Revista Espanola De Salud Publica最新文献

Objective: Health promotion at work (HPW) is an essential component of social and economic policies. Objectives: 1) To determine which regions in Spain have a HPW program and 2) To review these programs according to health promotion and equity models.

Methods: Regional HPW programs were identified through occupational health committee. Their webs were reviewed, and we interviewed by videoconference the persons in charge of each program. We used a data collection notebook to collect descriptive as well as quality variables, according to health promotion and equity models.

Results: 6 regions have a HPW program: Andalucía, Aragón, Cataluña, Comunidad Valenciana, Extremadura and Galicia, developed by health administration or work administration, but only in 1 case by both. 4 programs have regulations and 3 have created a network. The participation of occupational risk prevention services is key, while participation of workers and management teams is variable. Only 2 regions have incorporated information and materials related to COVID-19. Measures to promote equality and work-life balance, but not to promote equity.

Conclusions: HPW in Spain is a reality in 6 regions, with differences between them related to the requisites and what the administration offers to them.

The COVID-19 pandemic is clearly showing the importance for the surveillance and protection of human health of acting in all settings of life: family, community, education, leisure or work, among others, as well as addressing the multiple determinants that influence the health and well-being of the population: demographic, healthcare, environmental, social, eco-nomic, cultural or occupational, among others. With respect to occupational health and the work-related determinants of health, the potential of occupational health services acting at the company level is clear, and could be generalized to almost any public health action setting. This article reflects on the opportunities for coordination between the occupational health system in Spain (including resources from mutual insurance companies, companies themselves and administrations) and the public health system, including both health care (primary care, hospital) and public health services. We examine this in the context of health crises, like the present one, but also with a broader vision, commensurate with the necessary comprehensive care for human health, guaranteeing health as a fundamental and universal right in all life circumstances. To advance along these lines, we propose the incorporation of the "occupational health perspective" in all actions and services of the public healthcare system, especially with respect to public health services under the purview of the health administration.

Objective: Discrimination during vital moments, such as the university period, can generate a high impact on people's behavior and health. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible association of discrimination with perceived health and with different risk behaviors, as well as to describe gender differences in Spanish university students. Discrimination during vital moments, such as college, can have a high impact on people's behavior and health.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with data from first-year university students from 11 Spanish universities (n=9,862). Discrimination, perceived health, alcohol consumption, smoking, consumption of illegal substances, leisure time connected to the Internet, risky sexual relations, family function, risk of mental health problems and risk of eating disorders were assessed. Prevalences with their 95% confidence intervals were obtained and for quantitative variables the mean and standard deviation were calculated. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the relationship between discrimination and the other variables.

Results: An association was found between discrimination and fair or poor perceived health (OR: 1.7; p=0.0001), consumption of illegal substances (OR: 1.3; p=0.002), problematic internet use (OR: 1.3; p=0.004), family dysfunction (OR: 1.8; p=0.0001), risk of mental health problems (OR: 1.9; p=0.0001) and eating disorders (OR: 1.5; p=0.0001). Regarding gender differences, higher prevalence of discrimination was observed in men with health status perceived as fair or worse (OR: 2.2; p=0.0001), family dysfunction (OR: 1.8; p=0.0001), risk of mental health problems (OR: 2.2; p=0.0001) and eating disorders (OR: 1.9; p=0.002). Women, apart from the previous variables, presented association of discrimination with consumption of illegal substances (OR: 1.3; p=0.005) and problematic internet use (OR: 1.4; p=0.002).

Conclusions: The study findings underline that there is an association between discrimination and risk behaviors among Spanish university students. In turn, discrimination was associated with poor or fair perceived health, this relationship being similar in both men and women.

Objective: The therapeutic arsenal of hypoglycaemic drugs has been increased by the commercialization of new molecules in recent years. The main objective of this study was to know the trend of use of this group of drugs in a healthcare area.

Methods: The data was obtained through an electronic medical prescription billing computer application that contains all the information on the consumption of prescription drugs. The last seven years were analyzed in a healthcare area that covers a population of 85 thousand inhabitants and the defined daily dose (DDD) per inhabitant per day was used as a measurement variable.

Results: In our health area, an increasing and constant use of antidiabetic drugs was observed from a value of 55.62 DHD per inhabitant per day in 2014 to a value of 65.04 in 2020. Throughout the period studied, oral hypoglycemic drug combinations and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors were the therapeutic subgroups that experienced growth greater than 50%.

Conclusions: The consumption of hypoglycemic agents experienced a notable growth in the period analyzed, mainly at the expense of new therapeutic groups and new commercialized molecules.

Objective: Drowning is a major problem of public health in Spain, with a high number of deaths. The main strategy to address it is prevention, going through knowledge and education. The aim of this study was to analyze from a public health perspective a) the knowledge of young participants from 14 to 16 years old about drowning prevention, swimming skills and risks on the beach and b) to evaluate a pilot program with educational video for drowning prevention due to rip currents.

Methods: For this purpose, a three-phase study was carried out: (1) application of a questionnaire to identify bath habits, risk perception in relation to rip currents and swimming level, (2) evaluation of a video for the identification of rip current risk and (3) evaluation of the assimilation of the visualized content one month after the intervention. 120 adolescents participated in this study during march, april and may, 2019. A descriptive analysis and comparisons with Chi-Square were performed in SPSS.

Results: 120 adolescents participated in this study during March, April and May, 2019. 96.7% knew how to swim, but 44.1% had a basic level. More than half of the participants did not know rip currents or did not identify them in swimming areas. The video achieves the assimilation of concepts related to rip currents and drowning prevention.

