Abstract Identifying sources of barriers to occupational mobility is central to evaluating the efficiency of the labor market. In this paper, we present an augmented Roy model in which workers self‐select into occupations, subject to labor market barriers that are specific to their socio‐linguistic group. Our findings provide evidence of differences in labor market outcomes across gender and linguistic groups in Canada. We argue that these differences could be attributed to barriers to labor mobility and that the reduction of these disparities would result in higher aggregate productivity in the country. In the augmented Roy model, the frictions result in inefficient allocation of labor across occupations. The study quantifies the change in aggregate productivity that would result from reducing the friction. The elimination of the frictions increased aggregate output on average by 6.2% and 4.4% in 1991 and 2011, respectively. This finding highlights the importance of reducing language barriers and gender inequality in the labor market. We provide policy recommendations for mitigating the disparities in socioeconomic outcomes between gender and linguistic groups.
{"title":"Language diversity, gender inequality, and aggregate productivity in Canada","authors":"Kanat Abdulla","doi":"10.1111/sjpe.12372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12372","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Identifying sources of barriers to occupational mobility is central to evaluating the efficiency of the labor market. In this paper, we present an augmented Roy model in which workers self‐select into occupations, subject to labor market barriers that are specific to their socio‐linguistic group. Our findings provide evidence of differences in labor market outcomes across gender and linguistic groups in Canada. We argue that these differences could be attributed to barriers to labor mobility and that the reduction of these disparities would result in higher aggregate productivity in the country. In the augmented Roy model, the frictions result in inefficient allocation of labor across occupations. The study quantifies the change in aggregate productivity that would result from reducing the friction. The elimination of the frictions increased aggregate output on average by 6.2% and 4.4% in 1991 and 2011, respectively. This finding highlights the importance of reducing language barriers and gender inequality in the labor market. We provide policy recommendations for mitigating the disparities in socioeconomic outcomes between gender and linguistic groups.","PeriodicalId":47171,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Political Economy","volume":"8 11","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135038180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alex Bryson, Babatunde Buraimo, Alex Farnell, Rob Simmons
Abstract Using data from professional football leagues in four countries, we assess the effects on team performances following head coach turnover, distinguishing between voluntary and involuntary exits. We use entropy balancing to deal with the endogeneity of coach departures, by reweighting pre‐departure covariates to obtain a comparable control group. Results reveal little, if any, positive effect from either type of turnover, though some longer‐term benefits are possible if teams experience no subsequent turnover. We discuss how these findings fit with previous literature and theory, and discuss the wider practical implications.
{"title":"Special ones? The effect of head coaches on football team performance","authors":"Alex Bryson, Babatunde Buraimo, Alex Farnell, Rob Simmons","doi":"10.1111/sjpe.12369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12369","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Using data from professional football leagues in four countries, we assess the effects on team performances following head coach turnover, distinguishing between voluntary and involuntary exits. We use entropy balancing to deal with the endogeneity of coach departures, by reweighting pre‐departure covariates to obtain a comparable control group. Results reveal little, if any, positive effect from either type of turnover, though some longer‐term benefits are possible if teams experience no subsequent turnover. We discuss how these findings fit with previous literature and theory, and discuss the wider practical implications.","PeriodicalId":47171,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Political Economy","volume":"105 10","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136352844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This paper examines the impact of access to electricity on financial development. In doing so, we use a number of instrumental variables (IV) approaches. Using panel data for 38 countries in Sub‐Saharan Africa over the period 2000–2018, the results suggest that more people having access to electricity can promote financial development. In addition, mobile phone and commercial bank branches diffusion serve as potential channels through which access to electricity affects financial development. Our results are robust to sample‐splitting and different estimation techniques. The results have important implications for policies in overcoming barriers to electricity access.
{"title":"Lightening the path to financial development: The power of electricity","authors":"Lei Pan, Richard Adjei Dwumfour, Veasna Kheng","doi":"10.1111/sjpe.12368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12368","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines the impact of access to electricity on financial development. In doing so, we use a number of instrumental variables (IV) approaches. Using panel data for 38 countries in Sub‐Saharan Africa over the period 2000–2018, the results suggest that more people having access to electricity can promote financial development. In addition, mobile phone and commercial bank branches diffusion serve as potential channels through which access to electricity affects financial development. Our results are robust to sample‐splitting and different estimation techniques. The results have important implications for policies in overcoming barriers to electricity access.","PeriodicalId":47171,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Political Economy","volume":"124 14","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135138321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This article employs structural vector autoregression and local projection methods to examine the impacts of the deterioration in the US–China political relations on bilateral trade between Australia and China. Three scenarios are considered to reflect the evolution of US geopolitical strategies in recent years such as “America First”, “China Threat Theory” and “The Protection of US Allies”. The simulation results illustrate that worsening the US–China political relations has a negative impact on Australian exports to and imports from China. It is also found that economic conditions in the US play a more important role in the transmission of this impact than those in China and Australia. In addition, various options are explored to check the robustness of the findings in this article.
