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An Anarchist Archaeology of Equality: Pasts and Futures Against Hierarchy 平等的无政府主义考古学》:反对等级制度的过去与未来
IF 1.2 2区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1017/s0959774323000483
Aris Politopoulos, Catherine J. Frieman, James L. Flexner, Lewis Borck

Scholars of the past frame the ‘origins’ or evolution of inequality, usually using archaeological or anthropological evidence as a basis for their arguments, as an intentional, inevitable, important step towards the development of states, implicitly framed as the pinnacle of human political and economic achievement. Anarchist archaeologies reject the idea of hierarchy as a positive or inevitable evolutionary outcome underlying the path to civilization. We argue instead for a radical reorientation towards archaeologies of equality. We propose a prefigurative archaeology that celebrates the myriad ways that human beings have actively undermined and resisted hierarchical social arrangements. We aim to reorient archaeology's focus towards societies that purposefully prevented or constrained the emergence of inequality. To demonstrate the potential of archaeologies of equality we present case examples from Oceania, Britain, West Asia and the American Southwest. Highlighting the accomplishments of societies of equals in the past demonstrates the contingency and problematic nature of present forms of inequality. It allows us to explore a different set of pasts and thus enact different presents as we imagine different futures.

过去的学者通常以考古学或人类学证据作为论证基础,将不平等的 "起源 "或演变归结为有意的、不可避免的、迈向国家发展的重要一步,并隐晦地将其视为人类政治和经济成就的顶峰。无政府主义考古学拒绝将等级制度视为文明发展道路上积极或不可避免的进化结果。相反,我们主张对平等考古学进行彻底的重新定位。我们提出一种预示性考古学,颂扬人类积极破坏和抵制等级制社会安排的无数方式。我们的目标是将考古学的重点转向那些有目的地防止或限制不平等现象出现的社会。为了展示平等考古学的潜力,我们介绍了来自大洋洲、英国、西亚和美国西南部的案例。强调过去平等社会的成就,表明了当前不平等形式的偶然性和问题性。它使我们能够探索不同的过去,从而在想象不同的未来时创造不同的现在。
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引用次数: 0
An Argaric Tomb for a Carpathian ‘Princess’? 喀尔巴阡山 "公主 "的阿尔加里克墓?
IF 1.2 2区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.1017/s0959774324000027
Juan A. López Padilla, Francisco Javier Jover Maestre, Ricardo E. Basso Rial, María Pastor Quiles
Around 120 years ago, a burial was discovered in the Argaric settlement of San Antón, 60 km southeast of Alicante (Spain). Although it was similar to many others recorded during more than a century of research, some gold objects found made this burial exceptional in the Iberian Bronze Age funerary record. Based on the most recent archaeological data, this article reviews both the context and the whole set of grave goods. It also explores the intersocial relationships that these gold ornaments suggest, which directly or indirectly seem to point towards both eastern Mediterranean Europe as well as to the Carpathian Basin.
大约 120 年前,在阿利坎特(西班牙)东南 60 公里处的圣安东阿尔加里克定居点发现了一座墓葬。尽管该墓葬与一个多世纪的研究中记录的许多其他墓葬相似,但发现的一些金器使该墓葬在伊比利亚青铜时代的殡葬记录中显得与众不同。根据最新的考古数据,本文回顾了墓葬的背景和整套墓葬物品。文章还探讨了这些金饰所暗示的社会内部关系,这些关系似乎直接或间接地指向东地中海欧洲以及喀尔巴阡山盆地。
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引用次数: 0
Commentary 评论
IF 1.2 2区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1017/s0959774323000409
Kathleen Sterling
Greer offers an excellent primer on some Black Studies scholars’ critiques of humanism, for which he uses the label ‘counter-humanism’ after Erasmus (2020), distinguishing these approaches from ‘posthumanism.’ He identifies two primary strains of posthumanism relevant to archaeological interpretation, symmetrical archaeology and posthuman feminism, though examples of the latter are drawn from a broader body of academic literature and are subject to less critique. Posthumanists are shown to prioritize dismantling a human–object divide, while counter-humanists critique the human–non-human split. This may appear to be more or less the same project, but the framing of ‘A/not-A’ rather than ‘A–B’ emphasizes the hegemonic relationships between these categories, the continuity within, and makes more explicit the fact that people are included in both the non-human and object categories.
