首页 > 最新文献

Journal of Empirical Legal Studies最新文献

英文 中文
The Effect of External Debt, Unemployment Rate, and Inflation on Economic Growth in Ghana 外债、失业率和通货膨胀对加纳经济增长的影响
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-10-21 DOI: 10.18488/66.v9i2.3178
Evans Yeboah
Inflation and unemployment rates are part of the macroeconomic factors affecting growth within Ghana's economy over the years. The continued rise in the country's gross domestic product and a high dependency on external debt for development projects have sparked a lot of controversies. This study investigates whether external debt, inflation, and unemployment rate stimulate economic development, intending to determine the causal relationship between the variables to serve as an important factor for policymakers. The econometrics methods include the stationarity test, Johansen cointegration test, and regression (ordinary least squares). The data used was from the World Bank from 1991-2021. The stationarity test showed that external debt, GDP, and unemployment were non-stationarity and integrated at the first-order difference, whereas inflation was stationary at the level. The Johansen cointegration test found a long-run relationship between selected variables, but only external debt positively impacted economic growth in the long term. In contrast, inflation and unemployment had a negative impact. The regression results found external debt to be positively correlated to growth in Ghana, but inflation and unemployment harm it with GDP as the explained variable. The findings also indicate that external debt increased inflation, whereas GDP reduced inflation, but unemployment did not influence inflation. The outcome further proves that external debt positively impacted the unemployment rate, and GDP negatively influenced it.
多年来,通货膨胀和失业率是影响加纳经济增长的宏观经济因素的一部分。该国国内生产总值的持续增长和发展项目对外债的高度依赖引发了许多争议。本研究考察外债、通货膨胀和失业率是否刺激经济发展,旨在确定变量之间的因果关系,为政策制定者提供重要的参考因素。计量经济学方法包括平稳性检验、Johansen协整检验和回归(普通最小二乘)。所用数据来自世界银行1991年至2021年的数据。平稳性检验表明,外债、GDP和失业率是非平稳性的,在一阶差分处整合,而通货膨胀在水平上是平稳的。约翰森协整检验发现所选变量之间存在长期关系,但只有外债在长期内对经济增长有积极影响。相比之下,通货膨胀和失业则产生了负面影响。回归结果发现外债与加纳的增长呈正相关,但通货膨胀和失业损害了GDP作为被解释变量。研究结果还表明,外债增加了通货膨胀,而GDP减少了通货膨胀,但失业对通货膨胀没有影响。结果进一步证明外债对失业率有正向影响,GDP对失业率有负向影响。
{"title":"The Effect of External Debt, Unemployment Rate, and Inflation on Economic Growth in Ghana","authors":"Evans Yeboah","doi":"10.18488/66.v9i2.3178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18488/66.v9i2.3178","url":null,"abstract":"Inflation and unemployment rates are part of the macroeconomic factors affecting growth within Ghana's economy over the years. The continued rise in the country's gross domestic product and a high dependency on external debt for development projects have sparked a lot of controversies. This study investigates whether external debt, inflation, and unemployment rate stimulate economic development, intending to determine the causal relationship between the variables to serve as an important factor for policymakers. The econometrics methods include the stationarity test, Johansen cointegration test, and regression (ordinary least squares). The data used was from the World Bank from 1991-2021. The stationarity test showed that external debt, GDP, and unemployment were non-stationarity and integrated at the first-order difference, whereas inflation was stationary at the level. The Johansen cointegration test found a long-run relationship between selected variables, but only external debt positively impacted economic growth in the long term. In contrast, inflation and unemployment had a negative impact. The regression results found external debt to be positively correlated to growth in Ghana, but inflation and unemployment harm it with GDP as the explained variable. The findings also indicate that external debt increased inflation, whereas GDP reduced inflation, but unemployment did not influence inflation. The outcome further proves that external debt positively impacted the unemployment rate, and GDP negatively influenced it.","PeriodicalId":47187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85217242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Do data breach notification laws reduce medical identity theft? Evidence from consumer complaints data 数据泄露通知法能减少医疗身份盗窃吗?来自消费者投诉数据的证据
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-10-20 DOI: 10.1111/jels.12331
Aniket Kesari
{"title":"Do data breach notification laws reduce medical identity theft? Evidence from consumer complaints data","authors":"Aniket Kesari","doi":"10.1111/jels.12331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12331","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63534925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Does an initial public offering ( IPO) issuer's Securities and Exchange Commission registration fee calculation method predict pricing revisions and IPO underpricing? 首次公开发行(IPO)发行人的美国证券交易委员会注册费计算方法是否预测定价修正和IPO抑价?
