This study investigates the role of Pigouvian policy when producers and consumers may have direct preferences or “behavioral motives” that cause them to take voluntary actions to address externalities. Building from microfoundations, I construct a model of behavioral motives and analyze their implications for policy. In addition to the damage function, the optimal Pigouvian price will depend upon behavioral responses to policy and normative judgments regarding whether behavioral motives are welfare relevant. The “normative uncertainty” regarding whether behavioral motives are welfare relevant may be even more consequential for the optimal Pigouvian tax than uncertainty regarding the damage function. Thus, focusing solely on careful empirical estimation of behavioral motives is insufficient for setting policy. I elucidate diverse applications for the model and discuss normative implications for existing research on green markets, warm glow, and social and moral norms.
{"title":"Pigouvian policies under behavioral motives","authors":"Nathan W. Chan","doi":"10.1086/725445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725445","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the role of Pigouvian policy when producers and consumers may have direct preferences or “behavioral motives” that cause them to take voluntary actions to address externalities. Building from microfoundations, I construct a model of behavioral motives and analyze their implications for policy. In addition to the damage function, the optimal Pigouvian price will depend upon behavioral responses to policy and normative judgments regarding whether behavioral motives are welfare relevant. The “normative uncertainty” regarding whether behavioral motives are welfare relevant may be even more consequential for the optimal Pigouvian tax than uncertainty regarding the damage function. Thus, focusing solely on careful empirical estimation of behavioral motives is insufficient for setting policy. I elucidate diverse applications for the model and discuss normative implications for existing research on green markets, warm glow, and social and moral norms.","PeriodicalId":47114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44779076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Restoring natural resource access for Indigenous groups has become a recent policy focus. We combine satellite data and robust difference-in-difference methods to estimate the causal effect of Native American water right settlements on land and water use on reservations in the western United States over 1974–2012. We find that settlements increase cultivated agricultural land use (crops and hay/pasture) by 8.7%. Our estimates of tribal water use indicate that, even after accounting for water leased off-reservation, many tribes are utilizing only a fraction of their entitlements, forgoing as much as $938 million–$1.8 billion in revenue. We provide evidence suggesting that this gap is driven, in part, by land tenure constraints and a lack of irrigation infrastructure.
{"title":"Paper Water, Wet Water, and the Recognition of Indigenous Property Rights","authors":"L. Sanchez, B. Leonard, E. Edwards","doi":"10.1086/725400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725400","url":null,"abstract":"Restoring natural resource access for Indigenous groups has become a recent policy focus. We combine satellite data and robust difference-in-difference methods to estimate the causal effect of Native American water right settlements on land and water use on reservations in the western United States over 1974–2012. We find that settlements increase cultivated agricultural land use (crops and hay/pasture) by 8.7%. Our estimates of tribal water use indicate that, even after accounting for water leased off-reservation, many tribes are utilizing only a fraction of their entitlements, forgoing as much as $938 million–$1.8 billion in revenue. We provide evidence suggesting that this gap is driven, in part, by land tenure constraints and a lack of irrigation infrastructure.","PeriodicalId":47114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists","volume":"10 1","pages":"1545 - 1579"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45049692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We suggest new evidence that the pesticides pollution caused by aerial fumigation activities in the agricultural industry have negative effect on newborns’ health at birth Birthweight
我们提出了新的证据，证明农业中的空中熏蒸活动造成的杀虫剂污染对新生儿出生时的健康有负面影响
{"title":"The Hidden Cost of Bananas: The Effects of Pesticides on Newborns’ Health","authors":"Joan Calzada, B. Moscoso, Meritxell Gisbert","doi":"10.1086/725349","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725349","url":null,"abstract":"We suggest new evidence that the pesticides pollution caused by aerial fumigation activities in the agricultural industry have negative effect on newborns’ health at birth Birthweight","PeriodicalId":47114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43222936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The impacts of climate change on crop yields have been extensively studied worldwide, yet the mechanisms underlying changes in yields are not fully understood. This study investigates the relative importance of pest effects using observational data. As weather effects could vary depending on the timing of exposure, I model time-varying weather effects by separating the entire cropping season into thousands of possible growth-stage combinations and select the top-performing models using the cross-validation method. The empirical application reveals that the proposed method achieves a much better prediction performance than conventional methods. By simulating climate change impacts in central and southern Japan, I find that crop yields decrease by approximately 10% and 30% for rice and wheat, respectively. However, pest effects only explain one-tenth of the overall effect of climate change, which suggests that climate change will harm crop growth directly, rather than through disease and pest epidemics.