Greer 就一些黑人研究学者对人文主义的批判提供了极好的入门读物,他在 Erasmus(2020 年)之后使用了 "反人文主义 "这一标签,将这些方法与 "后人文主义 "区分开来。他指出了与考古解释相关的后人文主义的两个主要流派,即对称考古学和后人文女权主义,尽管后者的例子来自更广泛的学术文献,受到的批评也更少。后人文主义者优先考虑拆除人-物的鸿沟,而反人文主义者则批判人-非人的分裂。这看似大致相同,但 "A/not-A "而非 "A-B "的框架强调了这些类别之间的霸权关系和内部的连续性,并更明确地说明了非人类和客体类别中都包含人这一事实。
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引用次数: 0
Commentary 评论
IF 1.2 2区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1017/s0959774323000379
Craig N. Cipolla
Does non-anthropocentrism necessitate a turn away from marginalized people? This is a crucial question, asked lately by a growing number of archaeologists. Some see a turn toward things as a turn away from people, while others take a more nuanced view. Greer falls into the latter group, exploring this question by highlighting important contributions and corrections from Black Studies. Although the paper is framed as a challenge to posthumanism, I read it as a broad critique of non-anthropocentric approaches; after reflecting on these relationships over the last few years, I no longer draw strong associations between posthumanism and symmetrical archaeology, entanglement theory, or even ANT; for me, posthumanism involves a relatively greater degree of social and political concern than the others.
非人类中心主义是否意味着必须远离边缘化人群?这是一个至关重要的问题,最近越来越多的考古学家提出了这个问题。一些人认为,转向事物就是转向远离人群,而另一些人则持更加细致入微的观点。Greer 属于后者,他通过强调黑人研究的重要贡献和修正来探讨这个问题。虽然这篇论文的框架是对后人文主义的挑战,但我将其解读为对非人类中心主义方法的广泛批判;经过过去几年对这些关系的反思,我不再将后人文主义与对称考古学、纠缠理论,甚至ANT紧密联系在一起;对我来说,后人文主义涉及的社会和政治关注程度相对高于其他理论。
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引用次数: 0
Comments 评论
IF 1.2 2区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1017/s0959774323000392
Susan Pollock
Matthew Greer offers us a powerful, refreshing and thought-provoking critique of posthumanist approaches in archaeology as he sees them through the lens of Black Studies. He asks us to leave aside—temporarily—concerns with anthropocentrism to concentrate instead on the human side of the equation, while nonetheless positioning himself in line with posthumanist efforts to dismantle the human–non-human divide. The crux of Greer's arguments is that posthumanist approaches do not go far enough in distancing themselves from humanism for two reasons. First, humanity remains (tacitly) equated with white, heterosexual, economically well-off men, a single group that forms the scale against which all other people are measured. Second, posthumanist approaches do not acknowledge that racism and related forms of oppression were integral to the emergence of humanism and not a by-product of it.
马修-格里尔通过黑人研究的视角,对考古学中的后人文主义方法进行了有力、令人耳目一新和发人深省的批判。他要求我们暂时撇开对人类中心主义的担忧,将注意力集中在等式中人类的一面,同时将自己定位为后人文主义者,努力消除人类与非人类之间的鸿沟。格里尔论述的核心是,后人文主义在与人文主义保持距离方面做得不够,原因有二。首先,"人性 "仍然(默许地)等同于白人、异性恋、经济富裕的男性,这是一个单一的群体,是衡量其他所有人的尺度。其次,后人文主义并不承认种族主义和相关形式的压迫是人文主义出现的一个组成部分,而不是其副产品。
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引用次数: 0
Reflections on a Counter-Humanist Archaeology: A Commentary on Greer 2023 反人文主义考古学的思考:对《格里尔 2023》的评论
IF 1.2 2区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1017/s0959774323000380
Lindsay M. Montgomery
In ‘Humanist Missteps’, Matthew Greer makes the pointed observation that non-anthropocentric frameworks, including symmetrical, object-oriented and posthuman feminist archaeologies, have primarily focused on deconstructing the human–non-human binary while failing to problematize humanist assumptions about who counts as Human. At the core of Greer's argument is the matter of citational practice: which social theorists are archaeologists referencing in their efforts to craft relational approaches to humans, things, animals and plants? In answering this question, the author points to a notable lack of Black Studies theorists, particularly the work of Sylvia Wynter, Zakkiyah Jackson and Tiffany King, in posthumanist archaeologies. While I agree with Greer's critiques, his essay stops short of explaining this citational silence. In this brief commentary, I suggest that this absence of Black Studies scholarship reflects the fact that the discipline of archaeology remains a ‘white public space’ (Brodkin et al.2011: 545) and maintains an artificial division between analysis and activism.
