Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.1.4
L. Tuktamysheva, A. Chibilyov (jr.), D. Meleshkin, D. Grigorevsky
The article is devoted to the study of reproductive behavior and fertility forecast in the steppe regions of Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify the main patterns and determinants of the reproductive behavior of population in the regions of the steppe zone of Russia. The objectives of the study included a description of the main characteristics of fertility indicators, establishing the significance of differences in reproductive behavior indicators, calculating an integral indicator of reproductive behavior and predicting fertility in the regions under study. In the period 1990-2020 in the territory under consideration, there was a general decrease in the population by 847 thousand people, the main reasons for which were a decrease in the natural population growth and negative migration rates. In the regions of the steppe zone, there is a tendency to increase in the territories with lower birth rates, the average age of a mother at the birth of her first child is growing, there are processes of postponing the birth of children and later marriage. Calculation of the integral indicator made it possible to conduct a rating assessment of the steppe regions of Russia in terms of reproductive behavior. As a result, the values of the integral indicator of reproductive behavior are maximum in the Republic of Kalmykia, and minimum in Saratov oblast. As a result of modeling and forecasting the birth rate in the studied regions till 2025, it was found that the forecasts for most subjects of the steppe zone are disappointing. A uniform decrease in fertility rates is observed in 16 regions, of which the largest decline is forecast in the Republic of Bashkortostan — by 0.9 births per 1,000 people, the Republic of Kalmykia (by 0.8) and Orenburg oblast (by 0.8). Only in 2 regions the calculated forecasts have a positive trend — in Belgorod (by 0.4) and Omsk (by 0.6) oblasts.
{"title":"Assessment of reproductive behavior and fertility on the example of the steppe regions of Russia","authors":"L. Tuktamysheva, A. Chibilyov (jr.), D. Meleshkin, D. Grigorevsky","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to the study of reproductive behavior and fertility forecast in the steppe regions of Russia. The purpose of the work is to identify the main patterns and determinants of the reproductive behavior of population in the regions of the steppe zone of Russia. The objectives of the study included a description of the main characteristics of fertility indicators, establishing the significance of differences in reproductive behavior indicators, calculating an integral indicator of reproductive behavior and predicting fertility in the regions under study. In the period 1990-2020 in the territory under consideration, there was a general decrease in the population by 847 thousand people, the main reasons for which were a decrease in the natural population growth and negative migration rates. In the regions of the steppe zone, there is a tendency to increase in the territories with lower birth rates, the average age of a mother at the birth of her first child is growing, there are processes of postponing the birth of children and later marriage. Calculation of the integral indicator made it possible to conduct a rating assessment of the steppe regions of Russia in terms of reproductive behavior. As a result, the values of the integral indicator of reproductive behavior are maximum in the Republic of Kalmykia, and minimum in Saratov oblast. As a result of modeling and forecasting the birth rate in the studied regions till 2025, it was found that the forecasts for most subjects of the steppe zone are disappointing. A uniform decrease in fertility rates is observed in 16 regions, of which the largest decline is forecast in the Republic of Bashkortostan — by 0.9 births per 1,000 people, the Republic of Kalmykia (by 0.8) and Orenburg oblast (by 0.8). Only in 2 regions the calculated forecasts have a positive trend — in Belgorod (by 0.4) and Omsk (by 0.6) oblasts.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46791156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.1.10
A. Shabunova, G. Leonidova
In the context of the intensification of labor activity, the spread of unstable forms of employment, the growth of informatization and digitalization of social development, the unstable economic situation, the issues of ensuring a balance between the work and personal life of the working population are being actualized. This is especially important for workers with families and, most importantly, children, because in the modern realities (depopulation, high mortality rate in working age, low birth rate), the importance of determinants of family well-being increases significantly. And in a situation where parents are successful workers building a career or developing their business, the problem of the balance between work and living space is even more relevant. The purpose of the article is to analyze the balance of personal life and work of successful working parents. The context of the success of working parents in the analysis of the work-life balance is the scientific novelty of the study, the practical significance is connected with the possibility of using data in the management activities of economic entities in development of social support measures for employees. The information base of the study was made up of data from sociological studies: the pilot sociological study "Modern Successful Man" conducted in 2018 (no. = 492 people) by an international scientific group (psychologists, economists, sociologists) in the cities of Vologda, Cherepovets, Petrozavodsk and Kolomna (Russia), Minsk (Belarus), Lublin (Poland), as well as monitoring the quality of labor potential (no.=1500people) conducted in Vologda oblast by employees of the Vologda Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 57% of the cross-country study participants identify themselves with successful people. 100% of working parents in Vologda oblast agree with the statement that "work is a way to achieve success." It was found out that working parents who consider themselves successful people show significantly higher satisfaction with life and work in general, including directly with the balance of personal and work life. It is shown that having a family not only does not interfere with the career aspirations of spouses, but even contributes to them. balance, work, personal life, working parents, work satisfaction.
