Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2021.1877029
M. van Elk
{"title":"Assessing the Religion-Health Relationship: Introduction to the Meta-analysis by Garssen et al., and Two Commentaries","authors":"M. van Elk","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2021.1877029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2021.1877029","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"1 - 3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2021.1877029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47720753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-01-02DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2020.1861814
B. Garssen, A. Visser
ABSTRACT We published a meta-analysis to determine the longitudinal positive effect of religion or spirituality (R/S) on mental health. Forty-eight longitudinal studies were summarized (59 independent samples). The meta-analysis yielded a significant, but small overall effect size of r =.08. We concluded that there is evidence for a positive effect of R/S on mental health, but this effect is small. Our meta-analysis was recently criticized in this Journal by Koenig et al. Scientific debate is welcome, but we disagree with most of their comments. Our reply focusses on the following topics: Is the effect of R/S small? Might methodological issues underlie the small overall effect size? Randomized controlled studies, and change course and look elsewhere for more convincing results?
{"title":"The Effect of Religiosity and Spirituality on Mental Health: Reply to Two Commentaries","authors":"B. Garssen, A. Visser","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2020.1861814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1861814","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT We published a meta-analysis to determine the longitudinal positive effect of religion or spirituality (R/S) on mental health. Forty-eight longitudinal studies were summarized (59 independent samples). The meta-analysis yielded a significant, but small overall effect size of r =.08. We concluded that there is evidence for a positive effect of R/S on mental health, but this effect is small. Our meta-analysis was recently criticized in this Journal by Koenig et al. Scientific debate is welcome, but we disagree with most of their comments. Our reply focusses on the following topics: Is the effect of R/S small? Might methodological issues underlie the small overall effect size? Randomized controlled studies, and change course and look elsewhere for more convincing results?","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"45 - 50"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2021-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2020.1861814","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44992527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-17DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2020.1844969
Theiss Bendixen, B. Purzycki
ABSTRACT Beebe and Duffy (2020) offer another addition to a growing body of theoretical and empirical work that questions the explanatory power of so-called minimal counterintuitiveness (MCI). On the basis of three memory experiments and one survey, Beebe and Duffy argue that 1) MCI concepts are at a mnemonic disadvantage relative to both concepts with moral valence as well as concepts that elicit existential anxiety; and 2) these results cannot be explained by the degree of visualizability in the test items. In this commentary, we reflect on the future of MCI theory and situate Beebe and Duffy’s study in an integrative cultural evolutionary framework. We argue that future studies in the cognitive and evolutionary sciences of religion should not only focus on the content that makes some religious beliefs cognitively and culturally attractive but also on how different cultural evolutionary forces – including social and ecological contexts – compete and interact.
{"title":"Competing Forces Account for the Stability and Evolution of Religious Beliefs","authors":"Theiss Bendixen, B. Purzycki","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2020.1844969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1844969","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Beebe and Duffy (2020) offer another addition to a growing body of theoretical and empirical work that questions the explanatory power of so-called minimal counterintuitiveness (MCI). On the basis of three memory experiments and one survey, Beebe and Duffy argue that 1) MCI concepts are at a mnemonic disadvantage relative to both concepts with moral valence as well as concepts that elicit existential anxiety; and 2) these results cannot be explained by the degree of visualizability in the test items. In this commentary, we reflect on the future of MCI theory and situate Beebe and Duffy’s study in an integrative cultural evolutionary framework. We argue that future studies in the cognitive and evolutionary sciences of religion should not only focus on the content that makes some religious beliefs cognitively and culturally attractive but also on how different cultural evolutionary forces – including social and ecological contexts – compete and interact.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"307 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2020.1844969","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46777106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-10DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2020.1858254
Z. Chen, Mustafa Tekke, K. Mastor, Saim Kayadibi
ABSTRACT Prayer is an important aspect of many religions. Existing measures of prayer have mostly originated from the Christian West and emphasized various “verbal” aspects of making a supplication. An “active” aspect of prayer, in which the supplicants strive for what they pray, has not received sufficient attention despite being crucial to Muslim belief. Based on the Islamic scholar Said Nursi’s conceptualization, the current study developed and validated a 7-item, 2-factor measure of Muslim Verbal and Active Prayer (MVAP). The measure showed good construct validity in two independent Muslim samples (N = 297 and 179) in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. It demonstrated not only convergent validity, but showed incremental validity predicting religious and psychological adjustment over and above Muslim religiosity and spirituality. In addition, the Muslim prayers invigorated and integrated Muslim religious spirituality in its expression of religious and psychological adjustment. This brief measure has potential to deepen empirical studies of Muslim psychology, and prayer research in general.
