants of the criminalization of migration processes and to formulate special measures and means aimed at decriminalizing the sphere of migration relations and reducing the level of illegal migration in Russia. The aim was to consider the current processes in the field of external labor migration in the Russian Federation and specific tasks to identify the main problems in this area in the socio-legal and criminological context and to propose effective ways to solve them, which are characterized by novelty and originality both in practical and theoretical terms. The research was carried out on the basis of empirical methods of cognition (conversations, in-depth interviews, sociological survey), as well as general scientific and interdisciplinary methods of cognition (comparative legal, formal legal and structural-functional). The key idea of this publication is that the scale and level of criminological and sociological problems in the field of external labor migration require development and adoption of a codified regulatory legal act — Migration Code of the Russian Federation, which would prescribe in detail and enshrine legal status, order of entry and stay, duties and rights of external migrants in Russia. Due to the special criminological and social significance of the processes of social adaptation, acculturation and integration of external labor migrants, the author of the publication proposes to develop and adopt a Federal Law «On social and cultural adaptation and integration of external labor migrants in the Russian Federation» with detailed regulation of appropriate measures, procedures and mechanisms.
{"title":"External labor migration in modern Russia: socio-legal and criminological contexts","authors":"Konstantin Korsakov","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.4.6","url":null,"abstract":"In modern Russia, criminological and sociological problems of external labor migration are relevant and topical, and primarily associated with large-scale uncontrolled and illegal migration, as well as with the ongoing criminalization of the sphere of migration relations. The problems accumulated in the migration area pose a significant threat to the national security of our country. The author has made an attempt to identify social hotbeds and determinants of the criminalization of migration processes and to formulate special measures and means aimed at decriminalizing the sphere of migration relations and reducing the level of illegal migration in Russia. The aim was to consider the current processes in the field of external labor migration in the Russian Federation and specific tasks to identify the main problems in this area in the socio-legal and criminological context and to propose effective ways to solve them, which are characterized by novelty and originality both in practical and theoretical terms. The research was carried out on the basis of empirical methods of cognition (conversations, in-depth interviews, sociological survey), as well as general scientific and interdisciplinary methods of cognition (comparative legal, formal legal and structural-functional). The key idea of this publication is that the scale and level of criminological and sociological problems in the field of external labor migration require development and adoption of a codified regulatory legal act — Migration Code of the Russian Federation, which would prescribe in detail and enshrine legal status, order of entry and stay, duties and rights of external migrants in Russia. Due to the special criminological and social significance of the processes of social adaptation, acculturation and integration of external labor migrants, the author of the publication proposes to develop and adopt a Federal Law «On social and cultural adaptation and integration of external labor migrants in the Russian Federation» with detailed regulation of appropriate measures, procedures and mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":"14 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138970671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.4.3
V. Kondratieva, Oksana Tarasova-Sivtseva
In today’s macroeconomic and political conditions, demographic trends in the Russian Federation, which are characterized by population decline, it is necessary to identify positive directions and targets of demographic policy, which will raise the level of well-being of the population and improve its quality of life, and therefore, to expand accordingly the use of the concept of «demographic well-being» in monitoring and analysis. Demographic science does not yet use the concept of «well-being», although certain signs of its implementation from psychology and sociology are noted [1]. Demographic development of regions is an important aspect of the study, since it is directly related to the socio-economic state and prospects for further development of the Northern territories that will improve the demographic well-being and cope with the challenges facing modern society. At the state level, demographic processes are considered primarily in terms of national security by such domestic researchers as V.A. Iontsev, L.L. Rybakovsky, S.V. Soboleva, A. G. Vishnevsky and others. The purpose of the study is to present methodological tools for analyzing modern trends in the demographic development of the Northern regions based on complex indicators that allow assessing «demographic well-being» by qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the population. As a result of the work, a typology of Russian regions has been developed with the account of their demographic characteristics and differences. Groups of regions with similar trends and demographic characteristics are identified, that makes it possible to assess more accurately the level of demographic development and compare it by regions. The article is addressed to representatives of government authorities, researchers, teachers and students of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions who are interested in various aspects of the development and implementation of the state demographic policy in Russia.