{"title":"Work-family balance: assessments of successful working parents","authors":"A. Shabunova, G. Leonidova","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of the intensification of labor activity, the spread of unstable forms of employment, the growth of informatization and digitalization of social development, the unstable economic situation, the issues of ensuring a balance between the work and personal life of the working population are being actualized. This is especially important for workers with families and, most importantly, children, because in the modern realities (depopulation, high mortality rate in working age, low birth rate), the importance of determinants of family well-being increases significantly. And in a situation where parents are successful workers building a career or developing their business, the problem of the balance between work and living space is even more relevant. The purpose of the article is to analyze the balance of personal life and work of successful working parents. The context of the success of working parents in the analysis of the work-life balance is the scientific novelty of the study, the practical significance is connected with the possibility of using data in the management activities of economic entities in development of social support measures for employees. The information base of the study was made up of data from sociological studies: the pilot sociological study \"Modern Successful Man\" conducted in 2018 (no. = 492 people) by an international scientific group (psychologists, economists, sociologists) in the cities of Vologda, Cherepovets, Petrozavodsk and Kolomna (Russia), Minsk (Belarus), Lublin (Poland), as well as monitoring the quality of labor potential (no.=1500people) conducted in Vologda oblast by employees of the Vologda Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 57% of the cross-country study participants identify themselves with successful people. 100% of working parents in Vologda oblast agree with the statement that \"work is a way to achieve success.\" It was found out that working parents who consider themselves successful people show significantly higher satisfaction with life and work in general, including directly with the balance of personal and work life. It is shown that having a family not only does not interfere with the career aspirations of spouses, but even contributes to them. balance, work, personal life, working parents, work satisfaction.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43330374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.1.1
O. Rybakovsky
In order to improve the management system of demographic processes, the article proposes and tests a non-standard methodology for studying the results of the demographic dynamics of the population of territories in the age context. The structure of their formation due to the main demographic components is disclosed. The main specific task is to assess as of mid-2021 for all regions of Russia — cumulative results of the demographic movement of the population accumulated over 28 years, which had an age of zero years in mid-1993. The proposed and tested methodology in the article allows us to clearly show the results of demographic dynamics and its components in a simple visual form. According to the current official Russian statistics, the demographic situation in the regions of Russia as of mid-2021, concerning the population aged 28 years, can be represented as follows (we will give two typical examples). Moscow: out of 100 persons aged 0 years, in mid-1993, 94 survived in 28 years (with zero migration). Migration increase added 107 people to them, including 87 at the expense of other Russian regions and 20 at the expense of foreign countries. Total: 201 persons out of 100 in 1993; Kurgan oblast: out of 100 persons aged 0 years in mid-1993, 93 survived in 28 years (with zero migration). 15 people left by migration, including 25 people to other Russian regions. But at the expense of foreign countries, 10 people were added. Total: 78 persons out of 100.
