Pub Date : 2023-04-21DOI: 10.1080/19386362.2023.2251239
André Querelli, Tiago de Jesus Souza
ABSTRACT This paper application of a method developed in Brazil for predicting driving transferred energy. The method was recently developed in Brazil and was used in short piles in 2019. In this more recent paper, it was sought to extend the application of the method to long piles (Pile length > 30 m) in soils of different characteristics. It is based on the pile measurements of permanent and elastic displacements during driving and calibration of the site-specific λ coefficient. The article validates the methodology in a case study of two sites with 159 dynamic tests of steel-driven piles in the cities of Santos (SP) and Itaguaí (RJ). Through calibration of λ, the energy predictions showed a good correlation to those obtained from the dynamic tests. There is an additional contribution to the original author’s analysis – increasing the previous testing database – about the correlation between λ and the pile length, as the study includes piles from 36 to 60 m in length – a range that was not included during the author’s first method evaluation. Its major advantage is allowing effective energy estimations in non‑instrumented piles as it is not practical to monitor every single pile of a construction driving site to assess the transferred energy. The presented method is useful in the practice of driven foundation and its quality control.
{"title":"Predicting driving transferred energy: case studies of steel piles","authors":"André Querelli, Tiago de Jesus Souza","doi":"10.1080/19386362.2023.2251239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2023.2251239","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This paper application of a method developed in Brazil for predicting driving transferred energy. The method was recently developed in Brazil and was used in short piles in 2019. In this more recent paper, it was sought to extend the application of the method to long piles (Pile length > 30 m) in soils of different characteristics. It is based on the pile measurements of permanent and elastic displacements during driving and calibration of the site-specific λ coefficient. The article validates the methodology in a case study of two sites with 159 dynamic tests of steel-driven piles in the cities of Santos (SP) and Itaguaí (RJ). Through calibration of λ, the energy predictions showed a good correlation to those obtained from the dynamic tests. There is an additional contribution to the original author’s analysis – increasing the previous testing database – about the correlation between λ and the pile length, as the study includes piles from 36 to 60 m in length – a range that was not included during the author’s first method evaluation. Its major advantage is allowing effective energy estimations in non‑instrumented piles as it is not practical to monitor every single pile of a construction driving site to assess the transferred energy. The presented method is useful in the practice of driven foundation and its quality control.","PeriodicalId":47238,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"331 - 338"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49076507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-21DOI: 10.1080/19386362.2023.2251795
M.B.C. Ülker, E. Altınok, G. Taşkın
Field pile load tests are fairly expensive experiments that can be applied to certain pile types required to be installed in full scale. Hence, it is neither practical nor efficient to perform a load test for every installed pile. While there exist many empirical relations for predicting pile capacities, such methods typically suffer from accuracy and generality. Therefore, current geotechnical practice still looks for methods to accommodate full-scale pile load testing to serve as accurate and practical tools. In this study, load bearing capacities of closed- and open-ended piles in cohesive and cohesionless soils are predicted using machine learning. Nine such methods are utilized in the analyses where Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and pile data are considered as the learning features necessary to teach those methods the database gathered via a comprehensive search. Then, machine learning models are developed, and the databases are separated into five-folds according to the cross-validation-principle, which are used for both training and testing of the machine learning methods. Model predictions are validated with classical CPT-based equations. Results indicate that Relevance Vector Regression and the Random Forest methods typically generate considerably better predictions than the other methods and empirical equations. Thus, machine learning methods are found as reliable tools to predict the pile load capacities of both open-ended and closed-ended pile provided that there is a large enough database and that an appropriate method is used.
{"title":"Data-driven modeling of ultimate load capacity of closed- and open-ended piles using machine learning","authors":"M.B.C. Ülker, E. Altınok, G. Taşkın","doi":"10.1080/19386362.2023.2251795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2023.2251795","url":null,"abstract":"Field pile load tests are fairly expensive experiments that can be applied to certain pile types required to be installed in full scale. Hence, it is neither practical nor efficient to perform a load test for every installed pile. While there exist many empirical relations for predicting pile capacities, such methods typically suffer from accuracy and generality. Therefore, current geotechnical practice still looks for methods to accommodate full-scale pile load testing to serve as accurate and practical tools. In this study, load bearing capacities of closed- and open-ended piles in cohesive and cohesionless soils are predicted using machine learning. Nine such methods are utilized in the analyses where Cone Penetration Test (CPT) and pile data are considered as the learning features necessary to teach those methods the database gathered via a comprehensive search. Then, machine learning models are developed, and the databases are separated into five-folds according to the cross-validation-principle, which are used for both training and testing of the machine learning methods. Model predictions are validated with classical CPT-based equations. Results indicate that Relevance Vector Regression and the Random Forest methods typically generate considerably better predictions than the other methods and empirical equations. Thus, machine learning methods are found as reliable tools to predict the pile load capacities of both open-ended and closed-ended pile provided that there is a large enough database and that an appropriate method is used.","PeriodicalId":47238,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"117 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135518184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-21DOI: 10.1080/19386362.2023.2241285
Apurva Ak, S. Chandrakaran, N. Sankar
ABSTRACT Rattan fibre as a reinforcement material can be a promising candidate for fabricating mattresses that improves the bearing capacity and settlement reduction of sand. Apart from observing the potential of rattan mats in reinforcing the sand beds, an attempt is made to understand the role of apertures with varying dimensions in enhancing the load bearing performance of sand. A series of plate load tests were performed to study the effect of the depth of top layer reinforcement, width, aperture size of rattan mats and number of reinforcement layers. After comparing the test results of various aperture sized mats, openly woven rattan mats performed superior to closely woven mats. The incorporation of rattan mats under the most effective reinforcement configuration has enhanced the bearing strength improvement factor and settlement reduction factor to 7.1 and 0.85, respectively, for closely woven rattan mats and about 8.16 and 0.94 for openly woven rattan mats with optimum aperture sizes.
