Pub Date : 2023-02-17DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2181171
Bryce Jenkins
The use of tactical teams has become one of the most contentious issues within policing. Often claimed as the embodiment of police militarization, their increased use has been suggested to expose the public to significant harm (Kraska, 2021). Notwithstanding the controversial nature of tactical teams, relatively little is known about how they are used and the implications of their use. Despite being framed as a police reference book, The Management of Police Specialized Tactical Units is valuable to anyone interested in developing a better understanding of the training, tactics, equipment, and legal implications associated with tactical teams. As an example, according to Mijares and McCarthy the purpose of tactical teams is not only to provide an improved response to high-risk incidents, but also to supply additional resources that maximize an agency’s capabilities to respond to other calls during an ongoing event. To Mijares and McCarthy, tactical officers reduce the likelihood and severity of force through a coordinated response underpinned by specialized training, tactics, and equipment. This is particularly true when contrasted with an ad hoc response by patrol officers who are not as familiar with each other, receive less training, and have access to less equipment (e.g., less-lethal systems, ballistic shields). Throughout the book the authors provide a comprehensive overview of the various mechanisms in place to maximize the likelihood of a successful outcome when tactical teams are used. For example, the authors note that tactical training should be founded in a concrete understanding of operational realities. Furthermore, the authors emphasize the importance of continuously evaluating personnel, teamwork, tactics, and equipment both in training and following a deployment to ensure that the team’s performance continuously improves. Arguably one of the most valuable components of the book is the authors’ analysis of case studies to discuss the legal implications regarding the use of tactical resources within the American context. Drawing on extensive knowledge from police and legal practitioners, the authors provide a clear and concise discussion of the legal parameters and organizational liability regarding the development, training, and use of tactical teams – something that has been notably absent from most discussions. The considerations provided by Mijares and McCarthy illustrate how, despite common criticisms of tactical teams conducting warrants, the use of patrol officers to carry out this task may be inadequate. Given that training related to clearing structures in a safe and effective manner is primarily restricted to tactical personnel, the use of inadequately prepared officers may result in serious harm, loss of life, and/or organizational liability. Therefore, the authors suggest that it is prudent to use tactical officers during warrant executions given their additional training and equipment, and the level of familiarization
{"title":"The management of police specialized tactical units (3rd ed)","authors":"Bryce Jenkins","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2181171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2181171","url":null,"abstract":"The use of tactical teams has become one of the most contentious issues within policing. Often claimed as the embodiment of police militarization, their increased use has been suggested to expose the public to significant harm (Kraska, 2021). Notwithstanding the controversial nature of tactical teams, relatively little is known about how they are used and the implications of their use. Despite being framed as a police reference book, The Management of Police Specialized Tactical Units is valuable to anyone interested in developing a better understanding of the training, tactics, equipment, and legal implications associated with tactical teams. As an example, according to Mijares and McCarthy the purpose of tactical teams is not only to provide an improved response to high-risk incidents, but also to supply additional resources that maximize an agency’s capabilities to respond to other calls during an ongoing event. To Mijares and McCarthy, tactical officers reduce the likelihood and severity of force through a coordinated response underpinned by specialized training, tactics, and equipment. This is particularly true when contrasted with an ad hoc response by patrol officers who are not as familiar with each other, receive less training, and have access to less equipment (e.g., less-lethal systems, ballistic shields). Throughout the book the authors provide a comprehensive overview of the various mechanisms in place to maximize the likelihood of a successful outcome when tactical teams are used. For example, the authors note that tactical training should be founded in a concrete understanding of operational realities. Furthermore, the authors emphasize the importance of continuously evaluating personnel, teamwork, tactics, and equipment both in training and following a deployment to ensure that the team’s performance continuously improves. Arguably one of the most valuable components of the book is the authors’ analysis of case studies to discuss the legal implications regarding the use of tactical resources within the American context. Drawing on extensive knowledge from police and legal practitioners, the authors provide a clear and concise discussion of the legal parameters and organizational liability regarding the