{"title":"Muslim Verbal and Active Prayer (MVAP): Measurement and Psychological Functioning of Supplications in Islam","authors":"Z. Chen, Mustafa Tekke, K. Mastor, Saim Kayadibi","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2020.1858254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1858254","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Prayer is an important aspect of many religions. Existing measures of prayer have mostly originated from the Christian West and emphasized various “verbal” aspects of making a supplication. An “active” aspect of prayer, in which the supplicants strive for what they pray, has not received sufficient attention despite being crucial to Muslim belief. Based on the Islamic scholar Said Nursi’s conceptualization, the current study developed and validated a 7-item, 2-factor measure of Muslim Verbal and Active Prayer (MVAP). The measure showed good construct validity in two independent Muslim samples (N = 297 and 179) in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. It demonstrated not only convergent validity, but showed incremental validity predicting religious and psychological adjustment over and above Muslim religiosity and spirituality. In addition, the Muslim prayers invigorated and integrated Muslim religious spirituality in its expression of religious and psychological adjustment. This brief measure has potential to deepen empirical studies of Muslim psychology, and prayer research in general.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"249 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2020.1858254","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44493122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-10DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2020.1844968
S. Hardy, Jenae M. Nelson, Summer B. Frandsen, Amber R. Cazzell, M. Goodman
ABSTRACT The purpose of the present set of studies was to develop a short and valid measure of religious motivation based on self-determination theory and demonstrate the role of religious motivation on youth outcomes. Participants were from five studies of religious adolescents and their parents from across the U.S (total N = 2982). Using confirmatory factor analyses we created a 12-item Religious Internalization Scale (RIS-12) capturing three forms of religious motivation: external, introjected, and identified. Relations between religious motivation and youth outcomes were assessed using structural equation modeling. In general, identified religious motivation positively predicted adaptive outcomes (e.g., prosocial behaviors, psychological well-being, and positive traits) and negatively predicted maladaptive outcomes (e.g., antisocial and health-risk behaviors, mental illness, and negative traits), whereas the inverse was largely true for external religious motivation. Introjected religious motivation was a poor predictor of outcomes. Further, identified religious motivation often remained predictive of outcomes when controlling for religious involvement. Lastly, in several cases, identified religious motivation and religious involvement interacted when predicting youth outcomes such that higher identified religious motivation strengthened links between religious involvement and outcomes. These findings validate the RIS-12 as a self-determination theory measure of religious motivation and elucidate the important role of identified religious motivation during adolescence.
