Revista Espanola De Salud Publica最新文献

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), mental health is a fundamental component of a healthy lifestyle. Currently this notion has become universal and has permeated the public consciousness, society and the political agenda of public health programs. In Spain, as a result of the pandemic due to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), this health issue has been revived and has also been the subject of parliamentary debates. This idea is not new because within the Greco-Roman medical tradition continued by the Arabs, all the great authors included in their texts chapters on general hygienic-dietary norms to lead a healthy life, their own medical genre called "health regimen". In Al-Andalus, the Jewish doctor Maimonides (1138-1204) was nine centuries ahead of the concept of mental health or hygiene of the soul and its disorders, topics now included in the field of psychology, psychiatry and psychosomatic medicine. Maimonides drew up a body of doctrine on mental disorders and systematized a complete management of them from a comprehensive view of the patient as a person, based on four preventive and therapeutic measures to achieve mental balance: a) a general health regime; b) mental and emotional re-education; c) measures to reduce anxiety; and d) specific antidepressant medication. These recommendations are the most original made up to then, even many of them are still valid today due to their modernity. In this historical context, Maimonides constitutes a scientific bridge between the Middle Ages and our era.

Objective: Alcohol and cannabis consumption in young people aged 14 to 18 years show high and stable prevalence and incidence. The Instituto de Adicciones de Madrid Salud (IAMS) within its prevention strategy aimed at adolescents and young people in Madrid, implements an universal 3-sessions school-based prevention program. To evaluate the effectiveness of a program aimed at alcohol and cannabis from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB, Ajzen, 1991), we analysed the changes in consumption and intention of consumption, attitudes and subjective norm as well as in the risk perception.

Methods: Quasi-experimental design. Participants: Over 1,529 students belonging to 12 high schools in Madrid (M=15.36 years, DT=1.13, range: 13-18, 51.8% boys) Experimental group: N=790, intervention period October-December 2018. Control group: N=469. The Student's t test was used for the repeated means test. When the difference between the means was significant, the effect size was calculated using Cohen's d index.

Results: Alcohol: consumption (t=2.08, p<0.05, d=0.07), intention (t=3.01, p<0.01, d=0.12), risk perception (t=-502, p<0.001, d=0.20), attitudes (t=5.77, p<0.001, d=0.21), subjective norm (t=2.17, p<0.05, d=0.08). Cannabis: intention (t=2.98, p<0.01, d=0.11), risk perception (t=-3.99, p<0.001, d=0.14), attitudes (t=6.19, p<0.001, d=0.23).

Conclusions: Students who received the intervention reduced the favourable attitudes and intention of alcohol and cannabis consumption and alcohol consumption, and increased the risk perception on both substances, with significant differences, but low effect sizes. Related to control group and regarding cannabis there were no significant differences. The program has been shown to be potentially effective, but would benefit from a review for fit to its theoretical framework.

Objective: The daily use of mobile healthcare applications is already a reality around the world. Their supply and demand forecasts continue to increase exponentially due to the multiple facilities and improvements that they can offer to health management and patient-centered care, especially for the chronically ill. However, this exponential growth in the offer confuses when choosing the best mobile application to use due to the lack of scientific evidence on whether they meet the safety criteria for patients and professionals. The objective of this work was to analyze mobile applications to record and monitor the adverse effects of Available Oral Antineoplastic Treatments, to have a guide on which of these applications could be recommended with certainty by health professionals to cancer patients.

Methods: A search of mobile applications was carried out on the Android and iOS platforms in Spanish and English. Subsequently, each application is analyzed according to the accreditation criteria of the iSYSCore (Internet Health and Society) and the Tic Salut Social Foundation.

Results: Twelve applications were found for monitoring the adverse effects of ANEOs, eight of which could be safely recommended by healthcare professionals where the scores of the Tic Salut Social Foundation range from 31 to 32 points out of 40 and those of iSYSCore from 31 to 36 points out of 47.