{"title":"Methodology for assessing demographic well-being of the Northern regions of the resource type","authors":"V. Kondratieva, Oksana Tarasova-Sivtseva","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.4.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.4.3","url":null,"abstract":"In today’s macroeconomic and political conditions, demographic trends in the Russian Federation, which are characterized by population decline, it is necessary to identify positive directions and targets of demographic policy, which will raise the level of well-being of the population and improve its quality of life, and therefore, to expand accordingly the use of the concept of «demographic well-being» in monitoring and analysis. Demographic science does not yet use the concept of «well-being», although certain signs of its implementation from psychology and sociology are noted [1]. Demographic development of regions is an important aspect of the study, since it is directly related to the socio-economic state and prospects for further development of the Northern territories that will improve the demographic well-being and cope with the challenges facing modern society. At the state level, demographic processes are considered primarily in terms of national security by such domestic researchers as V.A. Iontsev, L.L. Rybakovsky, S.V. Soboleva, A. G. Vishnevsky and others. The purpose of the study is to present methodological tools for analyzing modern trends in the demographic development of the Northern regions based on complex indicators that allow assessing «demographic well-being» by qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the population. As a result of the work, a typology of Russian regions has been developed with the account of their demographic characteristics and differences. Groups of regions with similar trends and demographic characteristics are identified, that makes it possible to assess more accurately the level of demographic development and compare it by regions. The article is addressed to representatives of government authorities, researchers, teachers and students of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions who are interested in various aspects of the development and implementation of the state demographic policy in Russia.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138997987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.4.8
Sergey V. Kroshilin, E. Medvedeva, A. Yarasheva
The purpose of this study was to apply the author’s approach to assessing satisfaction with the quality of life of the population based on construction of a mathematical model. Modeling is carried out on the basis of econometric approaches using methods of weighted estimates and correlation analysis to take into account the impact of each of the parameters selected for the integral indicator of satisfaction with the quality of life of the population on the final assessment. The object of the study is population of a typical Russian city, the subject is self-assessment of the quality of life by the population. The empirical basis of the study was the data from the sociological study Taganrog-2014. The uniqueness of this study that it was implemented within the longitudinal project carried out by ISESP RAS since 1967, that it makes it possible to study socio-economic indicators characterizing the life of the population of one city in dynamics. Calculation of the integral indicator of satisfaction with the quality of life of the population showed that, taking into account the selected 7 indicators of satisfaction (Income, Work, Food, Housing, Health, Education, Marital status) and the calculated coefficients of paired correlation, it made 4.84 (on a ten-point scale). The model was tested and its adequacy was verified on the basis of several samples in the category of «Main occupation» (the integral indicator for employed people was 4.88, for working pensioners — 4.45, and for entrepreneurs — 5.02). The presented model is universal, since when constructing an integrated indicator, any number of parameters can be used, which the researcher wishes to analyze when calculating indicators of the quality of life of the population. The results obtained have both theoretical and practical significance for scientists, researchers and specialists engaged in assessing the quality of life of the population, as well as for government structures involved in solving social and economic issues.
