Revista Espanola De Salud Publica最新文献

Objective: Patients with addiction are a vulnerable group in which there is little data on the infection and severity of COVID-19. The objective of this study was to analyze the seroprevalence against SARS-CoV-2 in users in treatment for addictions in Madrid and to describe the factors related to the infection in this group.

Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive study (June-October 2020), in a non-probabilistic sample of 473 patients with Substance Use Disorder, from the 8 Addiction Care Centers (CAD) of the Madrid City Council. Their demographic, habits and health characteristics, IgM and IgG for SARS-CoV-2, previous PCR, presence of symptoms, contact with COVID-19 cases were described, and multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression.

Results: 5.1% of the users had positive serology for SARS-CoV-2 (5.8% in men and 2.7% in women). The patients with the highest percentage of seropositivity were between 50-59 years old (8.3%), being the most prevalent main substance consumed alcohol (7.4%). Having a previous positive CRP showed a significant odds ratio (OR) regarding being seropositive in the frequentist analysis.

Conclusions: The highest seroprevalence rate occurred among men, epidemiologically known factors being the ones that showed the greatest strength of association. The CAD seropositive user profile was a man at the age of 50, an alcohol user and without comorbidities. No characteristic related to substance use was found to justify the difference in risk of infection with the general population.

Objective: The quality of life of women affected by breast cancer diagnosed 5 or more years ago has been relatively unexplored in Spain; there are no instruments for its measurement validated. The objective of the study is to translate into Spanish, culturally adapt and examine the content validity of the Spanish version of the Long-Term Quality of Life Instrument (LTQL).

Methods: The initial translation was performed by two translators with Spanish as their mother tongue carried out the translation of the questionnaire, obtaining two initial versions in Spanish (T1 and T2). An analysis of the results and elaboration of a single preliminary version in Spanish (T-1-2) were performed. The retro-translation was performed by two translators with English as their mother tongue not familiar with the original version translated the joint version (T-1-2) back into the original language (RT1 and RT2) to identify inconsistencies. Finally, a final version of the questionnaire was obtained. For content validation a committee of experts (seven women affected by breast cancer) assessed the degree of clarity, accuracy and understanding of each of the items in the questionnaire translated into Spanish, and calculated the content validity index (CVI) of the questionnaire according to Lawshe and Tristán.

Results: The LTQL questionnaire was translated into Spanish with a low discrepancy between translators. An adequate CVI higher than 0.58 was obtained in clarity (0.95), precision (0.93), comprehension (0.91) and relevance (0.72).

Conclusions: The LTQL is a useful questionnaire in the health field for the assessment of quality of life of women survivors of long-term breast cancer.

In 2003 at the ending of the Human Genome Project, it aroused the idea that all newborns could be sequenced and its genome archived in the clinical record, in order to manage risks of diseases and response to medicaments along his whole life. Eighteen years later, promises of genomic medicine and tremendous decrease of costs of next generation sequencing technologies, continues feeding this dream that shows important practical, ethical and social challenges and genomic sequencing is presented as the next historical change in newborn screening programs. In this paper we analyze challenges and opportunities of next generation sequencing technologies, their real costs, problems associated to management, storage and protection of the enormous amount of genomic data produced and finally, according to conclusions of recent researches, there are considered the conclusions in two contexts, sick newborn with diagnostic purposes and healthy asymptomatic newborns with public health purposes (newborn screening programs). In a second part of this article it will be considered ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI). Final objective is to contribute to scientific, professional, ethics and social debate in order to promote that genome sequencing in newborn don't be used indiscriminately constituting a risk, but properly done, as a partner in the promotion of health and prevention of consequences of genetic diseases.

Objective: In Spain, a total of 95,149 voluntary terminations of pregnancy (VTP) took place only in the year 2019, 90% of them requested by the woman, 53% of whom had at least one child. This situation highlights the relevance of postpartum family planning (PFP) and the work of the professionals in charge of its promotion. The aim of this study was to establish whether midwives and the rest of the nursing professionals regard PFP as an activity to perform within their professional role and how they implement it, as well as to identify their knowledge on it.

Methods: Study performed through an ad-hoc questionnaire between March 2017 and June 2019 in three groups of Nursing professionals dedicated to woman care (n=153) made up of: 1) Nurses specialized in Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing (Midwifery) of the Delivery suite Department; 2) midwives in Primary Care; 3) Nurses in Postpartum Unit from 3 different hospitals and 37 associated health centers. Analysis by labor group and the comparison of the different professional activities were performed through Pearson chi-squared test or a likelihood ratio, depending on sample size in qualitative variables, and in quantitative variables, by Kruskal-Wallis' test.

Results: Not all professionals regard PFP as an activity within their professional role, and there is no consensus regarding its implementation (P<0.001). Concerning their level of knowledge, there are differences among professionals regarding the timeframe when the woman should receive the information on PFP (P=0.002), only 13% of them know that PFP should be started from day 21 of postpartum, and although 95% of them know about the incompatibility of breastfeeding with some contraceptive methods, this knowledge is higher among midwives than among general nurses (P=0.012).

