Pub Date : 2023-03-15DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2189593
yizhan Lu, Yi Jian, Chiao-yu Yang
{"title":"Cumulative exposure to citizens’ trauma and secondary traumatic stress among police officers: the role of specialization in domestic violence prevention","authors":"yizhan Lu, Yi Jian, Chiao-yu Yang","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2189593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2189593","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82872219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-02DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2185241
Amy E. Nivette, Christof Nägel, E. Gilbert
ABSTRACT High-profile incidents of police misconduct can have serious consequences for public trust in the police. A recent study in the British Journal of Political Science found that Eric Garner’s death in NYC lead to more negative attitudes towards the police in London among Black residents compared to White and Asian residents. The current study aimed to replicate this transnational effect by assessing the impact of George Floyd’s death on Londoners’ perceptions of police. Using the same data and methodological approach, we did not replicate the immediate effect on Black Londoners’ attitudes. We did find that attitudes across ethnic groups became more negative when using a wider temporal bandwidth. However, we discovered violations to the excludability assumption, meaning we cannot be certain that the effect is solely due to the murder of George Floyd, or at least partly due to different dynamics, like the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying policies. This means that while it is possible that police killings in other contexts play a role in shaping attitudes towards local police, these effects are difficult to disentangle from other global and local factors.
备受瞩目的警察不当行为事件可能会对公众对警察的信任产生严重后果。《英国政治科学杂志》(British Journal of Political Science)最近的一项研究发现，埃里克·加纳(Eric Garner)在纽约的死亡导致黑人居民对伦敦警察的负面态度高于白人和亚洲居民。目前的研究旨在通过评估乔治·弗洛伊德之死对伦敦人对警察的看法的影响来复制这种跨国效应。使用相同的数据和方法，我们没有复制对伦敦黑人态度的直接影响。我们确实发现，当使用更宽的时间带宽时，不同种族的态度变得更加消极。然而，我们发现了对排斥性假设的违反，这意味着我们不能确定这种影响完全是由于乔治·弗洛伊德的谋杀，或者至少部分是由于不同的动态，如COVID-19大流行的影响及其伴随的政策。这意味着，虽然在其他情况下警察杀人可能在塑造对当地警察的态度方面发挥作用，但这些影响很难与其他全球和当地因素分开。
{"title":"Examining the effects of the killing of George Floyd by police in the United States on attitudes of Black Londoners: a replication","authors":"Amy E. Nivette, Christof Nägel, E. Gilbert","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2185241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2185241","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT High-profile incidents of police misconduct can have serious consequences for public trust in the police. A recent study in the British Journal of Political Science found that Eric Garner’s death in NYC lead to more negative attitudes towards the police in London among Black residents compared to White and Asian residents. The current study aimed to replicate this transnational effect by assessing the impact of George Floyd’s death on Londoners’ perceptions of police. Using the same data and methodological approach, we did not replicate the immediate effect on Black Londoners’ attitudes. We did find that attitudes across ethnic groups became more negative when using a wider temporal bandwidth. However, we discovered violations to the excludability assumption, meaning we cannot be certain that the effect is solely due to the murder of George Floyd, or at least partly due to different dynamics, like the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying policies. This means that while it is possible that police killings in other contexts play a role in shaping attitudes towards local police, these effects are difficult to disentangle from other global and local factors.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-03-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85118247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2185242
Kathleen E. Padilla, Alexis R. Rockwell, Jessica Huff
ABSTRACT Traditional literature on stress in policing focuses on patrol officers and generalizes findings to other sections and ranks within the department. This fails to take into consideration that different sections may experience and manage stress in various ways. Following Dabney and colleagues (2013) examination of homicide investigators, the current study employs deductive coding to examine interviews from 21 investigators from financial, property, domestic violence, persons, and child crimes in the Criminal Investigations Section of a mid-sized Southwestern, United States police department. Findings were able to both replicate and expand upon Dabney and colleagues (2013) results, suggesting that even in a department that varies demographically and operationally from the original department, these investigators were exposed to and afflicted by many of the same stressors. While some of these stressors were similar to their patrol officer counterparts, investigators were further impacted by sources of stress that are unique to their specific role in the police organization (e.g., heavy caseloads, prolonged exposure to trauma, additional involvement with other criminal justice actors). Research and practical implications for departments – both international and domestic – in managing investigator stress are discussed.