{"title":"Adolescent Religious Motivation: A Self-Determination Theory Approach","authors":"S. Hardy, Jenae M. Nelson, Summer B. Frandsen, Amber R. Cazzell, M. Goodman","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2020.1844968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1844968","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The purpose of the present set of studies was to develop a short and valid measure of religious motivation based on self-determination theory and demonstrate the role of religious motivation on youth outcomes. Participants were from five studies of religious adolescents and their parents from across the U.S (total N = 2982). Using confirmatory factor analyses we created a 12-item Religious Internalization Scale (RIS-12) capturing three forms of religious motivation: external, introjected, and identified. Relations between religious motivation and youth outcomes were assessed using structural equation modeling. In general, identified religious motivation positively predicted adaptive outcomes (e.g., prosocial behaviors, psychological well-being, and positive traits) and negatively predicted maladaptive outcomes (e.g., antisocial and health-risk behaviors, mental illness, and negative traits), whereas the inverse was largely true for external religious motivation. Introjected religious motivation was a poor predictor of outcomes. Further, identified religious motivation often remained predictive of outcomes when controlling for religious involvement. Lastly, in several cases, identified religious motivation and religious involvement interacted when predicting youth outcomes such that higher identified religious motivation strengthened links between religious involvement and outcomes. These findings validate the RIS-12 as a self-determination theory measure of religious motivation and elucidate the important role of identified religious motivation during adolescence.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"32 1","pages":"16 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2020.1844968","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49078038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2020.1827192
R. Zhang, James H. Liu, Huajian Cai, S. Mari, X. Qu, Ahmet Suerdam
ABSTRACT Cosmopolitan Orientation’s (COS) relationship with personal religiosity, organizational religiosity, and national identity was examined in nationally representative samples from 19 societies (13 mainly Christian, 2 Muslim, and 4 societies with historically Buddhist influences, N = 8740). Multi-group structural equation models found that personal religiosity was a positive and significant predictor of global prosociality (willingness to help others in a global community) overall (b = .18), and in 13 of 19 societies. This relationship was stronger in countries higher on the Human Development Index. National identity was overall a weak and positive predictor of global prosociality (b = .06) and respect for cultural diversity (b = .07), but results were culturally variable. There were negative relationships between national identity and COS indicators in Germany, the UK and USA (countries with active anti-immigration discourses popularized by populist right-wing politicians). Separate analyses for different religious groups found that among Christians, personal religiosity was positively associated with global prosociality, respect for cultural differences, and cultural openness (in that order). Among Buddhists, both personal and organizational religiosity were associated with global prosociality and cultural openness. For the smaller sample of Muslims, the only significant association was the positive link between personal religiosity and global prosociality. Findings support the idea that, contrary to much established literature, there are country-level moderators, but no overall negative relationship between cosmopolitanism and religiosity or national identity at the individual-level across cultures.
{"title":"How Do Religiosity and National Identity Relate to Cosmopolitanism? An Empirical Study Using Representative Samples in Christian, Muslim, and Buddhist Societies","authors":"R. Zhang, James H. Liu, Huajian Cai, S. Mari, X. Qu, Ahmet Suerdam","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2020.1827192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1827192","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Cosmopolitan Orientation’s (COS) relationship with personal religiosity, organizational religiosity, and national identity was examined in nationally representative samples from 19 societies (13 mainly Christian, 2 Muslim, and 4 societies with historically Buddhist influences, N = 8740). Multi-group structural equation models found that personal religiosity was a positive and significant predictor of global prosociality (willingness to help others in a global community) overall (b = .18), and in 13 of 19 societies. This relationship was stronger in countries higher on the Human Development Index. National identity was overall a weak and positive predictor of global prosociality (b = .06) and respect for cultural diversity (b = .07), but results were culturally variable. There were negative relationships between national identity and COS indicators in Germany, the UK and USA (countries with active anti-immigration discourses popularized by populist right-wing politicians). Separate analyses for different religious groups found that among Christians, personal religiosity was positively associated with global prosociality, respect for cultural differences, and cultural openness (in that order). Among Buddhists, both personal and organizational religiosity were associated with global prosociality and cultural openness. For the smaller sample of Muslims, the only significant association was the positive link between personal religiosity and global prosociality. Findings support the idea that, contrary to much established literature, there are country-level moderators, but no overall negative relationship between cosmopolitanism and religiosity or national identity at the individual-level across cultures.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"260 - 275"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2020.1827192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46170654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2020.1834745
W. J. Dyer, S. Hardy, M. Goodman
ABSTRACT Religiosity is a protective factor for adolescents, though research has indicated religiosity declines across adolescence. However, little research has examined how various dimensions of religiosity may change across time. With yearly data from a sample of 489 participants, the current study examined rank-order and mean level changes in religiosity from early adolescence (12 years-old) into late adolescence/emerging adulthood (20 years-old). Three dimensions of religiosity were examined, public religious practices (religious service attendance), private religious practices (prayer), and religious salience. Using cross-lagged models, reciprocal relationships between these dimensions were examined. There was significant rank-order stability, though stability was highest for attendance. The mean of all three dimensions decreased over time. The decline for attendance was initially slow though the decline increased through late adolescence. Prayer declined linearly and religious salience declined rapidly during early adolescence with the decline dampening in later adolescence and late adolescence. Each dimension was reciprocally related to the other dimensions, though this relationship differed across time. For instance, in early adolescence, attendance predicted religious salience and in late adolescence, salience predicted attendance. When significant, parent income and education were negatively associated with religiosity.
