Pub Date : 2023-02-09DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2176307
Lisanne Kleygrewe, R. Hutter, Matthijs Koedijk, R. Oudejans
{"title":"Virtual reality training for police officers: a comparison of training responses in VR and real-life training","authors":"Lisanne Kleygrewe, R. Hutter, Matthijs Koedijk, R. Oudejans","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2176307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2176307","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87760274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-02-06DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2172010
Hunter M. Boehme, R. Kaminski
ABSTRACT While the events following the death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, undoubtedly brought about anti-police sentiment, the death of George Floyd may have brought about even greater hostility towards police. Utilizing data from two large police departments, we test whether there were significant increases in the incidence of civilian resistance, Black civilian resistance, use of force, and officer injuries. Estimation of multiple interrupted time-series models revealed that except for officer injuries in one agency, all outcomes significantly increased post-Floyd. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.
{"title":"Suspect resistance, police use of force, and officer injuries in a post-Floyd era: an analysis of two large police departments","authors":"Hunter M. Boehme, R. Kaminski","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2172010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2172010","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT While the events following the death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, undoubtedly brought about anti-police sentiment, the death of George Floyd may have brought about even greater hostility towards police. Utilizing data from two large police departments, we test whether there were significant increases in the incidence of civilian resistance, Black civilian resistance, use of force, and officer injuries. Estimation of multiple interrupted time-series models revealed that except for officer injuries in one agency, all outcomes significantly increased post-Floyd. Implications for policy and practice are discussed.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84737263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-31DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2172408
Lin Liu
{"title":"Contacting the police for assistance: findings from a sample of undocumented Latino immigrants","authors":"Lin Liu","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2172408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2172408","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85291299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-19DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2168665
Xinting Wang
ABSTRACT Social media has become increasingly popular among the young generation. Previous research suggests that social media consumption is correlated with fear of crime and punitive attitudes toward criminal offenders. Yet, little is known about whether social media consumption influences perceived commitment to the police occupation among young generations. This is particularly important since the police profession is currently experiencing a ‘workforce crisis.’ Using a convenient sample of approximately 300 young adults, the current study examines the link between social media exposure and police occupational commitment after controlling for the key audience characteristics. Findings reveal that the longer time that individuals spend on social media, the less likely they would attach to the police occupation. Their commitment to the police occupation is also influenced by their knowledge of police work, including police work personality and the police-citizen relationship. Implications for future research and police departments are discussed in the end.
{"title":"The influence of social media consumption on college students’ perceived commitment to the police occupation","authors":"Xinting Wang","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2168665","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2023.2168665","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Social media has become increasingly popular among the young generation. Previous research suggests that social media consumption is correlated with fear of crime and punitive attitudes toward criminal offenders. Yet, little is known about whether social media consumption influences perceived commitment to the police occupation among young generations. This is particularly important since the police profession is currently experiencing a ‘workforce crisis.’ Using a convenient sample of approximately 300 young adults, the current study examines the link between social media exposure and police occupational commitment after controlling for the key audience characteristics. Findings reveal that the longer time that individuals spend on social media, the less likely they would attach to the police occupation. Their commitment to the police occupation is also influenced by their knowledge of police work, including police work personality and the police-citizen relationship. Implications for future research and police departments are discussed in the end.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79633081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01Epub Date: 2023-02-28DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2023.2180360
Ruth T Shefner, Rebecca Koppel, Jennifer Wood, Evan D Anderson
Cities have been experimenting with less police-centered models for responding to people experiencing mental health crises. Ten focus groups were conducted with Philadelphia police officers to understand their experiences encountering mental health distress in the community and their perspectives on a new co-deployment initiative. There was general consensus that conventional police-centered responses to mental health concerns are often problematic. However, perspectives varied on the value of co-deployment and the general feasibility of reducing police involvement. This variation is traced to different notions of what constitutes a mental health crisis, whether crises are prospectively identifiable, how dangerousness is assessed, and whether civilian co-response partners will effectively complete key response activities. Bringing greater understanding and consensus to these issues is essential to healthier and more effective responses to mental health crises.