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-10-19 DOI: 10.1111/jels.12332
Patrick M. Corrigan
{"title":"Does an initial public offering (\u0000 IPO)\u0000 issuer's Securities and Exchange Commission registration fee calculation method predict pricing revisions and\u0000 IPO\u0000 underpricing?","authors":"Patrick M. Corrigan","doi":"10.1111/jels.12332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12332","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46677669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The company they keep: When and why Chinese judges engage in collegiality 他们的同伴是:中国法官何时以及为何实行合议制
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-29 DOI: 10.1111/jels.12328
Xiaohong Yu, Zhaoyang Sun
{"title":"The company they keep: When and why Chinese judges engage in collegiality","authors":"Xiaohong Yu, Zhaoyang Sun","doi":"10.1111/jels.12328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12328","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44967102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Property rights and market behavior in the low‐income housing sector: Evidence from Chile 低收入住房部门的产权和市场行为:来自智利的证据
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-27 DOI: 10.1111/jels.12330
D. Gil, Pablo Celhay
{"title":"Property rights and market behavior in the\u0000 low‐income\u0000 housing sector: Evidence from Chile","authors":"D. Gil, Pablo Celhay","doi":"10.1111/jels.12330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12330","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47782074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The impact of paid sick leave laws on consumer and business bankruptcies 带薪病假法对消费者和企业破产的影响
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-09-25 DOI: 10.1111/jels.12329
Michelle M. Miller
This paper examines how missed income due to illness impacts household fragility. Specifically, it shows that paid sick leave laws, which provide households insurance against illness-related income shocks, reduce consumer bankruptcy. Using a panel dataset at the county-quarter level, this paper exploits the geographic and temporal variation in the adoption of paid sick leave laws to implement a difference-in-differences and event study analysis. It finds that paid sick leave laws reduce consumer bankruptcy filings by approximately 11%; this effect is seen within three quarters of the law’s implementation and remains constant in magnitude and significance thereafter. As paid sick leave laws may come at a cost to businesses, this paper also examines the impact of such laws on business bankruptcy filings—it shows that paid sick leave laws have little to no impact on business bankruptcy filings.