{"title":"Religiosity from Age 12 to 20: Stability, Change, and Bidirectional Effects of Attendance, Prayer, and Salience","authors":"W. J. Dyer, S. Hardy, M. Goodman","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2020.1834745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1834745","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Religiosity is a protective factor for adolescents, though research has indicated religiosity declines across adolescence. However, little research has examined how various dimensions of religiosity may change across time. With yearly data from a sample of 489 participants, the current study examined rank-order and mean level changes in religiosity from early adolescence (12 years-old) into late adolescence/emerging adulthood (20 years-old). Three dimensions of religiosity were examined, public religious practices (religious service attendance), private religious practices (prayer), and religious salience. Using cross-lagged models, reciprocal relationships between these dimensions were examined. There was significant rank-order stability, though stability was highest for attendance. The mean of all three dimensions decreased over time. The decline for attendance was initially slow though the decline increased through late adolescence. Prayer declined linearly and religious salience declined rapidly during early adolescence with the decline dampening in later adolescence and late adolescence. Each dimension was reciprocally related to the other dimensions, though this relationship differed across time. For instance, in early adolescence, attendance predicted religious salience and in late adolescence, salience predicted attendance. When significant, parent income and education were negatively associated with religiosity.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"32 1","pages":"177 - 195"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2020.1834745","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45150800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-11-12DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2020.1834746
Dariusz Krok, B. Zarzycka, E. Telka
ABSTRACT Previous research has identified close relationships between religious and nonreligious factors and well-being in cancer patients. This study expands on such studies by examining the interplay of religious and nonreligious meaning-making factors on psychological well-being in gastrointestinal cancer patients; 317 patients (160 women and 157 men) with gastrointestinal cancer participated in the current study. Two coping strategies were utilized: negative religious coping and meaning-focused coping. These mediated the relationship between the religious meaning system and psychological well-being and the relationship between the presence of meaning in life and psychological well-being. In contrast, the association between changes in beliefs and goals and psychological well-being was mediated by negative religious coping and the presence of meaning in life. Positive religious coping did not play a mediating role in the above relationships. The findings suggest that for cancer patients, religious and nonreligious factors do not exist in “a psychological vacuum” as separate entities, but tend to interact with each other on a basis of meaning structures.
{"title":"The Interplay of Religious and Nonreligious Meaning-Making on Psychological Well-Being in Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients","authors":"Dariusz Krok, B. Zarzycka, E. Telka","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2020.1834746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1834746","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Previous research has identified close relationships between religious and nonreligious factors and well-being in cancer patients. This study expands on such studies by examining the interplay of religious and nonreligious meaning-making factors on psychological well-being in gastrointestinal cancer patients; 317 patients (160 women and 157 men) with gastrointestinal cancer participated in the current study. Two coping strategies were utilized: negative religious coping and meaning-focused coping. These mediated the relationship between the religious meaning system and psychological well-being and the relationship between the presence of meaning in life and psychological well-being. In contrast, the association between changes in beliefs and goals and psychological well-being was mediated by negative religious coping and the presence of meaning in life. Positive religious coping did not play a mediating role in the above relationships. The findings suggest that for cancer patients, religious and nonreligious factors do not exist in “a psychological vacuum” as separate entities, but tend to interact with each other on a basis of meaning structures.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"276 - 287"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2020.1834746","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44407439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-13DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2020.1815994
S. Moritz, Kaser Ahmed, N. Krott, Isgard Ohls, K. Reininger
ABSTRACT Religious tensions in Western countries are growing and pose a challenge to societal peace. For the present study, we examined the attitudes of Christians, Muslims, and people with no religious affiliation toward the three major monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In the framework of a randomized controlled trial, we explored the extent to which five conditions (three metacognitive, one educational, and one control) changed participants’ attitudes toward their own faith and other faiths. In the educational condition, information was conveyed in a simple narrative form, whereas in the metacognitive conditions participants were asked seemingly simple questions that frequently elicit incorrect responses followed by the correct responses along with corrective information (either immediately or after a delay). Christian and Muslim participants appraised their own religion as tolerant. The metacognitive interventions were significantly more successful than the control condition in reducing prejudice overall. Christians improved their attitudes toward Judaism and Islam in the metacognitive conditions. Muslims, however, showed more positive appraisals of Judaism and their own religion but not of Christianity (which showed a slight but nonsignificant decline) following the intervention. We discuss the possible contribution of particular questionnaire items to the latter unexpected result. Participants evaluated the information provided by the educational intervention as less interesting relative to the metacognitive approach.