{"title":"The age structure of the population of the regions of Russia at the beginning of the 21st century: components of the formation","authors":"O. Rybakovsky","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"In order to improve the management system of demographic processes, the article proposes and tests a non-standard methodology for studying the results of the demographic dynamics of the population of territories in the age context. The structure of their formation due to the main demographic components is disclosed. The main specific task is to assess as of mid-2021 for all regions of Russia — cumulative results of the demographic movement of the population accumulated over 28 years, which had an age of zero years in mid-1993. The proposed and tested methodology in the article allows us to clearly show the results of demographic dynamics and its components in a simple visual form. According to the current official Russian statistics, the demographic situation in the regions of Russia as of mid-2021, concerning the population aged 28 years, can be represented as follows (we will give two typical examples). Moscow: out of 100 persons aged 0 years, in mid-1993, 94 survived in 28 years (with zero migration). Migration increase added 107 people to them, including 87 at the expense of other Russian regions and 20 at the expense of foreign countries. Total: 201 persons out of 100 in 1993; Kurgan oblast: out of 100 persons aged 0 years in mid-1993, 93 survived in 28 years (with zero migration). 15 people left by migration, including 25 people to other Russian regions. But at the expense of foreign countries, 10 people were added. Total: 78 persons out of 100.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47501459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.1.8
E. Pismennaya, N. Ryazantsev, N. Molchanova
The article is devoted to study of the demographic shifts in Japan in the context of their impact on the transformation of migration and foreign educational policy. Some of them were permanent, others arose periodically and were caused by rapid socio-demographic and economic shifts in the Japanese society. The article analyzes the development of the demographic crisis in Japan at the beginning of the 21st century. This period is characterized by ongoing depopulation of the Japanese population, its active aging and unfavorable changes in the labor market caused by the spread of IT technologies and robotization of production. The article analyzes the worsening unfavorable demographic trends, which resulted in a shortage of labor, a decrease in the economic potential of the country, and an increase in the demographic burden on the working population. There have been studied the impact on the demographic processes in Japan of the factor of educational immigration, which is considered as one of the most appropriate resources for compensating for possible demographic losses in the population in the future. Legislative innovations and legal support of external immigration, as well as their practical implementation, have been studied. The results of the activities of the higher school of Japan in teaching foreign citizens and smoothing out the negative dynamics of the demographic situation in the country are presented. Of interest for further research is an in-depth study of the causes and identification of the consequences of the demographic crisis, as well as a substantive analysis of the economic and social effectiveness of changes in Japan's migration policy.
{"title":"Demographic shifts in Japan as a factor in the transformation of migration policy","authors":"E. Pismennaya, N. Ryazantsev, N. Molchanova","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"The article is devoted to study of the demographic shifts in Japan in the context of their impact on the transformation of migration and foreign educational policy. Some of them were permanent, others arose periodically and were caused by rapid socio-demographic and economic shifts in the Japanese society. The article analyzes the development of the demographic crisis in Japan at the beginning of the 21st century. This period is characterized by ongoing depopulation of the Japanese population, its active aging and unfavorable changes in the labor market caused by the spread of IT technologies and robotization of production. The article analyzes the worsening unfavorable demographic trends, which resulted in a shortage of labor, a decrease in the economic potential of the country, and an increase in the demographic burden on the working population. There have been studied the impact on the demographic processes in Japan of the factor of educational immigration, which is considered as one of the most appropriate resources for compensating for possible demographic losses in the population in the future. Legislative innovations and legal support of external immigration, as well as their practical implementation, have been studied. The results of the activities of the higher school of Japan in teaching foreign citizens and smoothing out the negative dynamics of the demographic situation in the country are presented. Of interest for further research is an in-depth study of the causes and identification of the consequences of the demographic crisis, as well as a substantive analysis of the economic and social effectiveness of changes in Japan's migration policy.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49640862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.1.9
A. Popov, T. Soloveva
The transition of mankind to a post-industrial society marked a profound transformation in various areas of activity. The subject of our attention is employment, which not only has undergone significant changes recently, but is also seriously affected by global challenges. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features and patterns of the employment transformation in Russia on the basis of cross-country comparisons. The chosen research perspective allowed us to observe the situation in the world's leading economies (G7 countries) and identify typical trends for industrialized countries. The paper is based on the data from the International Labor Organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Bank, as well as public Internet sources. The analysis clearly demonstrated versatility of the studied phenomenon that we examined within the frames of the sectoral structure and forms of employment, the institutional environment and the development of human capital. In general, the employment transformation in Russia has much in common with that in the G7 countries, which is expressed primarily in redistribution of the labor force to services, spread of non-standard employment, reduction of trade union density rate and adaptation of labor practices to performing works related to solution of cognitive and technological tasks, as well as interpersonal interaction. At the same time, some "delay" is observed in a number of areas, that may be due to the later onset of the changes. In conclusion, we emphasize the importance of finding new opportunities to analyze the various facets of employment transformation and the need to achieve an optimal balance between employment flexibility and decent work.
