Advances in Life Course Research最新文献_第3页

Women’s pathways to motherhood in India: The intersecting roles of partnership and educational trajectories 印度妇女成为母亲的途径：伙伴关系和教育轨迹的交叉作用

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 Medicine

Advances in Life Course Research

Pub Date : 2025-05-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2025.100688

Rojin Sadeghi , Matthias Studer , Michel Oris

Motherhood holds great importance in women’s transition to adulthood in India, where childlessness is often perceived as an inability to conceive and experienced as a failure. However, with globalization and declining fertility rates, family dynamics are shifting, and childlessness appears as an evolving reality beyond biomedical challenges related to procreation. This research aims to investigate whether there are indications of an emerging category of women forgoing motherhood for reasons beyond a lack of reproductive agency. Additionally, it explores whether this group differs in educational and partnership trajectories from typical patterns of transition to adulthood associated with childlessness in India. We use sequence history analysis on data from the National Family Health Survey (2019–2021). Findings indicate social stratification in childlessness, intertwined with broader disparities in family and educational trajectories. While family-oriented paths, particularly those involving marriage, remain most conducive to motherhood, highly educated women are more likely to delay childbearing. Moreover, results reveal a U-shaped relationship between education and hazard of first-time motherhood within conventional partnership trajectories. Education fosters reproductive agency, but also introduces competing aspirations that may limit family’s place in women’s lives. This study makes an original contribution to the limited quantitative literature that explores childlessness in India as a polarized phenomenon and highlights the innovative use of sequence history analysis in life course studies. Overall, by exploring childlessness, this research indicates broader reproductive inequalities as well as differences in life trajectories and aspirations, thereby calling for more inclusive reproductive health and social policies to address these disparities.

在印度，母性在女性向成年的过渡中具有重要意义，在印度，无子女通常被视为无法怀孕，并被视为失败。然而，随着全球化和生育率的下降，家庭动态正在发生变化，无子女似乎是一种不断演变的现实，超出了与生育有关的生物医学挑战。这项研究的目的是调查是否有迹象表明，除了缺乏生殖能力之外，还有一种新出现的妇女放弃做母亲的原因。此外，它还探讨了这一群体在教育和伴侣关系轨迹上是否与印度无子女的典型过渡模式不同。我们对2019-2021年全国家庭健康调查的数据进行了序列历史分析。研究结果表明，无子女的社会分层，与家庭和教育轨迹的更大差距交织在一起。虽然以家庭为导向的道路，特别是涉及婚姻的道路，仍然最有利于成为母亲，但受过高等教育的妇女更有可能推迟生育。此外，研究结果显示，在传统的伙伴关系轨迹中，教育程度与首次生育风险之间呈u型关系。教育促进了生育能力，但也引入了相互竞争的愿望，这可能会限制家庭在妇女生活中的地位。本研究对有限的定量文献做出了原创贡献，这些文献将印度的无子女现象视为一种两极分化现象，并突出了序列历史分析在生命历程研究中的创新应用。总的来说，通过探讨无子女问题，这项研究表明了更广泛的生殖不平等以及生活轨迹和愿望方面的差异，因此呼吁采取更具包容性的生殖健康和社会政策来解决这些差异。

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引用次数: 0

Navigating threads of a young adult life-course: Tangled complexity in the education and work pathways of African university graduates 青年人生轨迹的导航：非洲大学毕业生教育和工作路径的错综复杂

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 Medicine

Advances in Life Course Research

Pub Date : 2025-05-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2025.100689

Adam Cooper , Andrea Juan , Nokhetho Mhlanga

While educational attainment is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa, formal employment remains elusive. With this context in mind, this study delves into the young adult pathways undertaken by African graduate scholarship recipients post-university. Data from a longitudinal tracer survey was combined with qualitative interviews with graduates from six countries. Survey findings showed complexity with activities like employment, studying and entrepreneurship overlapping over time, with many combining working and/or studying and/or entrepreneurial activity. Qualitative analysis underlined this complexity, with education and work comprehensively entangled. The meaning of ‘employment’ covered various working world practices, often in education, which we call ‘finding a haven in education’ and profiting from various income streams while studying, which we call ‘multiple income streams and educational endeavours’. The interaction between education and work therefore problematises the concept of ‘transitions’, which assumes life-courses move from education into the world of work. We deploy the concepts ‘threads’ and ‘social navigation’ to illustrate this interaction, arguing that African graduates navigate their paths towards adulthood by weaving various thread-like opportunities into a temporarily stable livelihood knot or unravelling threads to create clear segments for income generation. They improvised an unconventional, middle-class African hustle, rather than following linear routes from education to work.