{"title":"Co-Deployment is an Answer, but What are the Questions? Insights from Officer Focus Groups in Philadelphia.","authors":"Ruth T Shefner, Rebecca Koppel, Jennifer Wood, Evan D Anderson","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2180360","DOIUrl":"10.1080/15614263.2023.2180360","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cities have been experimenting with less police-centered models for responding to people experiencing mental health crises. Ten focus groups were conducted with Philadelphia police officers to understand their experiences encountering mental health distress in the community and their perspectives on a new co-deployment initiative. There was general consensus that conventional police-centered responses to mental health concerns are often problematic. However, perspectives varied on the value of co-deployment and the general feasibility of reducing police involvement. This variation is traced to different notions of what constitutes a mental health crisis, whether crises are prospectively identifiable, how dangerousness is assessed, and whether civilian co-response partners will effectively complete key response activities. Bringing greater understanding and consensus to these issues is essential to healthier and more effective responses to mental health crises.</p>","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10655952/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72993215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-28DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2154209
S. Egnell
ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to explore the circumstances associated with police interventions and the use of enforced drug tests and body searches against youths suspected of minor drug crime in Malmö, Sweden. There is a need for research on police enforcement practices directed at young people as a result of an increased use of coercive measures against youth and young adults suspected of minor drug offences in Sweden. The research questions are addressed on the basis of police documentation covering a period of one year. Approximately 67% of police interventions involved car-stops or police responses to calls for service. The documented grounds for the use of enforced drug tests are of a subjective nature, and detail signs of intoxication. Body searches were less often documented, and provided little insight into suspicion formation. 82% of the drug tests produced positive results for illicit substances. The results highlight the need to evaluate the utility and practice of body searches and enforced drug testing focused on youth.
{"title":"Exploring the situational characteristics of drug policing directed at youth – circumstances of detection and grounds for intervention","authors":"S. Egnell","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2154209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2154209","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to explore the circumstances associated with police interventions and the use of enforced drug tests and body searches against youths suspected of minor drug crime in Malmö, Sweden. There is a need for research on police enforcement practices directed at young people as a result of an increased use of coercive measures against youth and young adults suspected of minor drug offences in Sweden. The research questions are addressed on the basis of police documentation covering a period of one year. Approximately 67% of police interventions involved car-stops or police responses to calls for service. The documented grounds for the use of enforced drug tests are of a subjective nature, and detail signs of intoxication. Body searches were less often documented, and provided little insight into suspicion formation. 82% of the drug tests produced positive results for illicit substances. The results highlight the need to evaluate the utility and practice of body searches and enforced drug testing focused on youth.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78326042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-22DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2161546
Roos Geurts, M. Delsing, J. Wientjes, R. Scholte
ABSTRACT Dutch police officers perform an individual assessment for all victims they come into contact with. A victim’s vulnerability is assessed, based on six indicators and the employment of protection measures is decided upon. This study explored to what extent the indicators and protection measures are associated with repeat victimization. Analyses were based on Dutch police records from 146,585 victims and contained information from the individual assessment procedure and information repeat victimization within 1 year. Logistic regression analyses revealed that indicators and protection measures were significantly related to repeat victimization. The individual assessment may, therefore, contribute to the identification of victims vulnerable for repeat victimization as indicators referring to experiencing harm or a high-risk crime were related to repeat victimization. Also, the individual assessment might contribute to the protection of high-risk victims, as protection measures were found to mitigate the relation between some indicators and repeat victimization.
{"title":"The relation between the individual assessment of victims by Dutch police and repeat victimization","authors":"Roos Geurts, M. Delsing, J. Wientjes, R. Scholte","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2161546","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2161546","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Dutch police officers perform an individual assessment for all victims they come into contact with. A victim’s vulnerability is assessed, based on six indicators and the employment of protection measures is decided upon. This study explored to what extent the indicators and protection measures are associated with repeat victimization. Analyses were based on Dutch police records from 146,585 victims and contained information from the individual assessment procedure and information repeat victimization within 1 year. Logistic regression analyses revealed that indicators and protection measures were significantly related to repeat victimization. The individual assessment may, therefore, contribute to the identification of victims vulnerable for repeat victimization as indicators referring to experiencing harm or a high-risk crime were related to repeat victimization. Also, the individual assessment might contribute to the protection of high-risk victims, as protection measures were found to mitigate the relation between some indicators and repeat victimization.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79845634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-05DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2154210
Jodie Murphy-Oikonen, L. Chambers, K. McQueen, Ainsley Miller
ABSTRACT Police officers have an important role in attaining justice for survivors of sexual assault, yet investigations are complex, and survivors identify negative disclosure experiences with the police. Public discourse highlights the failure of police in sexual assault cases, yet little attention has been given to the perspectives of police officers and the challenges they face in the processing of sexual assault cases. This qualitative study explored the first-hand accounts of police officers who investigate sexual assault. Thematic analysis uncovered three themes including: 1) Luck of the Draw: Who Gets the Case? 2) Lack of Evidence: How Do We Proceed? and 3) Case Classifications: What is ‘Unfounded’ Anyway? Uncovering the compassionate approach of officers committed to assisting sexual assault survivors may counteract negative discourse and promote a victim-centered approach. Implications for increased training and organizational support for police officers may mitigate investigative challenges through a victim-centered police response to sexual assault.