本文研究了因疾病而失去收入对家庭脆弱性的影响。具体而言,它表明,为家庭提供疾病相关收入冲击保险的带薪病假法减少了消费者破产。本文使用县一级的面板数据集,利用带薪病假法采用过程中的地理和时间变化,实施差异分析和事件研究分析。调查发现,带薪病假法将消费者破产申请减少了约11%;这种影响可以在该法实施后的四分之三内看到,此后在规模和意义上保持不变。由于带薪病假法可能会给企业带来成本,本文还考察了此类法律对企业破产申请的影响——它表明带薪病假法律对企业的破产申请几乎没有影响。
{"title":"The impact of paid sick leave laws on consumer and business bankruptcies","authors":"Michelle M. Miller","doi":"10.1111/jels.12329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12329","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines how missed income due to illness impacts household fragility. Specifically, it shows that paid sick leave laws, which provide households insurance against illness-related income shocks, reduce consumer bankruptcy. Using a panel dataset at the county-quarter level, this paper exploits the geographic and temporal variation in the adoption of paid sick leave laws to implement a difference-in-differences and event study analysis. It finds that paid sick leave laws reduce consumer bankruptcy filings by approximately 11%; this effect is seen within three quarters of the law’s implementation and remains constant in magnitude and significance thereafter. As paid sick leave laws may come at a cost to businesses, this paper also examines the impact of such laws on business bankruptcy filings—it shows that paid sick leave laws have little to no impact on business bankruptcy filings.","PeriodicalId":47187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43232398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Self-nudging contracts and the positive effects of autonomy—Analyzing the prospect of behavioral self-management 自我推动契约与自主性的积极效应——行为自我管理的前景分析
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-08-21 DOI: 10.1111/jels.12321
Stephan Tontrup, Christopher Jon Sprigman

Nudging interventions typically presume some asymmetry of sophistication and power between the choice architect and the nudged. But the nudged need not be relegated to a passive role. We present evidence that individuals have a capacity to counter their biases, and even to use them to their advantage. This capacity for behavioral self-management (“BSM”) can allow them to act as the choice architects of their future-self. In our study, we provide participants with the autonomy to choose among a variety of loss- and gain-framed contracts that govern the terms under which they perform a real effort task. The results show that subjects strategically harness their own loss aversion to counter their present bias and significantly improve their performance. The loss-framed contracts give individuals a tool they can use to self-nudge. This possibility of self-nudging should widen our perspective on biases. Biases can cause cognitive error and dampen motivation, but they can also be a valuable tool for individual decision making. And giving subjects the autonomy to choose their favored contract adds to the effectiveness of their BSM strategy. We show that subjects' experience self-determination utility separate from performance benefits driven by a better adjustment of work tasks to subjects' production functions. To demonstrate the policy relevance of our results, we expand on an application of BSM strategies to retirement savings plans, which we suggest may lift participation and savings rates at no additional cost.

推动干预通常假定在选择架构师和被推动者之间存在某种复杂性和权力的不对称。但被推搡的人不必沦为被动角色。我们提供的证据表明,个体有能力对抗自己的偏见,甚至利用它们来为自己谋利。这种行为自我管理(“BSM”)的能力可以让他们成为未来自我的选择建筑师。在我们的研究中,我们为参与者提供了在各种损益框架合同中进行选择的自主权,这些合同管理着他们执行实际努力任务的条款。结果表明,被试策略性地利用自身的损失厌恶来对抗当前偏见,显著提高了他们的绩效。亏损框架合约为个人提供了一种可以用来自我推动的工具。这种自我推动的可能性应该会拓宽我们对偏见的看法。偏见会导致认知错误并抑制动机,但它们也可以成为个人决策的宝贵工具。而且,给予主体选择自己喜欢的合同的自主权,增加了他们的BSM策略的有效性。研究表明,通过更好地调整工作任务以适应受试者的生产功能,受试者的经验自决效用与绩效效益分开。为了证明我们的结果的政策相关性,我们扩展了BSM策略在退休储蓄计划中的应用,我们认为这可能会在不增加成本的情况下提高参与率和储蓄率。
{"title":"Self-nudging contracts and the positive effects of autonomy—Analyzing the prospect of behavioral self-management","authors":"Stephan Tontrup,&nbsp;Christopher Jon Sprigman","doi":"10.1111/jels.12321","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jels.12321","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nudging interventions typically presume some asymmetry of sophistication and power between the choice architect and the nudged. But the nudged need not be relegated to a passive role. We present evidence that individuals have a capacity to counter their biases, and even to use them to their advantage. This capacity for behavioral self-management (“BSM”) can allow them to act as the choice architects of their future-self. In our study, we provide participants with the autonomy to choose among a variety of loss- and gain-framed contracts that govern the terms under which they perform a real effort task. The results show that subjects strategically harness their own loss aversion to counter their present bias and significantly improve their performance. The loss-framed contracts give individuals a tool they can use to <i>self-nudge</i>. This possibility of <i>self-nudging</i> should widen our perspective on biases. Biases can cause cognitive error and dampen motivation, but they can also be a valuable tool for individual decision making. And giving subjects the autonomy to choose their favored contract adds to the effectiveness of their BSM strategy. We show that subjects' experience self-determination utility separate from performance benefits driven by a better adjustment of work tasks to subjects' production functions. To demonstrate the policy relevance of our results, we expand on an application of BSM strategies to retirement savings plans, which we suggest may lift participation and savings rates at no additional cost.