虽然撒哈拉以南非洲的受教育程度正在提高，但正式就业仍然难以捉摸。考虑到这一背景，本研究深入研究了非洲研究生奖学金获得者在大学毕业后所采取的青年成人途径。来自纵向追踪调查的数据与来自六个国家的毕业生的定性访谈相结合。调查结果显示，就业、学习和创业等活动随着时间的推移而重叠，其中许多活动将工作和/或学习和/或创业活动结合起来。定性分析强调了这种复杂性，教育和工作全面纠缠在一起。“就业”的含义涵盖了工作世界的各种实践，通常在教育方面，我们称之为“在教育中找到避风港”，在学习的同时从各种收入来源中获利，我们称之为“多种收入来源和教育努力”。因此，教育和工作之间的相互作用提出了“过渡”的概念，它假设生活过程从教育转移到工作世界。我们使用“线索”和“社会导航”的概念来说明这种相互作用，认为非洲毕业生通过将各种类似线索的机会编织成一个暂时稳定的生计结，或解开线索，为创收创造明确的细分，来引导他们走向成年。他们即兴创作了一种非传统的非洲中产阶级的忙碌，而不是遵循从教育到工作的线性路线。

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引用次数: 0

Facilitating the recall of biographical data: Alternatives to life history calendars 促进传记数据的回忆：生活史日历的替代品

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 Medicine

Advances in Life Course Research

Pub Date : 2025-05-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2025.100677

Irina Bauer

Reporting life course data is challenging for survey respondents since they need to search their memory for information. Traditional life history calendars where the interviewer guides the respondent through the process are not suitable for web surveys and are not displayable on smaller screens such as smartphones, which are increasingly used to participate in a web survey. Alternative instruments are required that utilize elements of life history calendars to collect life course data in self-administered surveys. To investigate which aspects of life history calendars that are both easy to implement for survey practitioners and easy to utilize for respondents have the potential to enhance the quality of life course data and are perceived as beneficial by respondents, I conducted a short web survey consisting of two waves conducted three months apart covering the respondents' occupational trajectory over the last two years. Herein I experimentally tested two simplified measures derived from life history calendars: (1) the graphical presentation of the time horizon by displaying information in a tabular format and (2) adding temporal bounding cues in terms of information about the respondents’ previous response behavior. The results show that providing the respondents with recall aids such as using a table format when collecting occupational data leads to better data quality compared to using question lists, even if respondents use their smartphones to complete the survey. Displaying information from previous surveys has the potential to help respondents retrieve biographical data but might as well lead to poorer data quality when respondents are not provided with the date of the previous survey.

报告生命历程数据对调查对象来说是具有挑战性的，因为他们需要在记忆中搜索信息。传统的生活史日历，由采访者指导受访者完成整个过程，不适合网络调查，也不能在智能手机等较小的屏幕上显示，而智能手机越来越多地用于参与网络调查。需要利用生活史日历元素的替代工具，在自我管理的调查中收集生命历程数据。为了调查哪些方面的生活史日历易于实施调查从业者和易于使用的受访者有潜力提高生命历程数据的质量，并被受访者认为是有益的，我进行了一个简短的网络调查，包括两波，间隔三个月，涵盖受访者的职业轨迹在过去两年中。在此，我通过实验测试了两种从生活史日历中衍生出来的简化测量方法：(1)通过以表格格式显示信息来图形化地呈现时间范围；(2)根据受访者先前的反应行为信息添加时间边界线索。结果表明，即使受访者使用智能手机完成调查，在收集职业数据时，为受访者提供回忆辅助工具，如使用表格格式，与使用问题列表相比，数据质量更好。显示以前调查的信息有可能帮助被访者检索个人资料，但如果没有向被访者提供以前调查的日期，也可能导致较差的数据质量。

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引用次数: 0

Religious affiliation and the division of housework over the life course 宗教信仰和一生中家务的分工