{"title":"Employment transformation in Russia from the perspective of cross-country comparisons","authors":"A. Popov, T. Soloveva","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"The transition of mankind to a post-industrial society marked a profound transformation in various areas of activity. The subject of our attention is employment, which not only has undergone significant changes recently, but is also seriously affected by global challenges. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features and patterns of the employment transformation in Russia on the basis of cross-country comparisons. The chosen research perspective allowed us to observe the situation in the world's leading economies (G7 countries) and identify typical trends for industrialized countries. The paper is based on the data from the International Labor Organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the World Bank, as well as public Internet sources. The analysis clearly demonstrated versatility of the studied phenomenon that we examined within the frames of the sectoral structure and forms of employment, the institutional environment and the development of human capital. In general, the employment transformation in Russia has much in common with that in the G7 countries, which is expressed primarily in redistribution of the labor force to services, spread of non-standard employment, reduction of trade union density rate and adaptation of labor practices to performing works related to solution of cognitive and technological tasks, as well as interpersonal interaction. At the same time, some \"delay\" is observed in a number of areas, that may be due to the later onset of the changes. In conclusion, we emphasize the importance of finding new opportunities to analyze the various facets of employment transformation and the need to achieve an optimal balance between employment flexibility and decent work.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49325507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.1.6
N. Blednova
Parental leave is one of the most important components in the structure of family policy in most developed countries. In foreign practice, three types of leaves are available: maternity leave, paternity leave and parental leave. The researchers note that development of the leave policy has a favorable economic, social and demographic effect. For this reason, the issue of leaves is becoming more and more popular every year and attracts attention of a wide range of scientists. Nevertheless, in the domestic scientific literature, the phenomenon of parental leave remains practically unexplored. This article is devoted to the study of the impact of parental leave on other socioeconomic processes — employment, gender equality and fertility — and related areas of government policy. Exploring this relationship, the author notes positive impact of paternity leave and paternity quotas on the distribution of responsibilities between men and women in the professional and family spheres of life. The positive economic effects from the use of parental leave as one of the tools to protect workers in the labor market are described. These effects consist mainly in increasing the employment rate of women and reducing the wage gap between men and women. In addition, the impact of parental leave on the birth rate is considered—on the one hand, the use of paternity leave stimulates parents for subsequent childbearing, on the other hand, opportunity costs increase, which negatively affect the reproductive attitudes of mothers. The author draws a conclusion about the relationship between parental leave policy and other areas of state policy — employment policy, gender equality policy and demographic policy. In the author's opinion, the discovered relationship indicates the importance of the issue of parental leave and the need to study it in Russia.