{"title":"A qualitative exploration of stress in a criminal investigations section","authors":"Kathleen E. Padilla, Alexis R. Rockwell, Jessica Huff","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2185242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2185242","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Traditional literature on stress in policing focuses on patrol officers and generalizes findings to other sections and ranks within the department. This fails to take into consideration that different sections may experience and manage stress in various ways. Following Dabney and colleagues (2013) examination of homicide investigators, the current study employs deductive coding to examine interviews from 21 investigators from financial, property, domestic violence, persons, and child crimes in the Criminal Investigations Section of a mid-sized Southwestern, United States police department. Findings were able to both replicate and expand upon Dabney and colleagues (2013) results, suggesting that even in a department that varies demographically and operationally from the original department, these investigators were exposed to and afflicted by many of the same stressors. While some of these stressors were similar to their patrol officer counterparts, investigators were further impacted by sources of stress that are unique to their specific role in the police organization (e.g., heavy caseloads, prolonged exposure to trauma, additional involvement with other criminal justice actors). Research and practical implications for departments – both international and domestic – in managing investigator stress are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85233460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-28DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2183202
Nathan T. Connealy, T. Hart
{"title":"‘Top 10’ policing as an alternative place-based strategy: responding to the overcomplication and underestimation of the law of crime concentration","authors":"Nathan T. Connealy, T. Hart","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2183202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2183202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73704789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-27DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2181168
Jacob Foster, Michael T. Rossler, Charles Scheer
{"title":"An empirical analysis of depolicing behavior","authors":"Jacob Foster, Michael T. Rossler, Charles Scheer","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2181168","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2181168","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87005674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-24DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2181170
Abigail Castle, Kenneth J Novak
{"title":"Police-Community Relations in Times of Crisis: Decay and Reform in the Post-Ferguson Era","authors":"Abigail Castle, Kenneth J Novak","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2181170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2181170","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73329731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-23DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2181807
Kathleen E. Padilla
{"title":"Twenty-one Mental Models that Can Change Policing: A Framework for Using Data and Research for Overcoming Cognitive Bias","authors":"Kathleen E. Padilla","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2181807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2181807","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73441399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-21DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2181169
D. Wallace, E. Helderop, Anthony Grubesic, Jason Walker, X. Liu, R. Wei, Yirong Zhou, Connor Stewart
ABSTRACT Many police departments are meeting calls for transparency by releasing publicly accessible data. High-quality address locations are critical for successful and accurate geocoding, though the content and quality of that data can drastically vary across datasets. In this study, we showcase a two-step geocoding process that helps convert low-quality address locations into geo-locatable addresses using traditional geocoding and Jaro-Winkler edit distance methods with police stop data from the San Diego Police Department. For reference, only 83% of stops were geocoded when using traditional geocoding methods. By employing the Jaro-Winkler edit distance to clean the stop address strings, we were able to geocode 99% of stops. We further discuss data creation practices and solutions for data quality-related issues for police departments and researchers when using publicly available policing data.
{"title":"A two-step process to increase successful geocoding in publicly available police stop data","authors":"D. Wallace, E. Helderop, Anthony Grubesic, Jason Walker, X. Liu, R. Wei, Yirong Zhou, Connor Stewart","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2181169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2181169","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Many police departments are meeting calls for transparency by releasing publicly accessible data. High-quality address locations are critical for successful and accurate geocoding, though the content and quality of that data can drastically vary across datasets. In this study, we showcase a two-step geocoding process that helps convert low-quality address locations into geo-locatable addresses using traditional geocoding and Jaro-Winkler edit distance methods with police stop data from the San Diego Police Department. For reference, only 83% of stops were geocoded when using traditional geocoding methods. By employing the Jaro-Winkler edit distance to clean the stop address strings, we were able to geocode 99% of stops. We further discuss data creation practices and solutions for data quality-related issues for police departments and researchers when using publicly available policing data.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80495123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-17DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2181171
Bryce Jenkins