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 Medicine

Advances in Life Course Research

Pub Date : 2025-05-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2025.100676

Luoman Bao, Zhe (Meredith) Zhang, Roseann Giarrusso

A growing body of research examines changes in the division of housework over the life course, yet the influence of religion remains underexplored. Using couple dyad data from the Longitudinal Study of Generations (1988–2005) and a life course perspective, this study investigates how wives’ and husbands’ religious affiliations shape life course trajectories of the housework gender gap and individual housework time among different-sex couples in the U.S. Growth curve analyses reveal religious differences in these trajectories. Among couples where either spouse is Mormon or the wife is Catholic, the housework gender gap declined over the life course, whereas it remained stable among Protestant (mainline or evangelical), Jewish, other religious, and nonreligious couples. These declines appear to be driven by reductions in wives’ housework time over the life course among Mormon couples and increases in husbands’ housework contributions over time among couples with Catholic wives. Notably, religious disparities in the housework gender gap followed distinct patterns across life stages: the initially larger gender gap among Mormon couples and couples with Catholic wives in early life converged in midlife and became smaller than in some groups in later life. This study advances research on gender inequality in housework by highlighting the role of religious affiliation over the life course. The findings inform targeted policy interventions to support women disproportionately affected by excessive housework burdens in early life.

越来越多的研究调查了一生中家务分工的变化，但宗教的影响仍未得到充分探讨。本研究利用《世代纵向研究》（1988-2005）的夫妻二对数据，从生命历程的角度，探讨了美国不同性别夫妻的宗教信仰如何影响家务劳动性别差距和个人家务劳动时间的生命历程轨迹。在配偶一方是摩门教徒或妻子是天主教徒的夫妇中，家务劳动的性别差距在一生中有所下降，而在新教（主流或福音派）、犹太教、其他宗教和非宗教夫妇中则保持稳定。这些下降似乎是由于摩门教夫妇一生中妻子做家务的时间减少，而在有天主教妻子的夫妇中，丈夫做家务的时间增加。值得注意的是，在不同的人生阶段，家务性别差异的宗教差异遵循着不同的模式：早期摩门教夫妇和妻子信奉天主教的夫妇之间最初较大的性别差异在中年时趋于一致，并在晚年变得比某些群体小。这项研究通过强调宗教信仰在生活过程中的作用，推进了家务劳动中的性别不平等研究。研究结果为有针对性的政策干预提供了信息，以支持在早期生活中受到过多家务负担影响的妇女。

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引用次数: 0

Silver sanctions: Legal financial obligations in an aging population 银发制裁：人口老龄化的法律财务义务

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 Medicine

Advances in Life Course Research

Pub Date : 2025-05-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2025.100674

Kate K. O’Neill, Alexes Harris

This research was funded by a grant to the University of Washington from Arnold Ventures. We thank the collaborators of the Collective to Study the Broad Reach and Burden of Monetary Sanctions for their intellectual contributions to the project and for their insight in the development of this manuscript. We also thank Tyler Smith, and our undergraduate research team for their contributions to this project. Finally, We thank the Center for Studies in Demography & Ecology at the University of Washington and the Washington State Administrative Office of the Court for data storage, management, and provision.

这项研究是由阿诺德风险投资公司向华盛顿大学提供的资金资助的。我们感谢研究货币制裁的广泛影响和负担集体的合作者对该项目的智力贡献以及他们在编写本手稿时的洞察力。我们也感谢Tyler Smith和我们的本科生研究团队对这个项目的贡献。最后，我们要感谢人口研究中心。华盛顿大学生态学和华盛顿州法院行政办公室负责数据存储、管理和提供。

引用次数: 0

Reproductive waithood: An exploratory cohort study of changes in the transition to motherhood in Chile

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 Medicine

Advances in Life Course Research

Pub Date : 2025-05-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2025.100675