{"title":"Political relations and trade: New evidence from Australia, China, and the United States","authors":"Yifei Cai, Jamel Saadaoui, Yanrui Wu","doi":"10.1111/sjpe.12367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12367","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This article employs structural vector autoregression and local projection methods to examine the impacts of the deterioration in the US–China political relations on bilateral trade between Australia and China. Three scenarios are considered to reflect the evolution of US geopolitical strategies in recent years such as “America First”, “China Threat Theory” and “The Protection of US Allies”. The simulation results illustrate that worsening the US–China political relations has a negative impact on Australian exports to and imports from China. It is also found that economic conditions in the US play a more important role in the transmission of this impact than those in China and Australia. In addition, various options are explored to check the robustness of the findings in this article.","PeriodicalId":47171,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Political Economy","volume":"37 16","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135868559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Simonetta Longhi, Alita Nandi, Mark Bryan, Sara Connolly, Cigdem Gedikli
Abstract Unemployment has a strong negative effect on subjective well‐being, but the effect varies across groups. Using an event study approach, we explore the sources of heterogeneity in the effect of the transition into unemployment on life satisfaction, focusing on work identity and gender role attitudes. All experience a loss of life satisfaction when they become unemployed, but we find greater heterogeneity of experience among men: the losses in life satisfaction are greater if they hold egalitarian rather than traditional gender role attitudes, and if they have strong rather than weak work identity. Among women, those holding traditional gender role attitudes experience larger losses. We discuss possible reasons for these results.
{"title":"Life satisfaction and unemployment—The role of gender attitudes and work identity","authors":"Simonetta Longhi, Alita Nandi, Mark Bryan, Sara Connolly, Cigdem Gedikli","doi":"10.1111/sjpe.12366","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12366","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Unemployment has a strong negative effect on subjective well‐being, but the effect varies across groups. Using an event study approach, we explore the sources of heterogeneity in the effect of the transition into unemployment on life satisfaction, focusing on work identity and gender role attitudes. All experience a loss of life satisfaction when they become unemployed, but we find greater heterogeneity of experience among men: the losses in life satisfaction are greater if they hold egalitarian rather than traditional gender role attitudes, and if they have strong rather than weak work identity. Among women, those holding traditional gender role attitudes experience larger losses. We discuss possible reasons for these results.","PeriodicalId":47171,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Political Economy","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135616045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We assess the bivariate relation between money growth and inflation in the euro area and the United States using hybrid time‐varying parameter Bayesian VAR models. Model selection based on marginal likelihoods suggests that the relation is statistically unstable across time in both regions. The effect of money growth on inflation weakened notably after the 1980s before strengthening after 2020. There is evidence that this time variation is related to the pace of price changes, as we find that the maximum impact of money growth on inflation is increasing in the trend level of inflation. These results caution against asserting a simple, time‐invariant relationship when modeling the joint dynamics of monetary aggregates and consumer prices.
{"title":"A note of caution on the relation between money growth and inflation","authors":"Helge Berger, Sune Karlsson, Pär Österholm","doi":"10.1111/sjpe.12364","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12364","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We assess the bivariate relation between money growth and inflation in the euro area and the United States using hybrid time‐varying parameter Bayesian VAR models. Model selection based on marginal likelihoods suggests that the relation is statistically unstable across time in both regions. The effect of money growth on inflation weakened notably after the 1980s before strengthening after 2020. There is evidence that this time variation is related to the pace of price changes, as we find that the maximum impact of money growth on inflation is increasing in the trend level of inflation. These results caution against asserting a simple, time‐invariant relationship when modeling the joint dynamics of monetary aggregates and consumer prices.","PeriodicalId":47171,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Political Economy","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136298513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Government spending is a policy instrument used to sustain economic development and improve social welfare. Empirical observations, however, reveal a significant decrease in the government spending to GDP ratio for the United States. In addition, the United States has been observed to exhibit a rise in firm heterogeneity in productivity in recent decades. This paper shows that the optimal size of government expenditure will decrease as firm heterogeneity increases. We thus indicate that the rise in firm heterogeneity in productivity may serve as a plausible vehicle to explain the decline in the share of government spending in GDP for the United States.