Conclusions: The e-Onco Salud® application stands out for its ability to improve health management and empower patients in the management of their disease.

Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness that, in addition to its own psychopathology, causes cognitive, physical, metabolic, affective and social deterioration. The aim of this systematic review was to set up the effects on the bio-psycho-social state of exercise therapy in patients with schizophrenia.

Methods: A systematic review was carried out in January 2021, based on a search strategy in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Cinhal and SportsDiscus. Moreover, bibliographies of articles and reviews related to the topic under study were consulted. Studies published in the last 5 years were identified, randomized clinical trials, with full access in English, which included interventions with therapeutic exercise and the evaluation of the effects they produce in patients with schizophrenia.

Results: From 125 articles identified, 13 that fitted the criteria and the topic under study were finally included. In these cases, the most commonly used exercise therapy intervention is aerobic exercise, as well as yoga and tai chi. As aerobic exercise alternatives, pilates, stretching, toning and balance exercises have also been used. Studies showed effects of this type of exercise therapy, on a specific duration and frequency, with improvements in psychopathology, physical status, cognitive status, social functioning and functional capacity.

Conclusions: Exercise therapy, mainly aerobic exercise, benefits patients with schizophrenia as a complement to pharmacological treatment by producing beneficial effects at the physical, cognitive, psychopathological and social levels.

Background: The aims of the International Consortium for Rare Diseases Research (IRDiRC) include that the diagnosis of a known rare disease (RD) must be made within a year. The objective of this systematic review was to identify the scientific evidence about the time to diagnosis in patients affected by RDs and also to know if there is a diagnostic delay (more than one year) according to the objective set by the IRDiRC.

Methods: A systematic review was carried out according to PRISMA criteria in the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases. The quality of the articles was assessed using the STROBE statement.

Results: 17 articles were included. They were devoted to specific RDs, most of them metabolic diseases, neurological and disorders that affect immunity. The study designs were mainly cross-sectional, and two retrospective cohorts were also included. Most articles showed that it takes more than a year to get a diagnosis for these RDs.

Conclusions: Scientific literature quantifying the time to diagnosis is still scarce and no study addresses RDs as a whole. In most cases, it takes more than one year to obtain a diagnosis of a RD, so there is an obvious delay according to the objective set by the IRDiRC. Therefore, new advances in the RD field are necessary to reduce the time from the onset of symptoms to the accurate diagnosis.

Objective: Eating disorders (EDs) usually begin during puberty and adolescence, a time when attention should be paid to the factors that influence the development of the disease. The aim of this study was to assess attitudes towards eating and the risk of developing EDs, taking into account personal and family variables in a population of secondary school students.

Methods: A total of 790 Compulsory Secondary School students enrolled in the 2019/2020 academic year in secondary schools in the Autonomous Community of Galicia participated, of whom 410 were male and 380 female (M=13.84; SD=1.37). In this descriptive-cross-sectional study, eating disorders were assessed using Garner's Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), adapted to Spanish subjects. The statistical treatment of the data was carried out by means of a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), which took the form of frequency analysis and contingency tables.

Results: With regard to the personal variables analysed, no significant differences in eating disorders were found across adolescents' gender (p>0.05), but there were significant differences in age (p<0.001), school year (p<0.001) and use of social networks (p<0.05). Similarly, the data do showed significant differences in eating disorders according to the level of studies of the families (p<0.01) and their family relationship (p<0.001).

Conclusions: The results obtained in this research confirm an influence of personal and family variables in attitudes associated with EDs. Further investigation of these variables may facilitate better intervention, as well as improve the design of preventive strategies.

Objective: The scope and types of health interventions in the dying process are the subject of a social and professional debate that has been increasing in recent years. The objective of the study was focused on analyzing the perceptions of professionals and relatives of patients who have recently died and assessing the degree of compliance with the rights established in the current legislation on this subject.