Martina Yopo Díaz , Ignacio Cabib

Waithood is a growing global phenomenon as more women are delaying childbearing and becoming mothers later in life. However, little is known about changes in the transition to motherhood beyond the Global North. Drawing on 40 life story interviews with four cohorts of women in Chile, this qualitative study explores how waithood is emerging as a social norm in connection to changes in the nature, timing, and sequence of motherhood amidst macro-structural transformations in recent decades. We find that waiting to have children is both intentional, as women prioritize education and work milestones, and unintentional, as women face multiple difficulties to become mothers in highly precarious and uncertain contexts. While reproductive waithood is associated to self-realization, increasing readiness for childbearing, and advantages for good mothering, it is also a coping strategy to navigate the transition to motherhood amidst excessive childrearing costs, economic instability, limited social protection, and material hardship. Our findings also suggest that while reproductive waithood is apparent among upper and middle class women, it is also emerging among lower class women as a strategy to avoid the negative effects of early pregnancy on their trajectories of social mobility, navigate the precarious conditions of the labor market, and secure a good upbringing for their children. Overall, these findings contribute to recent scholarship addressing waithood in family formation and delayed adulthood in the Global South.

随着越来越多的女性推迟生育，晚育成为母亲，等待期成为一种日益增长的全球现象。然而，在全球北方以外，人们对向母亲过渡的变化知之甚少。通过对智利四组妇女的40个生活故事的访谈，本定性研究探讨了在近几十年的宏观结构转型中，等待期如何在性质、时间和母性顺序的变化中成为一种社会规范。我们发现，等待生孩子既是有意的，因为女性优先考虑教育和工作里程碑，也是无意的，因为女性在高度不稳定和不确定的环境中面临着成为母亲的多重困难。虽然生育等待期与自我实现、提高生育准备程度和获得良好的育儿优势有关，但它也是在育儿成本过高、经济不稳定、社会保护有限和物质困难的情况下过渡到母亲身份的一种应对策略。我们的研究结果还表明，虽然生育等待期在上层和中产阶级女性中很明显，但它也出现在下层女性中，作为一种策略，以避免早孕对她们社会流动轨迹的负面影响，在不稳定的劳动力市场环境中航行，并确保她们的孩子得到良好的教育。总的来说，这些发现有助于最近解决全球南方家庭形成和成年延迟的等待期的奖学金。

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引用次数: 0

Delayed transitions to adulthood and assisted reproduction: A study of educational differences in Spain 延迟过渡到成年和辅助生殖：西班牙教育差异的研究

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 Medicine

Advances in Life Course Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2025.100672

Cristina Suero , Marie-Caroline Compans , Eva Beaujouan

Transitions to adulthood are increasingly delayed in low-fertility countries, particularly among highly educated women, with significant implications for the timing of attempts to conceive and parenthood. Delayed childbearing increases the risk of infertility and the reliance on assisted reproductive technologies (ART). Spain has experienced pronounced delays in transitions to adulthood alongside a substantial rise in ART use over recent decades. This research adopts a life course approach to examine the association between delayed transitions to adulthood, the likelihood of using ART, and the chances of achieving a live birth following ART, accounting for variations by age and educational attainment. Based on a sample of 12,930 women aged 24–55 from the 2018 Spanish Fertility Survey (SFS 2018), event-history analyses reveal that late first stable employment is associated with a lower likelihood of using ART, particularly for women without university education. Conversely, late housing independence and late coresidential partnership – up to the mid-30s – are linked to a higher likelihood of using ART. Among ART users, the likelihood of achieving a live birth decreases markedly with age, but declines less sharply for university-educated women. The timing of transitions to adulthood and the likelihood of achieving a live birth after ART are not related, except among women who left the parental home or entered a partnership particularly late, who are less likely to succeed. Overall, the findings suggest that ART offers limited capacity to mitigate the effects of delayed transitions to adulthood and fertility, especially for less educated women.

在生育率低的国家，特别是在受过高等教育的妇女中，向成年过渡的时间日益推迟，这对尝试怀孕和生育的时间有重大影响。延迟生育增加了不孕症的风险和对辅助生殖技术的依赖。近几十年来，西班牙在向成年过渡方面经历了明显的延迟，同时抗逆转录病毒治疗的使用也大幅增加。本研究采用生命历程方法来研究延迟过渡到成年、使用ART的可能性和ART后实现活产机会之间的关系，考虑到年龄和教育程度的差异。根据2018年西班牙生育调查（SFS 2018）中12930名年龄在24-55岁之间的女性的样本，事件历史分析显示，较晚的首次稳定就业与使用抗逆转录病毒治疗的可能性较低有关，特别是对于没有受过大学教育的女性。相反，较晚的住房独立和较晚的同居伙伴关系-直到35岁左右-与使用抗逆转录病毒治疗的可能性较高有关。在抗逆转录病毒治疗的使用者中，实现活产的可能性随着年龄的增长而显著下降，但在受过大学教育的妇女中下降的幅度较小。向成年过渡的时间与抗逆转录病毒治疗后实现活产的可能性无关，但离开父母家或进入伴侣关系特别晚的妇女除外，她们成功的可能性较小。总的来说，研究结果表明，抗逆转录病毒治疗在减轻延迟过渡到成年期和生育的影响方面能力有限，特别是对受教育程度较低的妇女。