{"title":"Optimal fiscal policy under monopolistic competition with firm heterogeneity","authors":"Cheng‐wei Chang","doi":"10.1111/sjpe.12363","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12363","url":null,"abstract":"Government spending is a policy instrument used to sustain economic development and improve social welfare. Empirical observations, however, reveal a significant decrease in the government spending to GDP ratio for the United States. In addition, the United States has been observed to exhibit a rise in firm heterogeneity in productivity in recent decades. This paper shows that the optimal size of government expenditure will decrease as firm heterogeneity increases. We thus indicate that the rise in firm heterogeneity in productivity may serve as a plausible vehicle to explain the decline in the share of government spending in GDP for the United States.","PeriodicalId":47171,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Political Economy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44291208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a measure of ‘equitability of taxation’, in the context of progressivity and the income tax. By postulating specifications of ‘extreme equitability’ and ‘extreme inequitability’ of a tax system, the paper advances a measure of tax equitability as the normalised area distance of a ‘tax concentration curve’ from its most inequitable version. The measure is derived, and a procedure is outlined for the decomposition of differences in the measure across regimes into a ‘distribution effect’ and a ‘tax system’ effect. A criterion is established for asserting ‘unambiguously greater equitability’ in comparisons across regimes, in terms of a dominance relation akin to the Lorenz quasi‐ordering. The measure is illustrated with the help of numerical examples.
{"title":"Income taxation and progressivity: A measure of equitability","authors":"J. Creedy, S. Subramanian","doi":"10.1111/sjpe.12361","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12361","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a measure of ‘equitability of taxation’, in the context of progressivity and the income tax. By postulating specifications of ‘extreme equitability’ and ‘extreme inequitability’ of a tax system, the paper advances a measure of tax equitability as the normalised area distance of a ‘tax concentration curve’ from its most inequitable version. The measure is derived, and a procedure is outlined for the decomposition of differences in the measure across regimes into a ‘distribution effect’ and a ‘tax system’ effect. A criterion is established for asserting ‘unambiguously greater equitability’ in comparisons across regimes, in terms of a dominance relation akin to the Lorenz quasi‐ordering. The measure is illustrated with the help of numerical examples.","PeriodicalId":47171,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Political Economy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44324422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As developing countries have started to host the mega‐events (e.g., FIFA, Olympics), the focus has shifted toward the human rights conditions in the host country rather than the competition itself. Up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the impact of mega‐events on human rights. This study aims to fill that gap by examining the relationship between mega‐events and human rights violations in hosting countries. By applying panel data techniques to a rich dataset, we find that hosting mega‐events has a positive impact on human rights. These findings remain statistically significant after several different specifications.
{"title":"Mega‐events and human rights violations: Empirical evidence from the long‐term perspective","authors":"Gaygysyz Ashyrov, D. Ivanov","doi":"10.1111/sjpe.12362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12362","url":null,"abstract":"As developing countries have started to host the mega‐events (e.g., FIFA, Olympics), the focus has shifted toward the human rights conditions in the host country rather than the competition itself. Up to now, far too little attention has been paid to the impact of mega‐events on human rights. This study aims to fill that gap by examining the relationship between mega‐events and human rights violations in hosting countries. By applying panel data techniques to a rich dataset, we find that hosting mega‐events has a positive impact on human rights. These findings remain statistically significant after several different specifications.","PeriodicalId":47171,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Political Economy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2023-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45621901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kerim Arin, Emin Gahramanov, Tolga Omay, Mehmet Ulubasoglu
Abstract In this paper, we build a simple endogenous growth model with labour and corporate taxes to investigate the asymmetric effects of tax policy over the growth trajectory. We employ a newly developed panel smooth transition model to empirically analyse a sample of 19 advanced economies over the 1961–2017 period. We find that both the asymmetric effects and the tax measures used are essential. We also find that the effects of corporate and personal taxes on long‐run growth are non‐linear, while the detrimental effects of personal taxes are empirically larger compared to those of corporate taxes once non‐linearities are controlled for.
{"title":"A tale of two taxes: <scp>State‐dependency</scp> of tax policy","authors":"Kerim Arin, Emin Gahramanov, Tolga Omay, Mehmet Ulubasoglu","doi":"10.1111/sjpe.12360","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12360","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we build a simple endogenous growth model with labour and corporate taxes to investigate the asymmetric effects of tax policy over the growth trajectory. We employ a newly developed panel smooth transition model to empirically analyse a sample of 19 advanced economies over the 1961–2017 period. We find that both the asymmetric effects and the tax measures used are essential. We also find that the effects of corporate and personal taxes on long‐run growth are non‐linear, while the detrimental effects of personal taxes are empirically larger compared to those of corporate taxes once non‐linearities are controlled for.","PeriodicalId":47171,"journal":{"name":"Scottish Journal of Political Economy","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135100391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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