CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL最新文献

英文中文

The Cognitive Processus Behind Neolithic Schematic Rock Art. Archaeological Implications and Research Hypothesis 新石器时代示意图岩石艺术背后的认知过程。考古意义和研究假设

IF 1.2 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL

Pub Date : 2022-11-16 DOI: 10.1017/S0959774322000233

C. Defrasne

The issue addressed in this article is essentially whether the same cognitive processes are at work for mimetic prehistoric graphic productions and schematic ones. Holocene schematic rock art is one of the main graphic expressions of European prehistory, from the Iberian peninsula to Italy. Despite its wide distribution and the incomparable insight it may provide on the functioning of prehistoric human groups and the cultural geography of the western European Neolithic, this rock art's imprecise chronology and geometric and schematic nature has often led to its exclusion from research on these societies, particularly in France. This paper proposes a study of schematic rock art from the perspective of the pragmatic and cognitive semiotics of visual culture and suggests that the production and purpose of diagrams, which compose so-called schematic rock art and which are common to all human societies, are different to those of figurative images, as is their cognitive origin. This demonstration sheds a new light on schematic rock art and the social practices it involved and invites us to rethink its coexistence with the Levantine imagery from the Spanish Levant.

本文所要解决的问题是，在模拟史前图形制作和示意图制作中，是否存在相同的认知过程。从伊比利亚半岛到意大利，全新世示意图岩石艺术是欧洲史前时期的主要图形表达方式之一。尽管它分布广泛，并且可以为史前人类群体的功能和西欧新石器时代的文化地理提供无与伦比的见解，但这种岩石艺术的不精确年代和几何和图解性质经常导致它被排除在这些社会的研究之外，特别是在法国。本文从视觉文化的语用学和认知符号学的角度对图示岩石艺术进行了研究，并指出构成所谓图示岩石艺术的图形的生产和目的与所有人类社会共同存在的具象图像不同，它们的认知起源也是如此。这次展示为示意图岩石艺术及其所涉及的社会实践提供了新的视角，并邀请我们重新思考它与来自西班牙黎凡特的黎凡特图像的共存。

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引用次数: 0

Towards a Broader Understanding of the Emergence of Iron Technology in Prehistoric Arctic Fennoscandia 对史前北极芬诺斯坎迪亚铁技术出现的更广泛理解

IF 1.2 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL

Pub Date : 2022-11-10 DOI: 10.1017/S0959774322000294

Carina Bennerhag, Sara Hagström Yamamoto, Kristina Söderholm

The article critically examines interpretations of Old World ferrous metallurgical developments with reference to their consequences for Arctic Fennoscandian iron research. The traditional paradigm of technological innovations recurrently links the emergence of iron technology to increasing social complexity and a sedentary agricultural lifestyle, typically downplaying ‘peripheral’ areas such as Arctic Fennoscandia and its hunter-gatherer communities. Even in postcolonial research of recent years, the archaeometallurgical record of Arctic Fennoscandia is interpreted and organized within the traditional frameworks on the time, course, and cultural context of the introduction of iron technology in Europe, where Arctic Fennoscandia is not considered to have any noteworthy role. However, current archaeological research with new data in Arctic Fennoscandia disputes prevailing ideas in European iron research and shows substantial evidence that iron technology was an integrated part of hunter-gatherer subsistence already during the Early Iron Age (c. 200 bc). Archaeometallurgical analyses reveal advanced knowledge in all the operational sequences of iron technology, including bloomery steel production and the mastering of advanced smithing techniques. Therefore, we urge dispensing with traditional ideas and call for an increased interest in the underlying mechanisms for the transfer of iron.