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引用次数: 0

Digital nomadism from a life course perspective 从生命历程的角度看数字游牧

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 Medicine

Advances in Life Course Research

Pub Date : 2025-04-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2025.100673

Juul H.D. Henkens

With the emergence of digital nomadism as a new form of lifestyle mobility, characterized by the combination of location-independent work with ongoing travel, the question arises whether digital nomadism represents a temporary life phase or a permanent new way of living. This qualitative study explores the lived experiences and perceptions of 27 digital nomads in Bali, Indonesia, aiming to interpret digital nomadism within the socio-historical context and individual life course. Results reveal diverse mobility histories, where mobile childhoods facilitated a digital nomad lifestyle. Regardless of the positive experiences with the lifestyle, participants viewed their high mobility as a temporary phase and desired more residential stability in the future, either by settling down or searching sustainable nomadic alternatives such as rotating between multiple bases. This research interprets digital nomadism as a temporary life phase that responds to the current individualized and digital society in which life courses have become de-standardized.

随着数字游牧主义作为一种新的生活方式流动形式的出现，其特点是将地点独立的工作与持续的旅行相结合，问题出现了，数字游牧主义是一种暂时的生活阶段还是一种永久的新的生活方式。本定性研究探讨了印度尼西亚巴厘岛27名数字游牧民的生活经历和看法，旨在在社会历史背景和个人生命历程中解释数字游牧民。研究结果揭示了不同的移动历史，移动的童年促进了数字游牧生活方式。尽管对这种生活方式有积极的体验，但参与者将他们的高流动性视为暂时的阶段，并希望在未来有更多的稳定居住，要么安定下来，要么寻找可持续的游牧替代方案，比如在多个基地之间轮换。这项研究将数字游牧主义解释为一种暂时的生活阶段，它是对当前个性化和数字化社会的回应，在这个社会中，生活过程已经变得去标准化。

引用次数: 0

Gendered life-course trajectories of childcare and informal care in the Netherlands 荷兰儿童保育和非正式照料的性别化生命历程轨迹

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 Medicine

Advances in Life Course Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2025.100671

Ayşegül Güneyli, Katia Begall, Ellen Verbakel

Unpaid caregiving remains highly gendered both in the context of childcare for young children and informal care provided to ill or ageing family members, friends, or neighbors. Using a life-course framework, this study expands previous research which generally treated these care types as separate life domains, by exploring the variety in caregiving trajectories including both childcare and informal care as integral parts of life courses. In addition to identifying and describing clusters of caregiving trajectories, we examine to what extent these are stratified by gender and education. We use unique retrospective survey data on informal caregiving combined with longitudinal data on childrearing, collected by the LISS Panel in the Netherlands (N = 1631). Using sequence and cluster analysis, we created caregiving trajectories covering up to 50 years of individual life courses and identified six clusters of caregiving trajectories that differed in care-heaviness, based on different combinations of the timing, duration, order, and intensity of care episodes. Our findings indicate path-dependency in care patterns, whereby most individuals who have engaged in unpaid care, provided both childcare and informal care at various points throughout their lives. In addition, while patterns of caregiving over the life course did not differ by gender, women were overrepresented in care-heavier clusters while men were more likely to follow the least care-heavy clusters. Theoretical expectations predicting educational differences based on opportunity costs and normative pressure were not supported. Given the anticipated rise in informal care due to population ageing and welfare state retrenchment, our findings suggest that while both women and men will be increasingly confronted with balancing unpaid care with other commitments, the gender gap in care-heaviness might persist and even widen.