{"title":"Parental leave in the system of socio-economic processes: a theoretical review","authors":"N. Blednova","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Parental leave is one of the most important components in the structure of family policy in most developed countries. In foreign practice, three types of leaves are available: maternity leave, paternity leave and parental leave. The researchers note that development of the leave policy has a favorable economic, social and demographic effect. For this reason, the issue of leaves is becoming more and more popular every year and attracts attention of a wide range of scientists. Nevertheless, in the domestic scientific literature, the phenomenon of parental leave remains practically unexplored. This article is devoted to the study of the impact of parental leave on other socioeconomic processes — employment, gender equality and fertility — and related areas of government policy. Exploring this relationship, the author notes positive impact of paternity leave and paternity quotas on the distribution of responsibilities between men and women in the professional and family spheres of life. The positive economic effects from the use of parental leave as one of the tools to protect workers in the labor market are described. These effects consist mainly in increasing the employment rate of women and reducing the wage gap between men and women. In addition, the impact of parental leave on the birth rate is considered—on the one hand, the use of paternity leave stimulates parents for subsequent childbearing, on the other hand, opportunity costs increase, which negatively affect the reproductive attitudes of mothers. The author draws a conclusion about the relationship between parental leave policy and other areas of state policy — employment policy, gender equality policy and demographic policy. In the author's opinion, the discovered relationship indicates the importance of the issue of parental leave and the need to study it in Russia.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47041370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.1.11
Sh.M. Gimbatov, Shihragim Kutaev, Khadijat Khadzhalova, Zaira Abdulaeva, P. Abdulmanapov
The purpose of the article is to study the problems of the economic backwardness of the region from the standpoint of the features of the system of reproduction, formation, distribution and use of labor resources in the North Caucasus. The main directions for improving the system of reproduction of labor resources in the North Caucasus Federal District were identified and a comprehensive analysis of the socio-economic and demographic situation was carried out in the context of the three main factors that determine the formation of labor potential in the region. The determining factors of the formation of labor resources considered in the article are the dynamics of population reproduction, the features of the formation of the labor market and the educational environment. The authors present analysis of the demographic and socio-economic situation and their impact on the problems of reproduction of labor resources from various research positions: socio-demographic aspects of formation of the labor force and problems of population aging, the reasons for outflow of the population from the region and their connection with the situation in the labor market, problems of gender asymmetry in the labor market and in the system of higher education, problems of employment and unemployment in the aspect of the development of education of the population. A set of measures is proposed to improve the system of labor resources reproduction in the North Caucasus Federal District (NCFD), the main directions and necessary measures to improve the situation in the development of labor resources and labor potential are outlined. It is concluded that the present problems in the sphere of labor resource reproduction become a barrier to economic development of the North Caucasus and constrain raising the human capital development to a quality level.
{"title":"Social and demographic problems of labor potential formation in the North Caucasus","authors":"Sh.M. Gimbatov, Shihragim Kutaev, Khadijat Khadzhalova, Zaira Abdulaeva, P. Abdulmanapov","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to study the problems of the economic backwardness of the region from the standpoint of the features of the system of reproduction, formation, distribution and use of labor resources in the North Caucasus. The main directions for improving the system of reproduction of labor resources in the North Caucasus Federal District were identified and a comprehensive analysis of the socio-economic and demographic situation was carried out in the context of the three main factors that determine the formation of labor potential in the region. The determining factors of the formation of labor resources considered in the article are the dynamics of population reproduction, the features of the formation of the labor market and the educational environment. The authors present analysis of the demographic and socio-economic situation and their impact on the problems of reproduction of labor resources from various research positions: socio-demographic aspects of formation of the labor force and problems of population aging, the reasons for outflow of the population from the region and their connection with the situation in the labor market, problems of gender asymmetry in the labor market and in the system of higher education, problems of employment and unemployment in the aspect of the development of education of the population. A set of measures is proposed to improve the system of labor resources reproduction in the North Caucasus Federal District (NCFD), the main directions and necessary measures to improve the situation in the development of labor resources and labor potential are outlined. It is concluded that the present problems in the sphere of labor resource reproduction become a barrier to economic development of the North Caucasus and constrain raising the human capital development to a quality level.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41730741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.1.12
Inna Schneiderman, I. Pilipenko