{"title":"Police officer perspectives on the challenges of investigating sexual assault","authors":"Jodie Murphy-Oikonen, L. Chambers, K. McQueen, Ainsley Miller","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2154210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2154210","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Police officers have an important role in attaining justice for survivors of sexual assault, yet investigations are complex, and survivors identify negative disclosure experiences with the police. Public discourse highlights the failure of police in sexual assault cases, yet little attention has been given to the perspectives of police officers and the challenges they face in the processing of sexual assault cases. This qualitative study explored the first-hand accounts of police officers who investigate sexual assault. Thematic analysis uncovered three themes including: 1) Luck of the Draw: Who Gets the Case? 2) Lack of Evidence: How Do We Proceed? and 3) Case Classifications: What is ‘Unfounded’ Anyway? Uncovering the compassionate approach of officers committed to assisting sexual assault survivors may counteract negative discourse and promote a victim-centered approach. Implications for increased training and organizational support for police officers may mitigate investigative challenges through a victim-centered police response to sexual assault.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76209393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-12-01DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2147070
K. Theron, G. Breetzke, Lourens Snyman, I. Edelstein
ABSTRACT Street segments as a micro-level unit of analysis have become increasingly popular in spatial crime research with a plethora of studies having shown how crime spatially concentrates at this spatial scale. The vast majority of this research has, however, emanated from the United States and other ‘Westernized’ cities, with little attention on less developed contexts. Developing countries have different structural and design conditions from developed countries and this could be reflected in micro-spatial crime patterns. In this study, we undertook the first street segment analysis of crime in southern Africa with a particular focus on the township of Khayelitsha, located approximately 30 kilometers from Cape Town. Townships are uniquely South African urban settlements, borne out of repressive apartheid-era spatial planning policies. Results showed that violent, property, and sexual crimes concentrate spatially in Khayelitsha at the street segment level with substantial street-to-street variability. From a practical perspective, so-called ‘hot streets’ should be the primary focus of intervention by law enforcement agencies tasked with reducing crime in countries with far less resources than their Global North counterparts. We recommend replication of this analysis in other African contexts in order to build up a body of evidence to either support or challenge the notion of ‘crime concentration at micro-places’ commonly advocated by international scholars.
{"title":"A street segment analysis of crime in a township: evidence from South Africa","authors":"K. Theron, G. Breetzke, Lourens Snyman, I. Edelstein","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2147070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2147070","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Street segments as a micro-level unit of analysis have become increasingly popular in spatial crime research with a plethora of studies having shown how crime spatially concentrates at this spatial scale. The vast majority of this research has, however, emanated from the United States and other ‘Westernized’ cities, with little attention on less developed contexts. Developing countries have different structural and design conditions from developed countries and this could be reflected in micro-spatial crime patterns. In this study, we undertook the first street segment analysis of crime in southern Africa with a particular focus on the township of Khayelitsha, located approximately 30 kilometers from Cape Town. Townships are uniquely South African urban settlements, borne out of repressive apartheid-era spatial planning policies. Results showed that violent, property, and sexual crimes concentrate spatially in Khayelitsha at the street segment level with substantial street-to-street variability. From a practical perspective, so-called ‘hot streets’ should be the primary focus of intervention by law enforcement agencies tasked with reducing crime in countries with far less resources than their Global North counterparts. We recommend replication of this analysis in other African contexts in order to build up a body of evidence to either support or challenge the notion of ‘crime concentration at micro-places’ commonly advocated by international scholars.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73179881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-11-29DOI: 10.1080/15614263.2022.2152028
Logan J. Somers, Jacob Foster
ABSTRACT As a result of recent controversial police-citizen encounters, both practitioners and scholars have become increasingly interested in officer training. Despite prior research having identified various potential benefits of in-service training programs, little is known about factors that might impact the likelihood that an officer will participate in additional in-service training beyond what is mandated of them. Utilizing survey data from close to 600 patrol officers employed at a large metropolitan police department, the current inquiry examines the relationship between officer characteristics and additional training completion. Results indicate that officers’ promotional aspirations, role orientation, length of tenure, working in a high crime area, and education levels all had significant positive relationships with their likelihood of participating in additional in-service training. This study closes with a discussion of the findings and their implications towards future research and police practice.
{"title":"Going above and beyond: assessing the characteristics of officers who complete additional in-service training","authors":"Logan J. Somers, Jacob Foster","doi":"10.1080/15614263.2022.2152028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2022.2152028","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT As a result of recent controversial police-citizen encounters, both practitioners and scholars have become increasingly interested in officer training. Despite prior research having identified various potential benefits of in-service training programs, little is known about factors that might impact the likelihood that an officer will participate in additional in-service training beyond what is mandated of them. Utilizing survey data from close to 600 patrol officers employed at a large metropolitan police department, the current inquiry examines the relationship between officer characteristics and additional training completion. Results indicate that officers’ promotional aspirations, role orientation, length of tenure, working in a high crime area, and education levels all had significant positive relationships with their likelihood of participating in additional in-service training. This study closes with a discussion of the findings and their implications towards future research and police practice.","PeriodicalId":47167,"journal":{"name":"Police Practice and Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2022-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80607199","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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