{"title":"Creating a model for assessing satisfaction with the quality of life: an econometric approach","authors":"Sergey V. Kroshilin, E. Medvedeva, A. Yarasheva","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.4.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.4.8","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study was to apply the author’s approach to assessing satisfaction with the quality of life of the population based on construction of a mathematical model. Modeling is carried out on the basis of econometric approaches using methods of weighted estimates and correlation analysis to take into account the impact of each of the parameters selected for the integral indicator of satisfaction with the quality of life of the population on the final assessment. The object of the study is population of a typical Russian city, the subject is self-assessment of the quality of life by the population. The empirical basis of the study was the data from the sociological study Taganrog-2014. The uniqueness of this study that it was implemented within the longitudinal project carried out by ISESP RAS since 1967, that it makes it possible to study socio-economic indicators characterizing the life of the population of one city in dynamics. Calculation of the integral indicator of satisfaction with the quality of life of the population showed that, taking into account the selected 7 indicators of satisfaction (Income, Work, Food, Housing, Health, Education, Marital status) and the calculated coefficients of paired correlation, it made 4.84 (on a ten-point scale). The model was tested and its adequacy was verified on the basis of several samples in the category of «Main occupation» (the integral indicator for employed people was 4.88, for working pensioners — 4.45, and for entrepreneurs — 5.02). The presented model is universal, since when constructing an integrated indicator, any number of parameters can be used, which the researcher wishes to analyze when calculating indicators of the quality of life of the population. The results obtained have both theoretical and practical significance for scientists, researchers and specialists engaged in assessing the quality of life of the population, as well as for government structures involved in solving social and economic issues.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":"55 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138999839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.4.15
Ivan Timakov
The article studies the financial affordability of medicines for Russian families and its impact on the well-being of the population. Affordability of medicines depends on market conditions and government guarantees for free provision of medicines. Estimated drug consumption in the Russian Federation is based on microeconomic data from the nationwide Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) and pharmaceutical market data from DSM-Group. To assess the impact of pharmaceutical spending on poverty, disposable cash income per family member after deduction of medicines cost was calculated taking into account the poverty line. More than 2/3 of medicines in the Russian Federation are purchased by households on the commercial market. According to the study, every fifth household was at risk of poverty due to spending on medicines. The risk of poverty due to pharmaceutical costs is high in low-income families. Payments for medicines increase the number of families with out-of-pocket medical expenses by 5 times. Catastrophic spending on medicines in the Russian Federation reached its lowest level in 2021 according to the Universal Healthcare Coverage (UHC) criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). There were no families that spent more than 100% of their income on medicines, and only 1.2% of families spent more than a quarter of their income. Every twentieth family refused to buy medicines at least once a year. In groups where the cost of medicines exceeded 10% of income, every tenth family refused to buy medicines. When the cost exceeded 25%, almost every fifth family refused to buy medicines. Thus, the rising prices and expenses for medicines are forcing Russian families to save on medicines and on their health. Recommendations for expanding the affordability of medicines for Russian families are given in the conclusion.
{"title":"Economic affordability of medicines and its impact on households in Russia","authors":"Ivan Timakov","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.4.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.4.15","url":null,"abstract":"The article studies the financial affordability of medicines for Russian families and its impact on the well-being of the population. Affordability of medicines depends on market conditions and government guarantees for free provision of medicines. Estimated drug consumption in the Russian Federation is based on microeconomic data from the nationwide Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE) and pharmaceutical market data from DSM-Group. To assess the impact of pharmaceutical spending on poverty, disposable cash income per family member after deduction of medicines cost was calculated taking into account the poverty line. More than 2/3 of medicines in the Russian Federation are purchased by households on the commercial market. According to the study, every fifth household was at risk of poverty due to spending on medicines. The risk of poverty due to pharmaceutical costs is high in low-income families. Payments for medicines increase the number of families with out-of-pocket medical expenses by 5 times. Catastrophic spending on medicines in the Russian Federation reached its lowest level in 2021 according to the Universal Healthcare Coverage (UHC) criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). There were no families that spent more than 100% of their income on medicines, and only 1.2% of families spent more than a quarter of their income. Every twentieth family refused to buy medicines at least once a year. In groups where the cost of medicines exceeded 10% of income, every tenth family refused to buy medicines. When the cost exceeded 25%, almost every fifth family refused to buy medicines. Thus, the rising prices and expenses for medicines are forcing Russian families to save on medicines and on their health. Recommendations for expanding the affordability of medicines for Russian families are given in the conclusion.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":"33 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139000150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.4.5
E. Krasinets, Tatiana Shevtsova
The article is devoted to study of the processes and factors of labor immigration in their interaction with functioning of the Russian labor market and changes in the employment at the stage of recovery of the national economy from recession and transition to resumption of the socio-economic growth. The paper assesses the current trends in development of the labor market in terms of analysis of its balance. The features of the formation of labor potential and the dynamics of labor supply are studied. The factors determining the development of these processes are identified and disclosed. The development of demand for labor and the dynamics of the need to use the labor of foreign migrants are analyzed. The development of the situation in the field of labor migration to Russia before and during the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic is presented. In connection with the trends in the formation of labor market, trends and contradictory aspects of the processes of labor immigration are identified. It is shown that labor market occupies a central place among the socio-economic factors that determine development of labor immigration. The features and qualitative characteristics of labor migrant flows after completion of the active phase of the fight against the coronavirus pandemic are considered. An assessment is given to the strategies of migration behavior of foreign workers in the national labor market. The ambiguous consequences of attracting and using foreign labor for development of the sphere of employment of the country’s population are discussed, a number of key problems related to the policy of attracting and using foreign labor force are also revealed. The main results of the study can be used in development of measures in the field of regulation of the Russian foreign labor market.