马修-格里尔(Matthew Greer)在 "人文主义的失误 "一文中尖锐地指出,非人类中心主义框架,包括对称考古学、对象导向考古学和后人类女性主义考古学,主要侧重于解构人类-非人类的二元对立,却未能对人文主义关于谁算人类的假设提出质疑。Greer论述的核心是引用实践问题:考古学家在努力制定关于人类、事物、动物和植物的关系方法时,参考了哪些社会理论家的观点?在回答这个问题时,作者指出后人文主义考古学中明显缺乏黑人研究理论家,尤其是西尔维亚-温特(Sylvia Wynter)、扎基亚-杰克逊(Zakkiyah Jackson)和蒂芙尼-金(Tiffany King)的作品。虽然我同意格里尔的批评,但他的文章并没有对这种引用上的沉默做出解释。在这篇简短的评论中,我认为黑人研究学术研究的缺失反映出考古学学科仍然是一个 "白人公共空间"(Brodkin et al.
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引用次数: 0
On Striving as Readers: A Response to Greer 论作为读者的努力对 Greer 的回应
IF 1.2 2区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1017/s0959774323000410
Christopher Witmore
The capacity of northern European gentlemen scholars educated in the love of wisdom, human dignity, friendship and rationality to treat their fellow human beings with irreconcilable prejudice and hold to ghastly beliefs of racial superiority, which legitimated violence, exploitation and extermination elsewhere, is one of the great tragedies of humanism. That the images of the human cultivated in texts were at variance with the lived experience of those who were treated as other than human was rarely noted in the books they read. I appreciate Matthew Greer's efforts to bring these concerns to the fore. I am grateful for the opportunity to read Sylvia Wynter, among others, and to think about their work in counter-humanism. I stand with Greer who reminds us that, as archaeologists, we must do more than critique ideologies, fight for inclusion, and engage in dialogue as demanded by a radical pluralism (Shanks & Tilley 1992, 246). Equity, social justice, openness, and decolonization demand the sustained effort of us all, both in our capacity as archaeologists and as readers of texts.
北欧绅士学者接受的是热爱智慧、人类尊严、友谊和理性的教育,但他们却以不可调和的偏见对待自己的同胞,并坚持种族优越的可怕信念,这种信念使其他地方的暴力、剥削和灭绝合法化,这是人文主义的一大悲剧。文本中塑造的人类形象与那些被视为非人类的人的生活经历背道而驰,而他们阅读的书籍却很少注意到这一点。我感谢马修-格里尔努力将这些问题凸显出来。我感谢有机会阅读西尔维亚-温特等人的作品,并思考他们在反人道主义方面所做的工作。格里尔提醒我们,作为考古学家,我们必须做的不仅仅是批判意识形态、争取包容和参与对话,这也是激进多元化的要求(Shanks & Tilley 1992, 246)。作为考古学家和文本读者,公平、社会正义、开放和非殖民化需要我们所有人的不懈努力。
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引用次数: 0
Humanist Missteps, A Black Studies Critique of Posthumanist Archaeologies 人文主义的失误,黑人研究对后人文主义考古学的批判
IF 1.2 2区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1017/s0959774323000367
Matthew C. Greer
Posthumanist archaeologies have attempted to move beyond humanist conceptions of the human for over a decade. But they have done so by primarily focusing on the ontological split between humans and non-human things. This only addresses one part of humanism, as Black studies scholars have long argued that it also equates humanity writ large with white, economically privileged, cis-gendered, heterosexual men, thereby excluding everyone else from the category of the human. They further argue that the violence and oppression inflicted on those excluded from humanism's definition of the human allows this ontological category to come into being. This article introduces Black studies’ critiques of humanism and applies them to posthumanist archaeologies. Ultimately, it argues that by not attending to the critiques raised by Black studies scholars, posthumanist archaeologies have inadvertently made humanist missteps wherein they continue using elements of humanism's definition of the human in their attempts to move beyond humanism.