</p>","PeriodicalId":47187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies","volume":"19 3","pages":"594-676"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42496504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Ideological bias in constitutional judgments: Experimental analysis and potential solutions 宪法判决中的意识形态偏见:实验分析与潜在解决方案
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-08-01 DOI: 10.1111/jels.12323
Elena Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, Jarosław Kantorowicz, Keren Weinshall

Despite the importance and neutrality of constitutional rights, empirical research suggests that ideological inclinations unduly affect their assessment and application. In this study, we conducted two experiments in order to investigate the nature of the ideological bias in a constitutionally relevant decision (right-to-demonstration), and how to mitigate it. We find that ideological bias is driven by in-group favoritism. In addition, we find that prior commitment, through a signed declaration, to be impartial or to prioritize constitutional rights encourages participants not to disfavor out-groups. On the other hand, we do not find evidence that using a temporary blinding procedure mitigates the ideological bias.

尽管宪法权利具有重要性和中立性,但实证研究表明,意识形态倾向过度影响了宪法权利的评估和应用。在本研究中,我们进行了两个实验,以调查宪法相关决策(示威权)中意识形态偏见的性质,以及如何减轻这种偏见。我们发现意识形态偏见是由群体内偏爱驱动的。此外,我们发现,通过签署宣言,事先承诺公正或优先考虑宪法权利,可以鼓励参与者不偏袒外群体。另一方面,我们没有发现证据表明使用临时盲化程序可以减轻意识形态偏见。
{"title":"Ideological bias in constitutional judgments: Experimental analysis and potential solutions","authors":"Elena Kantorowicz-Reznichenko,&nbsp;Jarosław Kantorowicz,&nbsp;Keren Weinshall","doi":"10.1111/jels.12323","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jels.12323","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Despite the importance and neutrality of constitutional rights, empirical research suggests that ideological inclinations unduly affect their assessment and application. In this study, we conducted two experiments in order to investigate the nature of the ideological bias in a constitutionally relevant decision (right-to-demonstration), and how to mitigate it. We find that ideological bias is driven by in-group favoritism. In addition, we find that prior commitment, through a signed declaration, to be impartial or to prioritize constitutional rights encourages participants not to disfavor out-groups. On the other hand, we do not find evidence that using a temporary blinding procedure mitigates the ideological bias.</p>","PeriodicalId":47187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies","volume":"19 3","pages":"716-757"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jels.12323","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45601805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Who donates and how? New evidence on the tax incentives in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland 谁捐赠,如何捐赠?关于瑞士日内瓦州税收优惠的新证据
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-07-24 DOI: 10.1111/jels.12322
Giedre Lideikyte Huber, Marta Pittavino

The present study is the first large-scale empirical legal analysis of tax incentives for charitable giving in Switzerland, and one of the few studies globally. Using unique longitudinal data including household income and wealth of the entire taxpayers' population of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland, we study patterns of charitable deductions and characteristics of donors making such deductions. Our study period extends over a decade (2001-2011), this period also encompassing a legal reform that raised ceilings for charitable deductions. We observe that an overwhelming majority of donors make deductions that never reach the legal ceiling, especially after the reform. Nonetheless, we identify a subset of donors that are potentially tax-incentive sensitive, because their deductions constantly reach (or exceed) this ceiling. Deductions made by those donors amount to 30%–54% of all such deductions in the canton of Geneva. If compared to all donors, the donors in this particular subset are older (in their mid-late 60s), mostly single, wealthier and more regular givers (deducters). Analyzing the deduction patterns in the entire donors' population, we observe that deducting charitable donations have become increasingly popular during the study period. In addition, we find that donors' relative generosity tends to decrease when their income and wealth increase. Those results have important tax policy implications and relevance in modeling tax incentives for charitable giving, in both Switzerland and elsewhere.