The use of tactical teams has become one of the most contentious issues within policing. Often claimed as the embodiment of police militarization, their increased use has been suggested to expose the public to significant harm (Kraska, 2021). Notwithstanding the controversial nature of tactical teams, relatively little is known about how they are used and the implications of their use. Despite being framed as a police reference book, The Management of Police Specialized Tactical Units is valuable to anyone interested in developing a better understanding of the training, tactics, equipment, and legal implications associated with tactical teams. As an example, according to Mijares and McCarthy the purpose of tactical teams is not only to provide an improved response to high-risk incidents, but also to supply additional resources that maximize an agency’s capabilities to respond to other calls during an ongoing event. To Mijares and McCarthy, tactical officers reduce the likelihood and severity of force through a coordinated response underpinned by specialized training, tactics, and equipment. This is particularly true when contrasted with an ad hoc response by patrol officers who are not as familiar with each other, receive less training, and have access to less equipment (e.g., less-lethal systems, ballistic shields). Throughout the book the authors provide a comprehensive overview of the various mechanisms in place to maximize the likelihood of a successful outcome when tactical teams are used. For example, the authors note that tactical training should be founded in a concrete understanding of operational realities. Furthermore, the authors emphasize the importance of continuously evaluating personnel, teamwork, tactics, and equipment both in training and following a deployment to ensure that the team’s performance continuously improves. Arguably one of the most valuable components of the book is the authors’ analysis of case studies to discuss the legal implications regarding the use of tactical resources within the American context. Drawing on extensive knowledge from police and legal practitioners, the authors provide a clear and concise discussion of the legal parameters and organizational liability regarding the development, training, and use of tactical teams – something that has been notably absent from most discussions. The considerations provided by Mijares and McCarthy illustrate how, despite common criticisms of tactical teams conducting warrants, the use of patrol officers to carry out this task may be inadequate. Given that training related to clearing structures in a safe and effective manner is primarily restricted to tactical personnel, the use of inadequately prepared officers may result in serious harm, loss of life, and/or organizational liability. Therefore, the authors suggest that it is prudent to use tactical officers during warrant executions given their additional training and equipment, and the level of familiarization
{"title":"The management of police specialized tactical units (3rd ed)","authors":"Bryce Jenkins","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2181171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2181171","url":null,"abstract":"The use of tactical teams has become one of the most contentious issues within policing. Often claimed as the embodiment of police militarization, their increased use has been suggested to expose the public to significant harm (Kraska, 2021). Notwithstanding the controversial nature of tactical teams, relatively little is known about how they are used and the implications of their use. Despite being framed as a police reference book, The Management of Police Specialized Tactical Units is valuable to anyone interested in developing a better understanding of the training, tactics, equipment, and legal implications associated with tactical teams. As an example, according to Mijares and McCarthy the purpose of tactical teams is not only to provide an improved response to high-risk incidents, but also to supply additional resources that maximize an agency’s capabilities to respond to other calls during an ongoing event. To Mijares and McCarthy, tactical officers reduce the likelihood and severity of force through a coordinated response underpinned by specialized training, tactics, and equipment. This is particularly true when contrasted with an ad hoc response by patrol officers who are not as familiar with each other, receive less training, and have access to less equipment (e.g., less-lethal systems, ballistic shields). Throughout the book the authors provide a comprehensive overview of the various mechanisms in place to maximize the likelihood of a successful outcome when tactical teams are used. For example, the authors note that tactical training should be founded in a concrete understanding of operational realities. Furthermore, the authors emphasize the importance of continuously evaluating personnel, teamwork, tactics, and equipment both in training and following a deployment to ensure that the team’s performance continuously improves. Arguably one of the most valuable components of the book is the authors’ analysis of case studies to discuss the legal implications regarding the use of tactical resources within the American context. Drawing on extensive knowledge from police and legal practitioners, the authors provide a clear and concise discussion of the legal parameters and organizational liability regarding the development, training, and use of tactical teams – something that has been notably absent from most discussions. The considerations provided by Mijares and McCarthy illustrate how, despite common criticisms of tactical teams conducting warrants, the use of patrol officers to carry out this task may be inadequate. Given that training related to clearing structures in a safe and effective manner is primarily restricted to tactical personnel, the use of inadequately prepared officers may result in serious harm, loss of life, and/or organizational liability. Therefore, the authors suggest that it is prudent to use tactical officers during warrant executions given their additional training and equipment, and the level of familiarization ","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89544054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-15DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2179052
B. Johnsen, A. Nilsen, S. Hystad, Eyvind Grytting, Jørgen Lunde Ronge, Steinar Rostad, Peter Henrik Öhman, Arne Jon Overland
{"title":"Selection of Norwegian police drone operators: an evaluation of selected cognitive tests from “The Vienna Test System”","authors":"B. Johnsen, A. Nilsen, S. Hystad, Eyvind Grytting, Jørgen Lunde Ronge, Steinar Rostad, Peter Henrik Öhman, Arne Jon Overland","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2179052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2179052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81747758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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