{"title":"Impact of Climate Change on Crop Pests and Diseases: Ensemble Modeling of Time-Varying Weather Effects","authors":"K. Kawasaki","doi":"10.1086/725323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725323","url":null,"abstract":"The impacts of climate change on crop yields have been extensively studied worldwide, yet the mechanisms underlying changes in yields are not fully understood. This study investigates the relative importance of pest effects using observational data. As weather effects could vary depending on the timing of exposure, I model time-varying weather effects by separating the entire cropping season into thousands of possible growth-stage combinations and select the top-performing models using the cross-validation method. The empirical application reveals that the proposed method achieves a much better prediction performance than conventional methods. By simulating climate change impacts in central and southern Japan, I find that crop yields decrease by approximately 10% and 30% for rice and wheat, respectively. However, pest effects only explain one-tenth of the overall effect of climate change, which suggests that climate change will harm crop growth directly, rather than through disease and pest epidemics.","PeriodicalId":47114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists","volume":"10 1","pages":"1515 - 1543"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46092068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We provide evidence that groundwater scarcity results in an increase in sexual violence against women. Negative shocks, measured as the year-to-year variation in subsurface water from the long-term mean, result in an increase in reported rapes. We bolster our identification by providing insights from geology that explain why annual fluctuations in subsurface water are largely geogenic and hence exogenous. We posit that these negative shocks increase the time required for women to collect water from outside the house, thus exposing them to a heightened risk of violent attack. We find empirical support for this hypothesis and show evidence that makes alternative explanations untenable.
{"title":"Water in Scarcity, Women in Peril","authors":"Sheetal Sekhri, Md. Amzad Hossain","doi":"10.1086/725247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725247","url":null,"abstract":"We provide evidence that groundwater scarcity results in an increase in sexual violence against women. Negative shocks, measured as the year-to-year variation in subsurface water from the long-term mean, result in an increase in reported rapes. We bolster our identification by providing insights from geology that explain why annual fluctuations in subsurface water are largely geogenic and hence exogenous. We posit that these negative shocks increase the time required for women to collect water from outside the house, thus exposing them to a heightened risk of violent attack. We find empirical support for this hypothesis and show evidence that makes alternative explanations untenable.","PeriodicalId":47114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists","volume":"10 1","pages":"1475 - 1513"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48105973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The role of climate change on stochastic resource growth has yet to be analyzed in a bioeconomic setting, which is important given that increased weather variability is a key climate change feature. We construct a bioeconomic analysis in which mean and variance impacts of climate change produce multiple elements—population stochasticity, mean habitat loss, and greater habitat variability—impacting the riskiness of resource management. Our results show that change in the variance of weather events is an important consideration for managing at-risk species and may create countervailing conservation incentives relative to considering only mean impacts. We apply our analysis to North Atlantic harp seals, which are uniquely susceptible to climate change, as they require sea ice to breed and raise their pups. Harp seal conservation incentives and negative economic impacts of habitat loss are tempered when accounting for both reduced mean sea ice levels and increased sea ice variability.
{"title":"Endogenous Risk and Habitat Loss from Climate Change: An Application to Seal Management After the November Rain","authors":"R. Horan, C. Sims, D. Finnoff","doi":"10.1086/725153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725153","url":null,"abstract":"The role of climate change on stochastic resource growth has yet to be analyzed in a bioeconomic setting, which is important given that increased weather variability is a key climate change feature. We construct a bioeconomic analysis in which mean and variance impacts of climate change produce multiple elements—population stochasticity, mean habitat loss, and greater habitat variability—impacting the riskiness of resource management. Our results show that change in the variance of weather events is an important consideration for managing at-risk species and may create countervailing conservation incentives relative to considering only mean impacts. We apply our analysis to North Atlantic harp seals, which are uniquely susceptible to climate change, as they require sea ice to breed and raise their pups. Harp seal conservation incentives and negative economic impacts of habitat loss are tempered when accounting for both reduced mean sea ice levels and increased sea ice variability.","PeriodicalId":47114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42764805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhilin Hu, Haoyang Li, Liguo Lin, W. Sun, Maigeng Zhou
In this study, we take the establishment of automatic surface water quality monitoring stations (automatic stations) in China as an example to explore the effects of adopting advanced monitoring technologies in enforcing environmental regulations. Automatic stations use real-time water quality monitoring and electronic-reporting technologies to go beyond traditional field inspection and monitoring and create novel enforcement approaches. We show that the establishment of downstream automatic stations significantly restrains industrial water pollution discharged and benefits human health. Specifically, the establishment of downstream automatic stations reduces wastewater emissions from upstream counties by 22%. Consequently, the death rate from digestive diseases decreases by 2.26 persons per 10,000 population and the life expectancy at birth increases by 3.14 years with the establishment of downstream automatic stations. This study provides clear evidence that advanced monitoring technology improves enforcement of environmental regulations, which brings significant health benefits and enhances social welfare.