本研究是瑞士首次对慈善捐赠税收优惠进行大规模实证法律分析,也是全球为数不多的研究之一。我们利用独特的纵向数据,包括瑞士日内瓦州所有纳税人的家庭收入和财富,研究了慈善扣除的模式和捐助者进行这种扣除的特征。我们的研究持续了十多年(2001-2011),这一时期还包括提高慈善扣除额上限的法律改革。我们注意到,绝大多数捐助国的扣减额从未达到法定上限,特别是在改革之后。尽管如此,我们还是确定了一部分可能对税收激励敏感的捐赠者,因为他们的扣除额经常达到(或超过)这个上限。这些捐助者的扣减额占日内瓦州所有扣减额的30%-54%。如果与所有捐赠者相比,这个特定群体的捐赠者年龄较大(60多岁),大多单身,更富有,更经常捐赠(扣除者)。通过对整个捐赠人群体的扣除模式分析,我们发现,在研究期间,扣除慈善捐赠越来越普遍。此外,我们发现当捐赠者的收入和财富增加时,他们的相对慷慨倾向于减少。这些结果对瑞士和其他地方的慈善捐赠的税收激励模式具有重要的税收政策影响和相关性。
{"title":"Who donates and how? New evidence on the tax incentives in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland","authors":"Giedre Lideikyte Huber,&nbsp;Marta Pittavino","doi":"10.1111/jels.12322","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jels.12322","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present study is the first large-scale empirical legal analysis of tax incentives for charitable giving in Switzerland, and one of the few studies globally. Using unique longitudinal data including household income and wealth of the entire taxpayers' population of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland, we study patterns of charitable deductions and characteristics of donors making such deductions. Our study period extends over a decade (2001-2011), this period also encompassing a legal reform that raised ceilings for charitable deductions. We observe that an overwhelming majority of donors make deductions that never reach the legal ceiling, especially after the reform. Nonetheless, we identify a subset of donors that are potentially tax-incentive sensitive, because their deductions constantly reach (or exceed) this ceiling. Deductions made by those donors amount to 30%–54% of all such deductions in the canton of Geneva. If compared to all donors, the donors in this particular subset are older (in their mid-late 60s), mostly single, wealthier and more regular givers (deducters). Analyzing the deduction patterns in the entire donors' population, we observe that deducting charitable donations have become increasingly popular during the study period. In addition, we find that donors' relative generosity tends to decrease when their income and wealth increase. Those results have important tax policy implications and relevance in modeling tax incentives for charitable giving, in both Switzerland and elsewhere.</p>","PeriodicalId":47187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies","volume":"19 3","pages":"758-797"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jels.12322","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42001073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Charging sex traffickers under federal law: What dispositions should we expect when applying theories on prosecutorial decision-making? 根据联邦法律起诉性贩子:当我们将理论应用于起诉决策时,我们应该期待什么样的倾向?
