Abstract American states differ in their protection of workers, acceptance of organized labor, dominant industrial cultures, and regarding labor unions’ capacity and political power. In this article, I examine declining union membership in the states and analyze various laws that limit the political power of unions and assess the consequences of these developments. I also document and explain a recent resurgence of labor organizing, political resistance, and work stoppages. There is a seeming contradiction between a labor movement that is both declining as well as gaining strength. However, a common theme in each of these trends is the centrality of state governments and politics regarding labor policy and union influence.
{"title":"The Role of Federalism and the Centrality of State Governments for Labor Unions, Employment, and Organizing","authors":"Laura C Bucci","doi":"10.1093/publius/pjad019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjad019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract American states differ in their protection of workers, acceptance of organized labor, dominant industrial cultures, and regarding labor unions’ capacity and political power. In this article, I examine declining union membership in the states and analyze various laws that limit the political power of unions and assess the consequences of these developments. I also document and explain a recent resurgence of labor organizing, political resistance, and work stoppages. There is a seeming contradiction between a labor movement that is both declining as well as gaining strength. However, a common theme in each of these trends is the centrality of state governments and politics regarding labor policy and union influence.","PeriodicalId":47224,"journal":{"name":"Publius-The Journal of Federalism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135643408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
President Biden has committed to a “whole of government approach” to address environmental and climate justice, which includes directing resources to historically underserved and overburdened populations. The Justice40 program is one of the signature programs in these efforts, requiring that 40 percent of the benefits of designated programs be targeted to disadvantaged communities. Because many federal spending programs that are part of the Justice40 initiative involve the transfer of funds from federal agencies to state governments, the Biden Administration will need the assistance of state officials if the initiative is to achieve its stated objectives. In this article, we study early state implementation of Justice40 in the area of transportation, focusing on the federal highway program and the new National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) program. Our analysis of interviews with state officials and state NEVI plans reveals only modest differences between states in Justice40 implementation based on the partisanship of gubernatorial leadership, despite outspoken resistance to the initiative from many Republican governors. We also find that states that have made previous policy and institutional commitments to allocate resources in a manner similar to Justice40 are generally more receptive to this federal initiative.
{"title":"Delivering on Environmental Justice? U.S. State Implementation of the Justice40 Initiative","authors":"Shannon N. Conley, David M. Konisky, M. Mullin","doi":"10.1093/publius/pjad018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjad018","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 President Biden has committed to a “whole of government approach” to address environmental and climate justice, which includes directing resources to historically underserved and overburdened populations. The Justice40 program is one of the signature programs in these efforts, requiring that 40 percent of the benefits of designated programs be targeted to disadvantaged communities. Because many federal spending programs that are part of the Justice40 initiative involve the transfer of funds from federal agencies to state governments, the Biden Administration will need the assistance of state officials if the initiative is to achieve its stated objectives. In this article, we study early state implementation of Justice40 in the area of transportation, focusing on the federal highway program and the new National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) program. Our analysis of interviews with state officials and state NEVI plans reveals only modest differences between states in Justice40 implementation based on the partisanship of gubernatorial leadership, despite outspoken resistance to the initiative from many Republican governors. We also find that states that have made previous policy and institutional commitments to allocate resources in a manner similar to Justice40 are generally more receptive to this federal initiative.","PeriodicalId":47224,"journal":{"name":"Publius-The Journal of Federalism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46383512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Monitoring American Federalism: The History of State Legislative Resistance, by Christian G. Fritz","authors":"John D. Nugent","doi":"10.1093/publius/pjad017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjad017","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47224,"journal":{"name":"Publius-The Journal of Federalism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48354076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Intergovernmental Relations: State and Local Challenges in the Twenty-First Century, by Jonathan M. Fisk","authors":"B. Blizzard","doi":"10.1093/publius/pjad016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjad016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47224,"journal":{"name":"Publius-The Journal of Federalism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42541925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Written Constitution for Quebec? edited by Léonid Sirota and Richard Albert","authors":"A. McDougall","doi":"10.1093/publius/pjad014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjad014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47224,"journal":{"name":"Publius-The Journal of Federalism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45645336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article assesses federalism in the five African federations: Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Africa, and South Sudan. By using Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) and Afrobarometer data, it systematically investigates in what respect federalism succeeded and failed and whether the success rate varies across the states. It shows that federalism is successful in maintaining the states’ territorial integrity, but its success in conflict reduction is limited. Federalism helped reduce conflict in South Africa but not Nigeria and Ethiopia due to a lack of essential ingredients enabling federalism to flourish in multinational states. Federalism enabled South Africa and Nigeria to accommodate diversity by reducing identity-based exclusion and improving diverse groups’ access to power. In Ethiopia, it facilitated cultural and linguistic plurality but was unsuccessful in reducing exclusion and improving groups’ equal access to power. Africa illustrates that federalism fails to manage conflict unless incumbents embrace democracy, curtail centralism, and are loyal to federalism.