Conclusions: Although midwives are the most aware and knowledgeable professionals on PFP, the responsibility of informing women on postpartum contraception does not always fall on them, and this situation could have an effect on the woman's health and reduce the incidence of unwanted pregnancies.

No available.

Objective: One of the steps adopted to mitigate the pandemic due to SARS-CoV-2 is the use of face masks by the general population. For a face mask to be effective it should cover the nose and the mouth. We wanted to measure the correct use of the face mask by the general population in open public spaces through direct observation.

Methods: We conducted an observational study of the proper use of face masks among the general population in open public places in Bilbao, Santander, Oviedo and Zaragoza from 16^th to 26^th July, 2020 and from 23^rd January to 2^nd March, 2021. Sampling for convenience; compliance of the proper use of a mask was evaluated when adults completely covered their mouth and nose. The type of mask and its improper use was registered using a standardized form. The results were obtained using frequency distribution, Pearson's chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results: A total of 5,464 observations were documented. The overall compliance was 89.5%. We observed that the compliance in 2021 (94.7%) was 10.9 percentage points higher than in 2020 (83.8%) (p<0.001). The main cause of non-compliance was the incorrect placement of face masks (64%); 36% were without masks. The non-reusable face masks were most commonly worn (54.1%). We observed a significant increase in use of high-efficiency face masks in 2021 (27.1%) versus 2020 (13.7%).

Conclusions: In all the cities where the study was conducted we observed an increase in compliance of the proper use of face masks as well as an increased usage of high-efficiency masks. The main cause of non-compliance was incorrect placement.

Objective: The abusive consumption of alcohol is a relevant health problem. Training hospitality professionals in Responsible Alcohol Service (RAS) is a way to minimize abusive consumption in leisure contexts. To date, no studies have been published on the effectiveness of this training in future hospitality professionals. This study presents the evaluation of the effectiveness of a training intervention carried out with Vocational Training students.

Methods: Eighty-one students were trained in RAS through a 4-hour course. To evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention, knowledge about alcohol was assessed before and after the activity. Attitude, self-efficacy perspective and expectations towards RAS were also evaluated. Finally, satisfaction with the activity was assessed. To do this, a comparison of means was carried out from a test-retest repeated measures design using Wilcoxon's nonparametric test of signed ranges. An individual analysis of the evolution of each participant was also carried out.

Results: From a group perspective, knowledge about the effects of alcohol (W=2.91; p=0.04), attitudes (W=3.52; p<0.001) and expectations (W=2.97; p=0.003) towards RAS improved after the intervention. Satisfaction with different aspects of the training ranged between 3.52 and 4.08 points out of 5.

Conclusions: RAS training with Vocational Training students favors accountability in the service of alcoholic beverages and increases expectations towards RAS. Likewise, to make specific adaptations for Vocational Training students is recommended.

Background: Despite the emerging role that indicators have for the evaluation of quality in physiotherapy, these have been developed mainly for other areas of health and only some are relevant and applicable for physiotherapy. The objective of this review was to identify the quality indicators (QI) described or developed in the evidence that can be used to assess the quality of the provision of physiotherapy services.

Methods: A systematic review was carried out, in the databases Embase, Web of science SciELO, LILACS and OPEN GREY, until March 2021, in search of studies published in Spanish, English and Portuguese that described the development of QI specifically for the practice of physiotherapy. The methodological quality of the indicators was evaluated using the AIRE instrument. The indicators were classified following the Donabedian model.

Results: 8 studies were included that described 8 sets of QIs, with a total of 199 indicators. Six of the sets were published in the Netherlands. 62.5% of the total indicators were process, mostly related to the care of patients with musculoskeletal pathologies. Of the total of studies, 37.5% achieved high quality in three domains of the AIRE instrument.

Conclusions: The QI described in the evidence were designed for specific national contexts based on their own health system, have a methodological quality and are focused on evaluating the care processes of physiotherapy services mainly in patients with musculoskeletal diseases.

The work environment can be considered one of the main determining factors that can influence the mental health of workers, especially as regards the structural and organisational conditions to which the worker is subjected. This work environment has positive effects when work provides satisfaction and contributes to personal self-fulfilment, or negative effects provoked by situations of stress, inadequate working patterns and schedules, possible situations of abuse and/or harassment, etc., which may contribute to the appearance of alterations in the mental health of the worker. Therefore, it is crucial that organisations use strategies for mental health promotion and disease prevention in the workplace, as mental health problems arising from work represent a major burden of disease for society and the economy of a country. Stress can be considered one of the main factors capable of disrupting a person's mental health and determining the development of a mental disorder, but other individual, socio-cultural, organisational, biological, and environmental factors also play a role to a greater or lesser extent. A negative work situation can trigger the development of serious mental disorders such as psychotic, neurotic, or cognitive disorders, as well as those derived from work-related stress and psychoactive substance abuse, and self-injurious behaviours. For early detection, treatment, reintegration, and/or rehabilitation, coordination between the public health system and occupational health or occupational risk prevention services is necessary.