IF 1.7 2区 社会学 Q1 LAW Pub Date : 2022-07-22 DOI: 10.1111/jels.12326
Shana M. Judge, Jenna L. Dole

Previous research on prosecutorial decision-making has detailed prosecutors' considerable discretionary power along with their desire to avoid uncertain outcomes. However, few studies have applied this decision-making framework to criminal case outcomes. We addressed this gap by analyzing prosecutors' charging decisions and charge dispositions through the lens of a unique crime: sex trafficking. In the study, we examined whether the type of statute under which federal prosecutors may choose to charge defendants in sex trafficking-related cases is associated with the disposition of those charges. We used datasets from the Federal Justice Statistics Program for years 1994-2014 in multilevel logistic regession models that adjusted for factors relevant to prosecutorial decision-making. We then compared the dispositions of charges filed in sex trafficking-related cases and asked: Are charges filed under higher-penalty statutes significantly associated with dispositions that are more favorable to the prosecution? Or is the association present for lower-penalty statutes instead? Results from our first model, using a dataset with all available charges and dispositions for a 21-year period, show that when a charge is filed under a higher-penalty statute, the adjusted odds that its disposition is more favorable to the prosecution are about 60% higher than the odds for charges filed under lower-penalty statutes. Results from a subset of charge data linked to demographic characteristics show that the adjusted odds of obtaining a favorable charge disposition are 65% lower when the defendant is female. These associations suggest that higher-penalty statutes in sex trafficking-related cases, with their concomitant higher burdens of proof, do not necessarily implicate greater uncertainty in outcomes. Prosecutors have been using their discretion to charge under the more punitive statutes for many years and these cases have relatively high probabilities of favorable outcomes. This discretion may nevertheless be curbed by defendant characteristics beyond the prosecutor's control, including gender.

以往关于检察决策的研究详细说明了检察官的相当大的自由裁量权以及他们避免不确定结果的愿望。然而,很少有研究将这一决策框架应用于刑事案件的结果。我们通过分析检察官的指控决定和指控处置,通过一个独特的犯罪镜头来解决这一差距:性交易。在这项研究中,我们考察了联邦检察官在性交易相关案件中可能选择起诉被告的法律类型是否与这些指控的处理有关。我们使用联邦司法统计计划1994-2014年的数据集,采用多层逻辑回归模型,调整了与起诉决策相关的因素。然后,我们比较了在性交易相关案件中提出的指控的处理方式,并问道:在更高刑罚的法规下提出的指控是否与对控方更有利的处理方式显著相关?或者,协会是否会支持较低刑罚的法规?我们的第一个模型使用了21年期间所有可用的指控和处置的数据集,结果表明,当一项指控在较高刑罚法规下提起时,其处置对控方更有利的调整几率比在较低刑罚法规下提起的指控的几率高出约60%。与人口统计学特征相关的收费数据子集的结果表明,当被告是女性时,获得有利的收费处置的调整几率要低65%。这些关联表明,在与性交易有关的案件中,更高的刑罚法规,以及随之而来的更高的举证责任,并不一定意味着结果的更大不确定性。多年来,检察官一直在使用他们的自由裁量权,根据更具惩罚性的法规提出指控,这些案件有相对较高的有利结果的可能性。然而,这种自由裁量权可能受到检察官无法控制的被告特征,包括性别的限制。
{"title":"Charging sex traffickers under federal law: What dispositions should we expect when applying theories on prosecutorial decision-making?","authors":"Shana M. Judge,&nbsp;Jenna L. Dole","doi":"10.1111/jels.12326","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jels.12326","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous research on prosecutorial decision-making has detailed prosecutors' considerable discretionary power along with their desire to avoid uncertain outcomes. However, few studies have applied this decision-making framework to criminal case outcomes. We addressed this gap by analyzing prosecutors' charging decisions and charge dispositions through the lens of a unique crime: sex trafficking. In the study, we examined whether the type of statute under which federal prosecutors may choose to charge defendants in sex trafficking-related cases is associated with the disposition of those charges. We used datasets from the Federal Justice Statistics Program for years 1994-2014 in multilevel logistic regession models that adjusted for factors