{"title":"How Education and Metacognitive Training May Ameliorate Religious Prejudices: A Randomized Controlled Trial","authors":"S. Moritz, Kaser Ahmed, N. Krott, Isgard Ohls, K. Reininger","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2020.1815994","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1815994","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Religious tensions in Western countries are growing and pose a challenge to societal peace. For the present study, we examined the attitudes of Christians, Muslims, and people with no religious affiliation toward the three major monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In the framework of a randomized controlled trial, we explored the extent to which five conditions (three metacognitive, one educational, and one control) changed participants’ attitudes toward their own faith and other faiths. In the educational condition, information was conveyed in a simple narrative form, whereas in the metacognitive conditions participants were asked seemingly simple questions that frequently elicit incorrect responses followed by the correct responses along with corrective information (either immediately or after a delay). Christian and Muslim participants appraised their own religion as tolerant. The metacognitive interventions were significantly more successful than the control condition in reducing prejudice overall. Christians improved their attitudes toward Judaism and Islam in the metacognitive conditions. Muslims, however, showed more positive appraisals of Judaism and their own religion but not of Christianity (which showed a slight but nonsignificant decline) following the intervention. We discuss the possible contribution of particular questionnaire items to the latter unexpected result. Participants evaluated the information provided by the educational intervention as less interesting relative to the metacognitive approach.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"121 - 137"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2020.1815994","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46532016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-13DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2020.1815993
A. Moss, James Fitzpatrick, Laurie T. O’Brien
ABSTRACT Is believing that atheism is a choice related to prejudice against atheists? The present research draws on attributional models of prejudice to examine the relationship between perceptions that atheism is a choice and anti-atheist prejudice among Christians, Jews, and nonbelievers. We hypothesized that Christians would be more likely than Jews (Sample 1 and 3) and nonbelievers (Samples 1, 2, and 3) to believe atheism is a choice. Further, we hypothesized that the relationship between perceptions of choice and anti-atheist prejudice would be stronger among Christians than Jews and nonbelievers. In three samples of college students and U.S. adults (N = 859), Christians were more likely than others to believe atheism is a choice and perceptions of choice uniquely predicted Christians’ prejudice toward atheists. By examining perceptions of choice, our research reveals a novel source of anti-atheist prejudice, but a source with deep roots in the psychology of prejudice.
{"title":"Attributions for Atheism: Perceptions that Atheism is a Choice are Associated with Prejudice against Atheists among Christians, but Not Jews or Nonbelievers","authors":"A. Moss, James Fitzpatrick, Laurie T. O’Brien","doi":"10.1080/10508619.2020.1815993","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2020.1815993","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Is believing that atheism is a choice related to prejudice against atheists? The present research draws on attributional models of prejudice to examine the relationship between perceptions that atheism is a choice and anti-atheist prejudice among Christians, Jews, and nonbelievers. We hypothesized that Christians would be more likely than Jews (Sample 1 and 3) and nonbelievers (Samples 1, 2, and 3) to believe atheism is a choice. Further, we hypothesized that the relationship between perceptions of choice and anti-atheist prejudice would be stronger among Christians than Jews and nonbelievers. In three samples of college students and U.S. adults (N = 859), Christians were more likely than others to believe atheism is a choice and perceptions of choice uniquely predicted Christians’ prejudice toward atheists. By examining perceptions of choice, our research reveals a novel source of anti-atheist prejudice, but a source with deep roots in the psychology of prejudice.","PeriodicalId":47234,"journal":{"name":"International Journal for the Psychology of Religion","volume":"31 1","pages":"102 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10508619.2020.1815993","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42454195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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