{"title":"Labor immigration and labor market in modern Russia: interaction problems","authors":"E. Krasinets, Tatiana Shevtsova","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.4.5","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to study of the processes and factors of labor immigration in their interaction with functioning of the Russian labor market and changes in the employment at the stage of recovery of the national economy from recession and transition to resumption of the socio-economic growth. The paper assesses the current trends in development of the labor market in terms of analysis of its balance. The features of the formation of labor potential and the dynamics of labor supply are studied. The factors determining the development of these processes are identified and disclosed. The development of demand for labor and the dynamics of the need to use the labor of foreign migrants are analyzed. The development of the situation in the field of labor migration to Russia before and during the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic is presented. In connection with the trends in the formation of labor market, trends and contradictory aspects of the processes of labor immigration are identified. It is shown that labor market occupies a central place among the socio-economic factors that determine development of labor immigration. The features and qualitative characteristics of labor migrant flows after completion of the active phase of the fight against the coronavirus pandemic are considered. An assessment is given to the strategies of migration behavior of foreign workers in the national labor market. The ambiguous consequences of attracting and using foreign labor for development of the sphere of employment of the country’s population are discussed, a number of key problems related to the policy of attracting and using foreign labor force are also revealed. The main results of the study can be used in development of measures in the field of regulation of the Russian foreign labor market.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":"27 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138997873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-15DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.4.4
N. Rusanova, Ye Wang
In 2016 the Chinese demographic policy, as a result of improving the regulation of population development, was radically reoriented to increase the birth rate. The rejection of «one-child policy» began with permission to have a second child, and soon was supplemented by second births stimulation. Taking into account the world pronatalism, socio-economic measures were applied. They showed that the most effective results can be achieved with the help of socio-economic tools that prevent deterioration of living conditions of families after childbirth. The regional diversity of China determines variability of such measures, but everywhere they begin with targeted «child» payments and the creation of conditions, which do not interrupt women’s professional career after pregnancy and delivery, then they are expanded through social help to families with children, tax relief, reduction of housing and education costs, as well as measures relevant for specific population groups (large families, single mothers, etc.). The main criterion of the assistance targeting is the number of children, but its size and forms depend on local capabilities. The importance of material factors of reproductive choice decreases with an increase of living standards, the conditions making it possible to combine parenthood and profession, large family traditions, gender of children, fertility preservation with safe contraception become more important. Measures, taking into account national specifics, include availability of assisted reproduction programs and promoting a modern three-child family among the population of reproductive age, a significant part of which belongs to the generation consciously focused on small family.
{"title":"National features of the new Chinese pronatalism","authors":"N. Rusanova, Ye Wang","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.4.4","url":null,"abstract":"In 2016 the Chinese demographic policy, as a result of improving the regulation of population development, was radically reoriented to increase the birth rate. The rejection of «one-child policy» began with permission to have a second child, and soon was supplemented by second births stimulation. Taking into account the world pronatalism, socio-economic measures were applied. They showed that the most effective results can be achieved with the help of socio-economic tools that prevent deterioration of living conditions of families after childbirth. The regional diversity of China determines variability of such measures, but everywhere they begin with targeted «child» payments and the creation of conditions, which do not interrupt women’s professional career after pregnancy and delivery, then they are expanded through social help to families with children, tax relief, reduction of housing and education costs, as well as measures relevant for specific population groups (large families, single mothers, etc.). The main criterion of the assistance targeting is the number of children, but its size and forms depend on local capabilities. The importance of material factors of reproductive choice decreases with an increase of living standards, the conditions making it possible to combine parenthood and profession, large family traditions, gender of children, fertility preservation with safe contraception become more important. Measures, taking into account national specifics, include availability of assisted reproduction programs and promoting a modern three-child family among the population of reproductive age, a significant part of which belongs to the generation consciously focused on small family.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":"145 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138998216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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