This article pinpoints the problem of no modern water supply and sewage systems in homes of ca. 22-24 million people in the Russian Federation residing in the countryside nowadays. As a statistical database, the authors use the results of the Rosstat surveys entitled "The Comprehensive monitoring of the living conditions of the population" that were conducted in 2011 and 2020. We analyze the data on cold and hot water supply systems, sewage systems and toilets in homes of households across the country in general, in rural areas and in individual houses (the private sector). The article reveals that there are no modern types of sewage systems in homes of almost two-thirds of households, whereas modern toilet is not installed in one-third, hot water supply — in 26 per cent, and cold water supply system — in homes of 11 per cent of households in rural areas. When considering individual houses in rural settlements the situation is even worse, and the numbers reach 81 per cent, 42 per cent, 30 per cent and 13 per cent respectively. Six groups of regions of the Russian Federation are distinguished by the share of households that do not have access to any water supply system in their homes. Subsequently, we define four reasons why rural areas have been consistently lagging behind cities and towns in terms of infrastructural development, including the decline of local Soviet-era agricultural enterprises (kolkhozes and sovkhozes) in the beginning of the 1990s and the development of rural territories as a generally low priority topic for the Federal executive bodies. The other two reasons are the virtual disconnection of rural territories from the state policies in the area of housing construction and utilities and the insufficient compatibility of the current model of providing state and municipal services to the population living mostly in individual houses on private land under the conditions of shortage of financial resources. In conclusion, we propose a set of measures aimed at boosting resolution of the ongoing problems with universal access to modern water supply and sewage systems in rural areas of the Russian Federation.
{"title":"Upgrading water supply and wastewater collection systems in rural areas as a way to improve quality of life of the population of Russia","authors":"Inna Schneiderman, I. Pilipenko","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.1.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.1.12","url":null,"abstract":"This article pinpoints the problem of no modern water supply and sewage systems in homes of ca. 22-24 million people in the Russian Federation residing in the countryside nowadays. As a statistical database, the authors use the results of the Rosstat surveys entitled \"The Comprehensive monitoring of the living conditions of the population\" that were conducted in 2011 and 2020. We analyze the data on cold and hot water supply systems, sewage systems and toilets in homes of households across the country in general, in rural areas and in individual houses (the private sector). The article reveals that there are no modern types of sewage systems in homes of almost two-thirds of households, whereas modern toilet is not installed in one-third, hot water supply — in 26 per cent, and cold water supply system — in homes of 11 per cent of households in rural areas. When considering individual houses in rural settlements the situation is even worse, and the numbers reach 81 per cent, 42 per cent, 30 per cent and 13 per cent respectively. Six groups of regions of the Russian Federation are distinguished by the share of households that do not have access to any water supply system in their homes. Subsequently, we define four reasons why rural areas have been consistently lagging behind cities and towns in terms of infrastructural development, including the decline of local Soviet-era agricultural enterprises (kolkhozes and sovkhozes) in the beginning of the 1990s and the development of rural territories as a generally low priority topic for the Federal executive bodies. The other two reasons are the virtual disconnection of rural territories from the state policies in the area of housing construction and utilities and the insufficient compatibility of the current model of providing state and municipal services to the population living mostly in individual houses on private land under the conditions of shortage of financial resources. In conclusion, we propose a set of measures aimed at boosting resolution of the ongoing problems with universal access to modern water supply and sewage systems in rural areas of the Russian Federation.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49191888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.1.7
A. Lukyanets, A. Tyshkevich
The article discusses emigration flows from Russia to the USA and Canada. The host countries owe their existence to immigration due both to the economic and geopolitical situation in the modern world. Since the late 19th century a consistently high emigration flow has been recorded from Russia to these countries. The greatest outflow occurred in the last decade of the 20th century, when with the collapse of the USSR the flow of emigrants from Russia to these countries, and particularly to the USA, sharply increased. The increase in emigration has led to expansion and strengthening of the Russian-speaking community that emigrated from Russia to the United States and Canada. In the USA the largest concentration of the Russian-speaking population is in three agglomerations: New York, Los Angeles and Miami. These three agglomerations account for over 35% of all immigrants from Russia. In Canada, with a much smaller immigration flow than in the United States, the largest share of immigrants from Russia is concentrated in such agglomerations as Toronto and Montreal. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, migration flows to the United States and Canada have decreased from all countries of the world, including Russia. This was the result of both the anti-visa restrictions and the termination by the US Embassy in Russia of issuing non-immigrant visas a first, and subsequently, all other types of visas. If in peak 2014 almost 390 thousand border crossings by citizens of the Russian Federation were recorded, then in 2021 only 77.7 thousand. A similar trend is observed in the emigration flow from Russia to Canada. The main part of the migration flow to the United States consists of Russian citizens who have a residence permit or U.S. citizenship, as well as persons who have received visas at U.S. consular offices in other countries.