{"title":"Monitoring Technologies, Environmental Performance, and Health Outcomes: Evidence from China","authors":"Zhilin Hu, Haoyang Li, Liguo Lin, W. Sun, Maigeng Zhou","doi":"10.1086/725111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725111","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we take the establishment of automatic surface water quality monitoring stations (automatic stations) in China as an example to explore the effects of adopting advanced monitoring technologies in enforcing environmental regulations. Automatic stations use real-time water quality monitoring and electronic-reporting technologies to go beyond traditional field inspection and monitoring and create novel enforcement approaches. We show that the establishment of downstream automatic stations significantly restrains industrial water pollution discharged and benefits human health. Specifically, the establishment of downstream automatic stations reduces wastewater emissions from upstream counties by 22%. Consequently, the death rate from digestive diseases decreases by 2.26 persons per 10,000 population and the life expectancy at birth increases by 3.14 years with the establishment of downstream automatic stations. This study provides clear evidence that advanced monitoring technology improves enforcement of environmental regulations, which brings significant health benefits and enhances social welfare.","PeriodicalId":47114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists","volume":"10 1","pages":"1581 - 1622"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45644288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We evaluate the effect of climate adaptation infrastructure investments on property transaction prices, using data on over 400,000 property transactions and 162 infrastructure projects in Miami-Dade County, an area that is highly vulnerable to flooding and sea level rise due to climate change. Exploiting the timing and siting of different adaptation projects in Miami-Dade, we are able to identify significant gains in property values after completion of adaptation infrastructure projects. These gains are concentrated in areas close to the project and for projects that are visually identifiable. Our results suggest an aggregate mean benefit, net of adaptation cost, of about $0.68 million per project and almost $300 million in aggregate net benefits for all projects in our sample. Most projects generated positive net benefits, indicating that the vast majority of adaptation efforts are being placed in areas passing a benefit-cost test.
{"title":"Adaptation Infrastructure and Its Effects on Property Values in the Face of Climate Risk","authors":"D. Kelly, Renato Molina","doi":"10.1086/725109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/725109","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluate the effect of climate adaptation infrastructure investments on property transaction prices, using data on over 400,000 property transactions and 162 infrastructure projects in Miami-Dade County, an area that is highly vulnerable to flooding and sea level rise due to climate change. Exploiting the timing and siting of different adaptation projects in Miami-Dade, we are able to identify significant gains in property values after completion of adaptation infrastructure projects. These gains are concentrated in areas close to the project and for projects that are visually identifiable. Our results suggest an aggregate mean benefit, net of adaptation cost, of about $0.68 million per project and almost $300 million in aggregate net benefits for all projects in our sample. Most projects generated positive net benefits, indicating that the vast majority of adaptation efforts are being placed in areas passing a benefit-cost test.","PeriodicalId":47114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists","volume":"10 1","pages":"1405 - 1438"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44750127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We observe 1.8 million university course grades for 88,959 adults who learn and complete examinations in a much less polluted environment than previously studied. We use a within-student identification strategy and find robust evidence of a negative and causal effect of exam-day outdoor air pollution on course performance. The effect of pollution persists beyond the same-day effect. Female students are more sensitive than males, and effects are greatest when students are engaged in unfamiliar tasks. We explore two margins of adaptation, one infrastructural, one behavioral. Working in a new building, and particularly if it is high quality (LEED Gold), provides significant mitigation. Relocating to a floor above ground level also offers partial protection.
{"title":"Clean Air and Cognitive Productivity: Effect and Adaptation","authors":"N. Cook, A. Heyes, N. Rivers","doi":"10.1086/724951","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1086/724951","url":null,"abstract":"We observe 1.8 million university course grades for 88,959 adults who learn and complete examinations in a much less polluted environment than previously studied. We use a within-student identification strategy and find robust evidence of a negative and causal effect of exam-day outdoor air pollution on course performance. The effect of pollution persists beyond the same-day effect. Female students are more sensitive than males, and effects are greatest when students are engaged in unfamiliar tasks. We explore two margins of adaptation, one infrastructural, one behavioral. Working in a new building, and particularly if it is high quality (LEED Gold), provides significant mitigation. Relocating to a floor above ground level also offers partial protection.","PeriodicalId":47114,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists","volume":"10 1","pages":"1265 - 1308"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48767976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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