十多年来,后人文主义考古学一直试图超越人文主义的人类概念。但他们主要关注的是人类与非人类事物在本体论上的分裂。这只是解决了人文主义的一部分问题,因为黑人研究学者长期以来一直认为,人文主义也将人类等同于白人、经济特权者、顺性别异性恋男性,从而将其他所有人排除在人类范畴之外。他们还认为,对那些被排除在人文主义 "人 "的定义之外的人所施加的暴力和压迫使得这一本体论范畴得以产生。本文介绍了黑人研究对人文主义的批判,并将其应用于后人文主义考古学。最后,文章认为,后人文主义考古学没有注意到黑人研究学者提出的批评,无意中犯下了人文主义的错误,他们在试图超越人文主义的过程中继续使用人文主义对人的定义的元素。
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引用次数: 0
Reply: Citational Politics and the Future of Posthumanist Archaeologies 答复:公民政治与后人文主义考古学的未来
IF 1.2 2区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-19 DOI: 10.1017/s0959774323000422
Matthew C. Greer
I want to begin by thanking Craig Cipolla, Lindsay Montgomery, Susan Pollock, Kathleen Sterling and Christopher Witmore for their responses. I am honoured to be in conversation with such thoughtful and insightful scholars. In my reading, two main themes emerged from their comments—citational politics and what the future of posthumanist archaeologies might look like. To conclude our discussion of archaeology, Black studies and posthumanism, I will address each in turn.
首先,我要感谢 Craig Cipolla、Lindsay Montgomery、Susan Pollock、Kathleen Sterling 和 Christopher Witmore 的回复。我很荣幸能与这些思维缜密、见解独到的学者进行对话。在我的阅读过程中,从他们的评论中发现了两大主题--国家政治和后人文主义考古学的未来可能是什么样的。为了结束我们对考古学、黑人研究和后人文主义的讨论,我将依次讨论这三个主题。
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引用次数: 0
When the Foreign Becomes Familiar: The Glass Bead Assemblage from Madjedbebe, Northern Australia 当陌生变得熟悉澳大利亚北部 Madjedbebe 的玻璃珠组合
IF 1.2 2区 历史学 0 ARCHAEOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1017/s0959774323000458
Mirani Litster, Lynley A. Wallis, Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation

By investigating the materiality of colonial encounters, specifically the consumption of introduced commodities by Indigenous peoples, archaeologists can explore questions concerning value, agency, consumer choice and localization. This has the significant capacity to broaden understandings of intercultural encounters and challenge colonial narratives. Glass beads represent one of the earliest foreign material culture introductions to the Indigenous peoples of Australia. The rock-shelter site of Madjedbebe, best known for yielding the oldest evidence to date for human occupation in Australia, also contains one of the largest assemblages from an Indigenous site context in Australia—51 glass beads and associated fragments. We present here an analysis of these objects—through attribute and microwear analysis—in concert with the archival record, to reveal the ways in which Bininj (Aboriginal people) incorporated glass beads into their own lifeways.

通过调查殖民遭遇的物质性,特别是土著居民对引进商品的消费,考古学家可以探索有关价值、代理、消费选择和本地化的问题。这将极大地拓宽人们对跨文化接触的理解,并对殖民叙事提出挑战。玻璃珠是澳大利亚土著居民最早接触到的外来物质文化之一。Madjedbebe 岩石庇护所遗址因出土迄今为止澳大利亚最古老的人类居住证据而闻名,该遗址还出土了澳大利亚土著遗址背景下最大的一批文物--51 件玻璃珠及相关碎片。我们在此通过属性和微磨损分析,结合档案记录,对这些物品进行分析,以揭示原住民 Bininj 如何将玻璃珠融入自己的生活方式。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL
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