无论是在幼儿保育方面，还是在为生病或年老的家庭成员、朋友或邻居提供非正式护理方面，无偿护理仍然高度性别化。利用生命历程框架，本研究扩展了以往的研究，这些研究通常将这些护理类型视为独立的生命领域，通过探索护理轨迹的多样性，包括儿童保育和非正式护理作为生命历程的组成部分。除了识别和描述护理轨迹的集群外，我们还研究了这些轨迹在多大程度上由性别和教育分层。我们使用了荷兰LISS小组收集的关于非正式照料的独特回顾性调查数据，并结合了关于儿童养育的纵向数据（N = 1631）。利用序列和聚类分析，我们创建了长达50年的个人生命历程的护理轨迹，并根据护理事件的时间、持续时间、顺序和强度的不同组合，确定了六个不同护理重的护理轨迹集群。我们的研究结果表明了护理模式的路径依赖性，即大多数从事无偿护理的个人在其一生的不同阶段提供儿童保育和非正式护理。此外，尽管一生中照顾的模式没有性别差异，但女性在照顾较多的群体中所占比例过高，而男性更有可能遵循照顾最少的群体。基于机会成本和规范压力预测教育差异的理论期望不被支持。由于人口老龄化和福利国家的紧缩，预计非正式护理将会增加，我们的研究结果表明，尽管女性和男性都将越来越多地面临平衡无薪护理与其他承诺的问题，但在护理负担方面的性别差距可能会持续存在，甚至会扩大。

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引用次数: 0

Life course socioeconomic position and cognitive aging in later life: A scoping review 生命历程、社会经济地位与晚年认知衰老：一个范围综述

IF 3.4 2区社会学 Q1 Medicine

Advances in Life Course Research

Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcr.2025.100670

Mengling Cheng , Lore Van Herreweghe , Aswathikutty Gireesh , Stefan Sieber , Kenneth F. Ferraro , Stéphane Cullati

Background and Objectives

Low socioeconomic position (SEP) throughout the life course is related to poorer cognitive health in later life, but debate ensues on the life course models for this association. To advance inquiry on the topic, we conducted a scoping review.

Research Design and Methods

We examined the association between life course SEP and cognitive function in later life in observational studies—considering cognition both as a cross-sectional level and as a longitudinal trajectory across cognitive domains—and assessed whether the empirical evidence supported life course models. We focused on studies in the general population with cognition measured in the second half of life (45 +). Forty-two studies (21 datasets) were included representing 595,276 participants (201,375 across unique datasets) from 46 countries.

Results

For cognitive level, studies consistently found associations between SEP at various stages of the life course, both in overall cognition and across specific cognitive domains. These associations were generally robust to confounding and mediating factors. For cognitive trajectory, studies showed inconclusive associations with SEP across life course and across cognitive domains. Results supported the sensitive period, pathway, and accumulation models, but not the critical period model. Results supported that education acts as a pathway (and potential mediator) in the association between early-life SEP and later-life cognition.

Discussion and Implications

SEP throughout the life course has a robust association with later-life cognitive level, but not decline. Early-life cognitive enrichment for young people raised in socioeconomically disadvantaged households may reduce the SEP gap in cognitive functioning during later life.

背景和目的低社会经济地位（SEP）与晚年认知健康状况较差有关，但对这种关联的生命过程模型存在争议。为了推进对该主题的调查，我们进行了范围审查。研究设计和方法我们在观察性研究中考察了生命过程SEP与晚年认知功能之间的关系——将认知视为横截面水平和跨认知领域的纵向轨迹，并评估了经验证据是否支持生命过程模型。我们关注的是一般人群在后半生的认知能力（45 +）。42项研究（21个数据集）包括来自46个国家的595,276名参与者（201,375名不同数据集的参与者）。结果在认知水平上，研究一致发现SEP在生命历程的各个阶段之间存在关联，无论是在整体认知还是在特定认知领域。这些关联对于混淆和中介因素通常是稳健的。对于认知轨迹，研究显示SEP在生命历程和认知领域之间的关联不确定。结果支持敏感期、通路和积累模型，但不支持临界期模型。研究结果支持教育在早期SEP与后期认知之间发挥通路（和潜在中介）的作用。讨论与启示在整个生命过程中，sep与后期认知水平有显著的相关性，但与下降无关。在社会经济条件较差的家庭中长大的年轻人，其早期认知能力的增强可能会减少他们在以后生活中认知功能方面的差距。

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引用次数: 0