这篇文章批判性地考察了对旧世界铁冶金发展的解释，并参考了它们对北极芬诺斯堪的纳维亚铁研究的影响。传统的技术创新范式反复将铁技术的出现与日益复杂的社会和久坐的农业生活方式联系在一起，通常会淡化北极芬诺斯坎迪亚及其狩猎采集社区等“外围”地区。即使在近年来的后殖民研究中，北极芬诺斯坎迪亚的考古记录也被解释和组织在欧洲引入铁技术的时间、过程和文化背景的传统框架内，北极芬诺斯坎迪亚在欧洲没有任何值得注意的作用。然而，目前在北极芬诺斯坎迪亚的考古研究和新数据对欧洲铁研究的主流观点提出了质疑，并显示出大量证据表明，在铁器时代早期（约公元前200年），铁技术已经是狩猎采集者生存的一部分。考古冶金分析揭示了铁技术所有操作序列的先进知识，包括粗钢生产和先进锻造技术的掌握。因此，我们敦促摒弃传统观念，并呼吁增加对铁转移潜在机制的兴趣。

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引用次数: 1

CAJ volume 32 issue 4 Cover and Front matter CAJ第32卷第4期封面和封面

IF 1.2 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL

Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0959774322000269

引用次数: 0

CAJ volume 32 issue 4 Cover and Back matter CAJ第32卷第4期封面和封底

IF 1.2 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL

Pub Date : 2022-11-01 DOI: 10.1017/S0959774322000270

引用次数: 0

Material and Sensory Experiences of Mesolithic Resinous Substances 中石器时代树脂物质的物质和感官体验

IF 1.2 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL

Pub Date : 2022-10-28 DOI: 10.1017/S0959774322000300

Aimée Little, A. Needham, A. Langley, Ben Elliott

Mesolithic resinous adhesives are well known for their role as hafting mastic within composite technologies, yet it is increasingly clear that their usage was more diverse than this. Birch-bark tar has been recovered from Mesolithic contexts as chewed lumps linked to medicinal treatment of toothache and oral diseases, and as a decorative element on ornaments and art objects; and an amorphous resinous substance possibly derived from pine or spruce resin has been found within a burial context. This diversity of applications suggests that resins and tars may have been understood in different ways which did not always privilege their mechanical functionality. To underscore the limited archaeological perspective of conifer resins and tars as hafting agents, we draw on data sourced from a wide range of ethnographically documented societies, demonstrating the array of economic and social functions these materials have for contemporary hunter-gatherer groups. Using archaeological case studies, we illustrate how a deeper understanding of the material and sensory properties of resins and tars, and the trees from which they are derived, opens new insights into the diverse roles resinous materials performed within Mesolithic worldviews.

中石器时代的树脂粘合剂因其在复合材料技术中的作用而闻名，但越来越清楚的是，它们的用途比这更为多样。桦树皮焦油是从中石器时代的环境中回收的，作为与牙痛和口腔疾病的药物治疗有关的咀嚼块，以及装饰物和艺术品上的装饰元素；并且在埋葬环境中发现了可能衍生自松树或云杉树脂的无定形树脂物质。这种应用的多样性表明，树脂和焦油可能以不同的方式被理解，而这些方式并不总是赋予它们的机械功能。为了强调针叶树树脂和焦油作为哈夫剂的有限考古视角，我们利用了来自广泛的人种学记录社会的数据，展示了这些材料对当代狩猎采集群体的一系列经济和社会功能。通过考古案例研究，我们展示了对树脂和焦油的材料和感官特性以及它们的来源树木的更深入理解，如何为树脂材料在中石器时代世界观中发挥的不同作用提供新的见解。

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引用次数: 3

Insights into Natufian Social Identity: A Case Study from the Graveyard of Hayonim Cave 纳土菲社会身份的透视——以哈约尼姆洞穴墓地为例

IF 1.2 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL

Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1017/S0959774322000282

L. Grosman, A. Belfer-Cohen

Summing up the data deriving from the Natufian burials at Hayonim Cave which incorporates information pertaining to the last grave uncovered on site (Grave XVII), the paper endeavours to understand the role of burials within the evolving Natufian society at large. It seems that certain sites—Hayonim Cave being a case in point—served as special localities, used by a particular group as a burial ground all through the Natufian time-span (i.e. for more than 3000 years). Members of that group returned to the cave again and again in order to bury their dead, being aware of the location of the preceding graves, apparently retaining a long-term memory of their burial practices. At the same time, at least some burials provide evidence for inter-group ties, as evident through particular similarities between certain burials in two distinct Natufian sites, Hayonim Cave and Eynan (‘Ain Mallaha). Clearly, retention of mortuary practices played a significant role in consolidating and preserving social cohesion in the Natufian society.