development, training, and use of tactical teams – something that has been notably absent from most discussions. The considerations provided by Mijares and McCarthy illustrate how, despite common criticisms of tactical teams conducting warrants, the use of patrol officers to carry out this task may be inadequate. Given that training related to clearing structures in a safe and effective manner is primarily restricted to tactical personnel, the use of inadequately prepared officers may result in serious harm, loss of life, and/or organizational liability. Therefore, the authors suggest that it is prudent to use tactical officers during warrant executions given their additional training and equipment, and the level of familiarization ","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":"12 1","pages":"516 - 517"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89544054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-15DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2179052
B. Johnsen, A. Nilsen, S. Hystad, Eyvind Grytting, Jørgen Lunde Ronge, Steinar Rostad, Peter Henrik Öhman, Arne Jon Overland
{"title":"Selection of Norwegian police drone operators: an evaluation of selected cognitive tests from “The Vienna Test System”","authors":"B. Johnsen, A. Nilsen, S. Hystad, Eyvind Grytting, Jørgen Lunde Ronge, Steinar Rostad, Peter Henrik Öhman, Arne Jon Overland","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2179052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2179052","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81747758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-09DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2176307
Lisanne Kleygrewe, R. Hutter, Matthijs Koedijk, R. Oudejans
{"title":"Virtual reality training for police officers: a comparison of training responses in VR and real-life training","authors":"Lisanne Kleygrewe, R. Hutter, Matthijs Koedijk, R. Oudejans","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2176307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2176307","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":"127 9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87760274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2172010
Hunter M. Boehme, R. Kaminski
ABSTRACT While the events following the death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, undoubtedly brought about anti-police sentiment, the death of George Floyd may have brought about even greater hostility towards police. Utilizing data from two large police departments, we test whether there were significant increases in the incidence of civilian resistance, Black civilian resistance, use of force, and officer injuries. Estimation of multiple interrupted time-series models revealed that except for officer injuries in one agency, all outcomes significantly increased post-Floyd. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
{"title":"Suspect resistance, police use of force, and officer injuries in a post-Floyd era: an analysis of two large police departments","authors":"Hunter M. Boehme, R. Kaminski","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2172010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2172010","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While the events following the death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, undoubtedly brought about anti-police sentiment, the death of George Floyd may have brought about even greater hostility towards police. Utilizing data from two large police departments, we test whether there were significant increases in the incidence of civilian resistance, Black civilian resistance, use of force, and officer injuries. Estimation of multiple interrupted time-series models revealed that except for officer injuries in one agency, all outcomes significantly increased post-Floyd. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":"58 1","pages":"397 - 405"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84737263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-31DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2172408
Lin Liu
{"title":"Contacting the police for assistance: findings from a sample of undocumented Latino immigrants","authors":"Lin Liu","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2172408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2172408","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85291299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2168665
Xinting Wang
ABSTRACT Social media has become increasingly popular among the young generation. Previous research suggests that social media consumption is correlated with fear of crime and punitive attitudes toward criminal offenders. Yet, little is known about whether social media consumption influences perceived commitment to the police occupation among young generations. This is particularly important since the police profession is currently experiencing a ‘workforce crisis.’ Using a convenient sample of approximately 300 young adults, the current study examines the link between social media exposure and police occupational commitment after controlling for the key audience characteristics. Findings reveal that the longer time that individuals spend on social media, the less likely they would attach to the police occupation. Their commitment to the police occupation is also influenced by their knowledge of police work, including police work personality and the police-citizen relationship. Implications for future research and police departments are discussed in the end.