Methods: Qualitative research with a hermeneutical phenomenological approach carried out in 2019 by conducting and analyzing two discussion groups with health professionals from hospital and primary care, and four groups with relatives of recently deceased patients, divided by age ranges: 18- 30 years old, 31-45, 46-60 and over 60.

Results: The total number of people included in the study was 28 participants. Family members and professionals find it difficult to communicate with each other in the context of health care at the end of life. Family members and professionals agree on their preference to die at home. There are specific deficiencies in knowledge about the terminology used at the end of life. The term "euthanasia" is the one best known by family members.

Conclusions: Deficiencies in knowledge of the rights established in the regulations related to the death process have been detected, both in relatives of patients and in professionals. These deficiencies contribute to breaches of legal regulations. Communication difficulties related to death between the professionals-patient-family trinomial are the most relevant related factor.

Objective: Studies about SARS-CoV-2 transmission at school settings have been outbreaks or schools clusters. There are scarce population-based studies has been studied. We aimed at describing SARS-CoV-2 school-related transmission and its relationship with baseline community cumulative incidence rate in the Basque Country after school reopening in order to inform Public Health decision-making.

Methods: We conducted a scholar surveillance population-based study of SARS-CoV-2 transmission from 7 September to 31 October 2020. We calculated percentages of cases in school-age population, secondary attack rates by education level among close contacts and correlation between population´s and scholars´ incidence rates at municipal level.

Results: There were 35,477 SARS-CoV-2 laboratory confirmed cases. Among them, 7.65% happened at school settings. Secondary attack rate at schools ranged from 2.9%, in preschools to 7.1% in high schools; Scholars caused a household and social secondary attack rate from 13% (high scholars) to 23.2% (elementary scholars). We found a low correlation between population´s and scholars´ incidence rates at municipal level (R2=0.047).

Conclusions: Secondary attack rate at school settings increased as educational level did; conversely, to social and family secondary attack rate, that decreased with higher educational level. School attendance, during a SARS-CoV-2 high transmission period showed feasible and did not rise transmission. These findings happened under strict non-pharmaceutical measures at school settings and proper epidemiological surveillance, including tracing of laboratory confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 looking for close contacts, isolation and testing of close contacts during isolation period. The different degree of transmission of the circulating variants in the different periods of the pandemic must also be taken into account.

Objective: Toxoplasmosis is a systemic infectious disease. Infection is acquired by ingestion of Toxoplasma gondii cysts or by vertical transmission mother-to-child during pregnancy (congenital toxoplasmosis). In Spain, the prevalence shows wide variability depending on the region and the study. The incidence in other European countries evidences a decline in recent years. The aim of this study was to characterize the presence and the epidemiological patterns of the disease in the Spanish population with information obtained of hospitalized cases with a diagnosis of toxoplasmosis at discharge.

Methods: The interactive platform of the Specialized Registry (RAE-MBD) of the Ministry of Health was used to obtain data on hospital discharges with "toxoplasmosis" diagnosis. Frequencies and rates of hospital discharges were calculated according to sex, age groups, region and diagnosis at discharge. Sequence graphs were generated to analysed the temporal evolution of the number of hospitalizations. The trends and slopes of the RHs were analyzed using "joinpoint" regression models, estimating the mean annual percentage change (PCAM) in the RHs and its 95% confidence interval.

Results: There were 13,704 cases with toxoplasmosis diagnosis at discharge, (58%) were men. The highest hospitalization rate (RH) was in the 15-44-year-old men group (5,804 discharges and HT=2.52). During the period studied a decrease in the number of discharges was observed, it was progressive and affected all the autonomous regions, being more pronounced in men (81.9% vs 63.9%).

Conclusions: The number of hospitalizations in Spain decreased substantially during the studied period (1997-2018), similar to other European studies reported. The decrease was progressive and mainly affected men between 15-44 years.