{"title":"Federalism and State Restructuring in Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Origins, Rationales, and Challenges","authors":"Bizuneh Getachew Yimenu","doi":"10.1093/publius/pjad015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjad015","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article assesses federalism in the five African federations: Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Africa, and South Sudan. By using Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) and Afrobarometer data, it systematically investigates in what respect federalism succeeded and failed and whether the success rate varies across the states. It shows that federalism is successful in maintaining the states’ territorial integrity, but its success in conflict reduction is limited. Federalism helped reduce conflict in South Africa but not Nigeria and Ethiopia due to a lack of essential ingredients enabling federalism to flourish in multinational states. Federalism enabled South Africa and Nigeria to accommodate diversity by reducing identity-based exclusion and improving diverse groups’ access to power. In Ethiopia, it facilitated cultural and linguistic plurality but was unsuccessful in reducing exclusion and improving groups’ equal access to power. Africa illustrates that federalism fails to manage conflict unless incumbents embrace democracy, curtail centralism, and are loyal to federalism.","PeriodicalId":47224,"journal":{"name":"Publius-The Journal of Federalism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44227561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Mayer, John C. Morris, J. Aistrup, R. B. Anderson, Robert C. Kenter
The U.S. Supreme Court’s June 2022 decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization overturning Roe v. Wade shifted abortion-policy decision-making from the national level to the state level and opened the door for states to individually determine the level of protection for reproductive rights. We examine state actions following Dobbs and discuss the near-term implications of the decision for federalism and state governments. One effect of the Dobbs decision, evident in actions taken by some state legislatures, has been to open a window for states to enact laws imposing greater limits on reproductive options for women. However, another effect of Dobbs has been to create a greater demand for confirming and in some cases expanding reproductive rights, as seen by state constitutional amendments, supreme court decisions, and statutes protecting reproductive rights and safeguarding access to abortion services.
2022年6月，美国最高法院在多布斯诉杰克逊妇女健康组织案(Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization)中推翻了罗伊诉韦德案(Roe v. Wade)，将堕胎政策的决策从国家层面转移到了州层面，并为各州自行决定生殖权利的保护水平打开了大门。我们将考察各州在多布斯案之后的行动，并讨论该决定对联邦制和州政府的近期影响。从一些州立法机构采取的行动中可以明显看出，多布斯案的裁决的一个影响是，为各州制定法律，对妇女的生育选择施加更大的限制，打开了一扇窗。然而，多布斯案的另一个影响是创造了对确认和在某些情况下扩大生殖权利的更大需求，正如州宪法修正案、最高法院判决和保护生殖权利和保障获得堕胎服务的法规所看到的那样。
{"title":"Dobbs, American Federalism, and State Abortion Policymaking: Restrictive Policies Alongside Expansion of Reproductive Rights","authors":"M. Mayer, John C. Morris, J. Aistrup, R. B. Anderson, Robert C. Kenter","doi":"10.1093/publius/pjad012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjad012","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The U.S. Supreme Court’s June 2022 decision in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization overturning Roe v. Wade shifted abortion-policy decision-making from the national level to the state level and opened the door for states to individually determine the level of protection for reproductive rights. We examine state actions following Dobbs and discuss the near-term implications of the decision for federalism and state governments. One effect of the Dobbs decision, evident in actions taken by some state legislatures, has been to open a window for states to enact laws imposing greater limits on reproductive options for women. However, another effect of Dobbs has been to create a greater demand for confirming and in some cases expanding reproductive rights, as seen by state constitutional amendments, supreme court decisions, and statutes protecting reproductive rights and safeguarding access to abortion services.","PeriodicalId":47224,"journal":{"name":"Publius-The Journal of Federalism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42235094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Teaching Federalism: Multidimensional Approaches, by John Kincaid and J. Wesley Leckrone","authors":"J. Erk","doi":"10.1093/publius/pjad013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjad013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47224,"journal":{"name":"Publius-The