本文总结了哈约尼姆洞穴纳土堆墓葬的数据，其中包含了与现场发现的最后一座坟墓（十七号坟墓）有关的信息，试图了解墓葬在整个纳土堆社会中的作用。似乎某些遗址——Hayonim洞穴就是一个很好的例子——在纳图费时期（即3000多年）一直是一个特殊的地方，被一个特定的群体用作墓地。该团体的成员一次又一次地回到洞穴埋葬死者，因为他们知道前面坟墓的位置，显然对他们的埋葬做法有着长期的记忆。同时，至少有一些墓葬为群体间的联系提供了证据，这一点从两个不同的纳图菲亚遗址——哈约尼姆洞穴和埃南（'Ain Mallaha）——的某些墓葬之间的特殊相似性中可以明显看出。显然，保留太平间做法在巩固和维护纳土菲社会的社会凝聚力方面发挥了重要作用。

引用次数: 0

Naturalistic Parrots, Stylized Birds of Prey: Visual Symbolism of the Human–Animal Relationship in Pre-Hispanic Ceramic Art of the Paraná River Lowlands, South America 自然主义的鹦鹉，风格化的猛禽:南美帕拉纳<e:1>河低地前西班牙陶瓷艺术中人与动物关系的视觉象征

IF 1.2 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL

Pub Date : 2022-10-18 DOI: 10.1017/S0959774322000257

Flavia V. Ottalagano

The pre-Hispanic art of the Lowlands of Paraná comprises very realistic to extremely simplified ceramic figurines made by complex hunter-gatherer groups during the Late Holocene. In particular, the article seeks to discuss the differences found between parrot and raptor figures, which are the most frequent motifs. Alternative styles of representation were involved in the visual symbolism of the two groups of birds with well-differentiated morphological and behavioural attributes. Whereas parrot images were elaborated with greater naturalism in sites mostly located in the middle Paraná, birds of prey exhibit a higher degree of stylization and schematization, especially in the lower Paraná. It is proposed that the differences in the artistic modalities used to represent these groups of birds could be related to the positioning of these animals within different metaphorical domains and opposable conceptual categories. It is also suggested that this iconography could be specifically linked to a totemic ontology, which implies a particular attitude towards nature. This study attempts to contribute to broadening our knowledge about the symbolic relationships between humans and animals in pre-Columbian America.

巴拉那低地的前西班牙裔艺术包括由复杂的狩猎采集群体在全新世晚期制作的非常逼真到极其简化的陶瓷雕像。特别是，这篇文章试图讨论鹦鹉和猛禽形象之间的差异，这是最常见的主题。这两组鸟类具有不同的形态和行为特征，在视觉象征主义中涉及了不同的表现风格。在大多数位于巴拉那中部的地点，鹦鹉的形象更具自然主义，而猛禽则表现出更高程度的风格化和模式化，尤其是在巴拉那北部。有人提出，用于代表这些鸟类群体的艺术模式的差异可能与这些动物在不同隐喻领域和可对立概念类别中的定位有关。也有人认为，这种图像学可以具体地与图腾本体论联系起来，这意味着对自然的特殊态度。这项研究试图拓宽我们对前哥伦布时代美国人类和动物之间象征关系的了解。

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引用次数: 1

The Wider World of Writing. Networks of People, Practice and Culture Underpinning Writing in Late Bronze Age Ugarit 更广阔的写作世界。青铜时代晚期支撑写作的人际网络、实践和文化

IF 1.2 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL

Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1017/S0959774322000245

Philip J. Boyes

Writing is a social practice, and as such is fundamentally entwined with a wide array of other forms of human activity, professional categories and aspects of cultural life. However, this is often not fully reflected in scholarly approaches to writing practices, which tend to focus almost exclusively on the act of inscription itself, and on the practices of literates alone. Taking as its case study the Late Bronze Age Syrian polity of Ugarit and focusing on the social and cultural aspects of the procurement of raw materials for writing, this article aims to explore some of the ways in which groups of people beyond the urban, literate elite facilitated, contributed to and shaped the nature of writing practices.