{"title":"The influence of social media consumption on college students’ perceived commitment to the police occupation","authors":"Xinting Wang","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2168665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2168665","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Social media has become increasingly popular among the young generation. Previous research suggests that social media consumption is correlated with fear of crime and punitive attitudes toward criminal offenders. Yet, little is known about whether social media consumption influences perceived commitment to the police occupation among young generations. This is particularly important since the police profession is currently experiencing a ‘workforce crisis.’ Using a convenient sample of approximately 300 young adults, the current study examines the link between social media exposure and police occupational commitment after controlling for the key audience characteristics. Findings reveal that the longer time that individuals spend on social media, the less likely they would attach to the police occupation. Their commitment to the police occupation is also influenced by their knowledge of police work, including police work personality and the police-citizen relationship. Implications for future research and police departments are discussed in the end.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":"11 1","pages":"710 - 727"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79633081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-28DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2154209
S. Egnell
ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to explore the circumstances associated with police interventions and the use of enforced drug tests and body searches against youths suspected of minor drug crime in Malmö, Sweden. There is a need for research on police enforcement practices directed at young people as a result of an increased use of coercive measures against youth and young adults suspected of minor drug offences in Sweden. The research questions are addressed on the basis of police documentation covering a period of one year. Approximately 67% of police interventions involved car-stops or police responses to calls for service. The documented grounds for the use of enforced drug tests are of a subjective nature, and detail signs of intoxication. Body searches were less often documented, and provided little insight into suspicion formation. 82% of the drug tests produced positive results for illicit substances. The results highlight the need to evaluate the utility and practice of body searches and enforced drug testing focused on youth.
{"title":"Exploring the situational characteristics of drug policing directed at youth – circumstances of detection and grounds for intervention","authors":"S. Egnell","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2154209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2154209","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to explore the circumstances associated with police interventions and the use of enforced drug tests and body searches against youths suspected of minor drug crime in Malmö, Sweden. There is a need for research on police enforcement practices directed at young people as a result of an increased use of coercive measures against youth and young adults suspected of minor drug offences in Sweden. The research questions are addressed on the basis of police documentation covering a period of one year. Approximately 67% of police interventions involved car-stops or police responses to calls for service. The documented grounds for the use of enforced drug tests are of a subjective nature, and detail signs of intoxication. Body searches were less often documented, and provided little insight into suspicion formation. 82% of the drug tests produced positive results for illicit substances. The results highlight the need to evaluate the utility and practice of body searches and enforced drug testing focused on youth.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":"33 1","pages":"661 - 676"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78326042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2161546
Roos Geurts, M. Delsing, J. Wientjes, R. Scholte
ABSTRACT Dutch police officers perform an individual assessment for all victims they come into contact with. A victim’s vulnerability is assessed, based on six indicators and the employment of protection measures is decided upon. This study explored to what extent the indicators and protection measures are associated with repeat victimization. Analyses were based on Dutch police records from 146,585 victims and contained information from the individual assessment procedure and information repeat victimization within 1 year. Logistic regression analyses revealed that indicators and protection measures were significantly related to repeat victimization. The individual assessment may, therefore, contribute to the identification of victims vulnerable for repeat victimization as indicators referring to experiencing harm or a high-risk crime were related to repeat victimization. Also, the individual assessment might contribute to the protection of high-risk victims, as protection measures were found to mitigate the relation between some indicators and repeat victimization.
{"title":"The relation between the individual assessment of victims by Dutch police and repeat victimization","authors":"Roos Geurts, M. Delsing, J. Wientjes, R. Scholte","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2161546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2161546","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Dutch police officers perform an individual assessment for all victims they come into contact with. A victim’s vulnerability is assessed, based on six indicators and the employment of protection measures is decided upon. This study explored to what extent the indicators and protection measures are associated with repeat victimization. Analyses were based on Dutch police records from 146,585 victims and contained information from the individual assessment procedure and information repeat victimization within 1 year. Logistic regression analyses revealed that indicators and protection measures were significantly related to repeat victimization. The individual assessment may, therefore, contribute to the identification of victims vulnerable for repeat victimization as indicators referring to experiencing harm or a high-risk crime were related to repeat victimization. Also, the individual assessment might contribute to the protection of high-risk victims, as protection measures were found to mitigate the relation between some indicators and repeat victimization.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":"1 1","pages":"694 - 709"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79845634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-05DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2154210
Jodie Murphy-Oikonen, L. Chambers, K. McQueen, Ainsley Miller
ABSTRACT Police officers have an important role in attaining justice for survivors of sexual assault, yet investigations are complex, and survivors identify negative disclosure experiences with the police. Public discourse highlights the failure of police in sexual assault cases, yet little attention has been given to the perspectives of police officers and the challenges they face in the processing of sexual assault cases. This qualitative study explored the first-hand accounts of police officers who investigate sexual assault. Thematic analysis uncovered three themes including: 1) Luck of the Draw: Who Gets the Case? 2) Lack of Evidence: How Do We Proceed? and 3) Case Classifications: What is ‘Unfounded’ Anyway? Uncovering the compassionate approach of officers committed to assisting sexual assault survivors may counteract negative discourse and promote a victim-centered approach. Implications for increased training and organizational support for police officers may mitigate investigative challenges through a victim-centered police response to sexual assault.