relevant to prosecutorial decision-making. We then compared the dispositions of charges filed in sex trafficking-related cases and asked: Are charges filed under higher-penalty statutes significantly associated with dispositions that are more favorable to the prosecution? Or is the association present for lower-penalty statutes instead? Results from our first model, using a dataset with all available charges and dispositions for a 21-year period, show that when a charge is filed under a higher-penalty statute, the adjusted odds that its disposition is more favorable to the prosecution are about 60% higher than the odds for charges filed under lower-penalty statutes. Results from a subset of charge data linked to demographic characteristics show that the adjusted odds of obtaining a favorable charge disposition are 65% lower when the defendant is female. These associations suggest that higher-penalty statutes in sex trafficking-related cases, with their concomitant higher burdens of proof, do not necessarily implicate greater uncertainty in outcomes. Prosecutors have been using their discretion to charge under the more punitive statutes for many years and these cases have relatively high probabilities of favorable outcomes. This discretion may nevertheless be curbed by defendant characteristics beyond the prosecutor's control, including gender.</p>","PeriodicalId":47187,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Empirical Legal Studies","volume":"19 3","pages":"677-715"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42576470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
期刊
Journal of Empirical Legal Studies
全部 Acc. Chem. Res. ACS Applied Bio Materials ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces ACS Appl. Nano Mater. ACS Appl. Polym. Mater. ACS BIOMATER-SCI ENG ACS Catal. ACS Cent. Sci. ACS Chem. Biol. ACS Chemical Health & Safety ACS Chem. Neurosci. ACS Comb. Sci. ACS Earth Space Chem. ACS Energy Lett. ACS Infect. Dis. ACS Macro Lett. ACS Mater. Lett. ACS Med. Chem. Lett. ACS Nano ACS Omega ACS Photonics ACS Sens. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. ACS Synth. Biol. Anal. Chem. BIOCHEMISTRY-US Bioconjugate Chem. BIOMACROMOLECULES Chem. Res. Toxicol. Chem. Rev. Chem. Mater. CRYST GROWTH DES ENERG FUEL Environ. Sci. Technol. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. IND ENG CHEM RES Inorg. Chem. J. Agric. Food. Chem. J. Chem. Eng. Data J. Chem. Educ. J. Chem. Inf. Model. J. Chem. Theory Comput. J. Med. Chem. J. Nat. Prod. J PROTEOME RES J. Am. Chem. Soc. LANGMUIR MACROMOLECULES Mol. Pharmaceutics Nano Lett. Org. Lett. ORG PROCESS RES DEV ORGANOMETALLICS J. Org. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. J. Phys. Chem. A J. Phys. Chem. B J. Phys. Chem. C J. Phys. Chem. Lett. Analyst Anal. Methods Biomater. Sci. Catal. Sci. Technol. Chem. Commun. Chem. Soc. Rev. CHEM EDUC RES PRACT CRYSTENGCOMM Dalton Trans. Energy Environ. Sci. ENVIRON SCI-NANO ENVIRON SCI-PROC IMP ENVIRON SCI-WAT RES Faraday Discuss. Food Funct. Green Chem. Inorg. Chem. Front. Integr. Biol. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. J. Mater. Chem. A J. Mater. Chem. B J. Mater. Chem. C Lab Chip Mater. Chem. Front. Mater. Horiz. MEDCHEMCOMM Metallomics Mol. Biosyst. Mol. Syst. Des. Eng. Nanoscale Nanoscale Horiz. Nat. Prod. Rep. New J. Chem. Org. Biomol. Chem. Org. Chem. Front. PHOTOCH PHOTOBIO SCI PCCP Polym. Chem.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
0
微信
客服QQ
Book学术公众号 扫码关注我们
反馈
×
意见反馈
请填写您的意见或建议
请填写您的手机或邮箱
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
现在去查看 取消
×
提示
确定
Book学术官方微信
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术
文献互助 智能选刊 最新文献 互助须知 联系我们:info@booksci.cn
Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。
Copyright © 2023 Book学术 All rights reserved.
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号 京ICP备2023020795号-1