写作是一种社会实践，因此从根本上与人类活动的其他形式、职业类别和文化生活的各个方面交织在一起。然而，这往往没有完全反映在学术写作实践的方法中，这些方法往往几乎只关注铭文本身，而只关注文人的实践。本文以青铜时代晚期的乌加里特叙利亚政体为个案研究，重点关注写作原材料采购的社会和文化方面，旨在探索城市以外的文化精英群体促进、促进和塑造写作实践的一些方式。

引用次数: 0

Cultures of Creativity: Hieroglyphic Innovation in the Classic Maya Lowlands 创造性文化：经典玛雅低地的象形文字创新

IF 1.2 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL

Pub Date : 2022-09-14 DOI: 10.1017/S0959774322000208

Mallory E. Matsumoto

Classic Maya hieroglyphic writing displays a coherence across time and space that points to intensive, sustained communication among scribes about what they were writing and how. Yet we know little about what scribal transmission looked like on the ground or what knowledge scribes were conveying among themselves. This article examines the monumental hieroglyphic corpora from two communities, at Copan in western Honduras and at Palenque in Chiapas, Mexico, to illustrate local processes of innovation and exchange that shaped participation in regional transmission. I argue that distinct ‘cultures of creativity’ developed at Copan and Palenque from local elites’ varying understanding of their position in the Maya world and the nature of hieroglyphic inventions. These case studies attest to the multi-faceted nature of scribal production and exchange within a hieroglyphic tradition that remained largely coherent despite never being centrally administered. In addition, the study's palaeographic methods suggest possibilities for tracing dynamics of cultural innovation and transmission in the ancient past at multiple scales of society.

经典的玛雅象形文字显示出跨越时间和空间的连贯性，这表明抄写员之间就他们在写什么以及如何写进行了密集、持续的交流。然而，我们对抄写员在地面上的传播是什么样子的知之甚少，也不知道抄写员在他们之间传播的是什么知识。本文研究了来自洪都拉斯西部科潘和墨西哥恰帕斯州帕伦克两个社区的巨大象形文字语料库，以说明当地创新和交流的过程，这些过程塑造了参与区域传播的过程。我认为，在科潘和帕伦克，当地精英对他们在玛雅世界中的地位和象形文字发明的本质的不同理解，形成了独特的“创造力文化”。这些案例研究证明，在象形文字传统中，手抄本的生产和交换具有多方面的性质，尽管从未被集中管理，但这种传统在很大程度上保持了连贯性。此外，该研究的古生物学方法表明，可以在古代社会的多个尺度上追踪文化创新和传播的动态。

引用次数: 0

Large Predator Hunting and Its Interpretation: Leopards, Bears and Lions in the Archaeological Record of the Southern Levant 大型捕食者狩猎及其解释:南黎凡特考古记录中的豹、熊和狮子

IF 1.2 2区历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL

Pub Date : 2022-09-02 DOI: 10.1017/s0959774322000221

Ron Shimelmitz, Hagar Reshef, Assaf Nativ, Nimrod Marom

In this paper, we discuss the occurrence of lions, bears and leopards in south Levantine archaeological assemblages between the last glacial maximum (c. 25,000 years ago) and the Iron Age (c. 2500 years ago). We argue that the occurrence of these large carnivores constitutes a significant long-term cultural feature that begins with the first settled hunter-gatherer communities of the Natufian culture. Importantly, we show that carnivoran species representation in the archaeological record shifts through time, with leopards common during the Neolithic and lions and bears during the Bronze and Iron ages. These shifts, we suggest, are best understood as reflecting the interplay between costly signalling and symbolism as they interacted through processes of increasing socio-political complexity.

本文讨论了末次冰期(约2.5万年前)至铁器时代(约2500年前)南黎凡特考古组合中狮子、熊和豹的出现。我们认为，这些大型食肉动物的出现构成了一个重要的长期文化特征，它始于纳图夫文化中第一个定居的狩猎采集社区。重要的是，我们展示了食肉动物物种在考古记录中的表现随着时间的推移而变化，新石器时代常见的是豹子，青铜和铁器时代常见的是狮子和熊。我们认为，这些转变最好被理解为反映了昂贵的信号和象征主义之间的相互作用，因为它们通过不断增加的社会政治复杂性的过程相互作用。

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全部化学•材料生命科学医学物理工程技术环境•农林材料科学地球科学法学管理学化学环境科学与生态学计算机科学教育学经济学农林科学人文科学生物学数学物理与天体物理心理学综合性期刊其他工业工程理学历史学农学文学信息工程

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