{"title":"Police officer perspectives on the challenges of investigating sexual assault","authors":"Jodie Murphy-Oikonen, L. Chambers, K. McQueen, Ainsley Miller","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2154210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2154210","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Police officers have an important role in attaining justice for survivors of sexual assault, yet investigations are complex, and survivors identify negative disclosure experiences with the police. Public discourse highlights the failure of police in sexual assault cases, yet little attention has been given to the perspectives of police officers and the challenges they face in the processing of sexual assault cases. This qualitative study explored the first-hand accounts of police officers who investigate sexual assault. Thematic analysis uncovered three themes including: 1) Luck of the Draw: Who Gets the Case? 2) Lack of Evidence: How Do We Proceed? and 3) Case Classifications: What is ‘Unfounded’ Anyway? Uncovering the compassionate approach of officers committed to assisting sexual assault survivors may counteract negative discourse and promote a victim-centered approach. Implications for increased training and organizational support for police officers may mitigate investigative challenges through a victim-centered police response to sexual assault.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":"23 1","pages":"677 - 693"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76209393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2147070
K. Theron, G. Breetzke, Lourens Snyman, I. Edelstein
ABSTRACT Street segments as a micro-level unit of analysis have become increasingly popular in spatial crime research with a plethora of studies having shown how crime spatially concentrates at this spatial scale. The vast majority of this research has, however, emanated from the United States and other ‘Westernized’ cities, with little attention on less developed contexts. Developing countries have different structural and design conditions from developed countries and this could be reflected in micro-spatial crime patterns. In this study, we undertook the first street segment analysis of crime in southern Africa with a particular focus on the township of Khayelitsha, located approximately 30 kilometers from Cape Town. Townships are uniquely South African urban settlements, borne out of repressive apartheid-era spatial planning policies. Results showed that violent, property, and sexual crimes concentrate spatially in Khayelitsha at the street segment level with substantial street-to-street variability. From a practical perspective, so-called ‘hot streets’ should be the primary focus of intervention by law enforcement agencies tasked with reducing crime in countries with far less resources than their Global North counterparts. We recommend replication of this analysis in other African contexts in order to build up a body of evidence to either support or challenge the notion of ‘crime concentration at micro-places’ commonly advocated by international scholars.
{"title":"A street segment analysis of crime in a township: evidence from South Africa","authors":"K. Theron, G. Breetzke, Lourens Snyman, I. Edelstein","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2147070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2147070","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Street segments as a micro-level unit of analysis have become increasingly popular in spatial crime research with a plethora of studies having shown how crime spatially concentrates at this spatial scale. The vast majority of this research has, however, emanated from the United States and other ‘Westernized’ cities, with little attention on less developed contexts. Developing countries have different structural and design conditions from developed countries and this could be reflected in micro-spatial crime patterns. In this study, we undertook the first street segment analysis of crime in southern Africa with a particular focus on the township of Khayelitsha, located approximately 30 kilometers from Cape Town. Townships are uniquely South African urban settlements, borne out of repressive apartheid-era spatial planning policies. Results showed that violent, property, and sexual crimes concentrate spatially in Khayelitsha at the street segment level with substantial street-to-street variability. From a practical perspective, so-called ‘hot streets’ should be the primary focus of intervention by law enforcement agencies tasked with reducing crime in countries with far less resources than their Global North counterparts. We recommend replication of this analysis in other African contexts in order to build up a body of evidence to either support or challenge the notion of ‘crime concentration at micro-places’ commonly advocated by international scholars.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":"194 1","pages":"539 - 557"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73179881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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