Journal of Federalism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47514420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although scholarship analyzing U.S. incarceration policy generally focuses on the federal government and federal criminal justice laws, state and local governments are principally responsible for the criminal justice strategy and tactics utilized within their jurisdictions, and that determines the size of state correctional populations. The overwhelming majority of the total U.S. prison population is under the jurisdiction of state correctional authorities. Since 2010, forty-six states have reduced their prison populations, but the efficacy of these reforms and interventions has varied considerably. Utilizing a series of case studies, I analyze a range of state approaches to reducing the prison population and consider the effectiveness of these policies. The most effective approaches have focused on reducing prison admissions, creating or expanding early release opportunities, and decreasing readmission of conditional release violators.
{"title":"State Incarceration Policy in the U.S. Federal System: Assessing Recent Approaches to Reducing Incarceration Rates","authors":"Brandon R. Davis","doi":"10.1093/publius/pjad011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjad011","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Although scholarship analyzing U.S. incarceration policy generally focuses on the federal government and federal criminal justice laws, state and local governments are principally responsible for the criminal justice strategy and tactics utilized within their jurisdictions, and that determines the size of state correctional populations. The overwhelming majority of the total U.S. prison population is under the jurisdiction of state correctional authorities. Since 2010, forty-six states have reduced their prison populations, but the efficacy of these reforms and interventions has varied considerably. Utilizing a series of case studies, I analyze a range of state approaches to reducing the prison population and consider the effectiveness of these policies. The most effective approaches have focused on reducing prison admissions, creating or expanding early release opportunities, and decreasing readmission of conditional release violators.","PeriodicalId":47224,"journal":{"name":"Publius-The Journal of Federalism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43091012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study examines fiscal federalism by interrogating the relationship between first- and second-nature geographic features—most notably distance as well as various economic/infrastructural indicators—and intergovernmental transfers and subnational fiscal dependence in Russia and the United States from 2003 to 2015. Our findings reveal stark differences in the role that geographic factors play in these two federations. While first- and second-nature factors influenced both transfers and reliance in Russia, only second-nature indicators had an effect in the U.S. case. Economic development and infrastructural improvements do not cause the influence of first-nature indicators to evaporate altogether, but they do attenuate the effects of those considerations.
{"title":"The First- and Second-Nature Geographic Correlates of Federal Budget Transfers and Fiscal Dependence—Evidence from Russia and the United States","authors":"Allison C. White, Youngsung Kim","doi":"10.1093/publius/pjad008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/publius/pjad008","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This study examines fiscal federalism by interrogating the relationship between first- and second-nature geographic features—most notably distance as well as various economic/infrastructural indicators—and intergovernmental transfers and subnational fiscal dependence in Russia and the United States from 2003 to 2015. Our findings reveal stark differences in the role that geographic factors play in these two federations. While first- and second-nature factors influenced both transfers and reliance in Russia, only second-nature indicators had an effect in the U.S. case. Economic development and infrastructural improvements do not cause the influence of first-nature indicators to evaporate altogether, but they do attenuate the effects of those considerations.","PeriodicalId":47224,"journal":{"name":"Publius-The Journal of Federalism","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2023-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41316754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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