Conclusions: These findings suggest that adolescents have a lack of knowledge about rip currents and are not able to identify safe swimming areas. The use of health communication strategies based on the interests and profiles of young people have shown an improvement in the perception of risks at beaches on the sample studied.

The Covid-19 pandemic and the measures adopted for its control have had a significant impact, both in and at health, social and personal levels. The Spanish Observatory of Drugs and Addictions designed a survey to study the change in the pattern of consumption of psychoactive substances and other behaviors with addictive potential, such as the use of the Internet and gambling with money, in the Spanish population during the pandemic COVID-19. A random sample of 7,886 people aged 15 to 64 was interviewed by a telephone survey. The results show a decrease in the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis and non-internet gambling, along with an increase in the use of non-prescription hypnosedatives and the number of hours spent using the internet for recreational purposes, while online gambling remained unchanged. This overall decline in use occurs in a context of reduced access to illicit drugs, a consequence of the control measures adopted in the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. The control measures also affected leisure environments, and this has possibly contributed to the changes observed, especially in heavy episodic alcohol consumption among young people, showing the impact of environmental prevention in tackling this problem.

Health systems must have tools and policies to solve the challenge of having sufficient specialists) and with the appropriate skills. In the Spanish health system, this planning function corresponds to the Ministry of Health, through the consultation and participation of different boards, such as the National Commissions of the Specialty, the offer of specialist training is defined according to the forecasts of each institution. The existence of explicit planning criteria in professional scientific societies of the different medical specialities has been analyzed, exploring the documentation reflected in their white papers or strategic plans. As a result, we highlight that, although several professional scientific societies have descriptive data on the status of the workforce in their speciality, only eight specialities define criteria for estimating the demand for specialists. No description of objective criteria to guide future demand for specialists has been found.

Background: The humanitarian response to a cholera outbreak in a complex international crisis requires guaranteeing minimum conditions so that normalcy can be restored. Basic responses to a cholera outbreak include water and sanitation. The general objective of this systematic review was the analysis of the current evidence that addresses the effectiveness of different WASH measures to control cholera.

Methods: A review and analysis of the literature available in the main databases (PubMed, WoS and Scopus) and in a specific meta-search engine for humanitarian aid was carried out (reliefweb.int). Based on the establishment of the PICO research question "Can beneficiaries of humanitarian aid benefit from water, hygiene and sanitation interventions for cholera reduction?", the identification of keywords and databases to carry out the searches, as well as a selection process based on the established eligibility criteria: being studies in both English and Spanish where the WASH intervention was clearly defined, studies where health outcomes of cholera were presented, or data related to the function and use of the WASH intervention, was established.

Results: The initial search provided 17,185 documents susceptible of analysis that were screened using the search criteria, up to 22 references that were read in full text and the 11 that were finally analyzed. These were coded based on the measures set out in their protocols, on the interventions carried out in the improvement of water and its supply, the improvement of sanitation, the measures aimed at better hygiene and those that evaluated the complete WASH intervention.

Conclusions: All the measures offered positive results, their effectiveness was conditioned by the education of the beneficiaries, the simplicity of the activities and the involvement of local actors.

Objective: In view of the unfavourable results of the HLS-EU Project in Spain and given that there are hardly any studies about health literacy (HL) in adolescents, it was proposed as main objective to determine the degree of HL of adolescents after Obligatory Secondary Education (OSE) and the educational necessities which they perceive in Health Education (HE).

Methods: Observational descriptive cross-sectional study with students in their first year of Upper Secondary Education for the academic year 2018/2019 from Healthcare Area V (Asturias). It was an equi-probabilistic one-stage cluster sampling, selecting 12 classrooms with 323 students. The HLS-EU-Q16 questionnaire was used to measure the HL and a self-designed one about educational necessities, which was validated by the Regional Ministry of Education and Culture. A descriptive and Bayesian inference analysis was performed in R 3.5.2.

Results: 206 individuals were studied. HL proved sufficient in 55.8%, problematic in 40.3% and inadequate in 3.9%. A 98.6% considered training in HE necessary, preferring workshops and one-time talks (58.7%). HL only showed relation with self-perceived health, and not with sex, mothers'/fathers'/guardians' educational level nor having received HE.

Conclusions: Almost half of adolescents got problematic or inadequate HL, which relates with health risk behaviours and worse use of health resources, according to the evidence. Having received HE did not associated with better HL, which suggests that currently their educational necessities are not covered.

The Agreement of the Council of Ministers of November 30, 2018 approving instructions to eliminate certain medical causes of exclusion in access to public employment, such as HIV, diabetes, celiac disease and psoriasis, has meant an important advance in the protection of the labor rights of people in these conditions. Since then, the tables of medical exclusions have been revised and modified for the National Police, National Police, the Civil Guard, the Customs Surveillance Corps, the Corps of Penitentiary Institutions Assistants, the Military Training Centers, the Training Centers, for the incorporation to the Troops and Marines scales and the National School of Police. In addition, the repeal of the Orders of the National Police (Order of January 11, 1988) and the regulatory modification of the Civil Guard (Order PCI/155/2019) guarantee that the diagnosis of HIV, diabetes, celiac disease and psoriasis, will continue without being an impediment for access to the National Police and the Civil Guard in the calls for the next exercises. So, that the mere diagnosis of a disease such as HIV, diabetes, celiac disease and psoriasis will not be a generic cause for exclusion from public employment, but will take into account medical advances and existing scientific evidence, as well as the health situation of each person.