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Pub Date : 2023-03-27DOI: 10.19181/population.2023.26.1.15
O. Aleksandrova, A. Proskurina, D. Markov
The first ILO report against the background of the Covid-19 pandemic names youth among the most anxious groups. Russian sociologists also spoke about this, linking such a reaction with the greenhouse conditions created by Russian families for children. Graduation from a university is a serious life milestone, especially in the context of the pandemic that has required long periods of distance learning and dramatically accelerated the digitalization of the economy. According to the research conducted by the authors, more than two-thirds of students believe that the pandemic has changed our lives forever, and also that in the modern world it is impossible to have one profession for all your life. Medium-term and long-term prospects for specialists with their education do not seem very optimistic to students. But and in the short term, the majority of graduates assess their competitiveness in the labor market as average and foresee high competition for vacancies (or their shortage) and the offer of low wages. For many, the problems of future employment are laid down at the stage of choosing a profession: a significant part goes to study where there are affordable budget places, but poorly understand the essence of the profession and its relevance. Today, half of the graduates would choose another profession and do not plan to work in their specialty. High proportion of those who expected successful employment before the pandemic has noticeably decreased against its background. With regard to employment problems, almost half of the respondents have an internal locus of control, the rest are divided in equal proportions into those who have an external locus of control, or both loci of control are expressed or not expressed. For older students, problems with employment are more often seen as a combination of external factors and their own shortcomings. Among those looking for problems in themselves or both in themselves and in the external environment, there are quite a lot of expecting difficulties in finding a job. Acting within the framework of the "ontological security", young people implement practices that allow them to adapt, but do not reduce uncertainty.
{"title":"The first encounter with \"the black swan\": how the pandemic affects the mood of graduates","authors":"O. Aleksandrova, A. Proskurina, D. Markov","doi":"10.19181/population.2023.26.1.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.1.15","url":null,"abstract":"The first ILO report against the background of the Covid-19 pandemic names youth among the most anxious groups. Russian sociologists also spoke about this, linking such a reaction with the greenhouse conditions created by Russian families for children. Graduation from a university is a serious life milestone, especially in the context of the pandemic that has required long periods of distance learning and dramatically accelerated the digitalization of the economy. According to the research conducted by the authors, more than two-thirds of students believe that the pandemic has changed our lives forever, and also that in the modern world it is impossible to have one profession for all your life. Medium-term and long-term prospects for specialists with their education do not seem very optimistic to students. But and in the short term, the majority of graduates assess their competitiveness in the labor market as average and foresee high competition for vacancies (or their shortage) and the offer of low wages. For many, the problems of future employment are laid down at the stage of choosing a profession: a significant part goes to study where there are affordable budget places, but poorly understand the essence of the profession and its relevance. Today, half of the graduates would choose another profession and do not plan to work in their specialty. High proportion of those who expected successful employment before the pandemic has noticeably decreased against its background. With regard to employment problems, almost half of the respondents have an internal locus of control, the rest are divided in equal proportions into those who have an external locus of control, or both loci of control are expressed or not expressed. For older students, problems with employment are more often seen as a combination of external factors and their own shortcomings. Among those looking for problems in themselves or both in themselves and in the external environment, there are quite a lot of expecting difficulties in finding a job. Acting within the framework of the \"ontological security\", young people implement practices that allow them to adapt, but do not reduce uncertainty.","PeriodicalId":47095,"journal":{"name":"Population","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49513120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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