{"title":"Influence of aperture size on the performance of square footing resting on rattan reinforced sand","authors":"Apurva Ak, S. Chandrakaran, N. Sankar","doi":"10.1080/19386362.2023.2241285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2023.2241285","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Rattan fibre as a reinforcement material can be a promising candidate for fabricating mattresses that improves the bearing capacity and settlement reduction of sand. Apart from observing the potential of rattan mats in reinforcing the sand beds, an attempt is made to understand the role of apertures with varying dimensions in enhancing the load bearing performance of sand. A series of plate load tests were performed to study the effect of the depth of top layer reinforcement, width, aperture size of rattan mats and number of reinforcement layers. After comparing the test results of various aperture sized mats, openly woven rattan mats performed superior to closely woven mats. The incorporation of rattan mats under the most effective reinforcement configuration has enhanced the bearing strength improvement factor and settlement reduction factor to 7.1 and 0.85, respectively, for closely woven rattan mats and about 8.16 and 0.94 for openly woven rattan mats with optimum aperture sizes.","PeriodicalId":47238,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"423 - 433"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46300519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-21DOI: 10.1080/19386362.2023.2251809
Zhe Luo
ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop an integrated approach to analyse the interaction between soils and beams. The research methods involved placing a statically indeterminate beam on spatially random soils, where soil springs acted as supports for the beam. The soil spring stiffness values were simulated using random field theory. This integrated approach was embedded in the Monte Carlo simulation framework to facilitate probabilistic assessment. This study concluded that the force method solution accurately determined the bending moment and shear diagrams for a beam supported by soil springs. Additionally, soil spatial variability had a significant impact on the beam responses, including the variations in footing settlements, support reactions, bending moment, and shear force. This study also identified a critical scale of soil fluctuation that coincides with the beam span, which resulted in the highest probability of structural bending failure. Overall, this study highlights the importance of accounting for soil spatial variability in an integrated geotechnical and structural design approach.
{"title":"Integrated analysis of soil-structure interaction for statically indeterminate beams on spatially random soils","authors":"Zhe Luo","doi":"10.1080/19386362.2023.2251809","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2023.2251809","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop an integrated approach to analyse the interaction between soils and beams. The research methods involved placing a statically indeterminate beam on spatially random soils, where soil springs acted as supports for the beam. The soil spring stiffness values were simulated using random field theory. This integrated approach was embedded in the Monte Carlo simulation framework to facilitate probabilistic assessment. This study concluded that the force method solution accurately determined the bending moment and shear diagrams for a beam supported by soil springs. Additionally, soil spatial variability had a significant impact on the beam responses, including the variations in footing settlements, support reactions, bending moment, and shear force. This study also identified a critical scale of soil fluctuation that coincides with the beam span, which resulted in the highest probability of structural bending failure. Overall, this study highlights the importance of accounting for soil spatial variability in an integrated geotechnical and structural design approach.","PeriodicalId":47238,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"434 - 447"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49535002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1080/19386362.2023.2212996
Ningthoujam Jibanchand, K. Devi
ABSTRACT Due to significant uncertainties associated with soil, it is challenging to anticipate settlement accurately for shallow footings on cohesionless soil. To produce more precise predictive settlement models, four ensemble learning models have been created in this study: Bagging, Random Forest (RF), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The models are created utilizing a sizable database based on standard penetration tests (SPT). A variety of evaluation criteria, including R 2, RMSE, and MAE, were employed to rate the performance of the models. The analysis results showed that Bagging and XGBoost models demonstrate excellent performance with R 2 values of 0.901 and 0.915, respectively, surpassing other models studied here as well as other models from the literature. Consequently, Bagging and XGBoost can be effective methods for predicting settlement in shallow foundations on cohesionless soil.
{"title":"Application of ensemble learning in predicting shallow foundation settlement in cohesionless soil","authors":"Ningthoujam Jibanchand, K. Devi","doi":"10.1080/19386362.2023.2212996","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2023.2212996","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Due to significant uncertainties associated with soil, it is challenging to anticipate settlement accurately for shallow footings on cohesionless soil. To produce more precise predictive settlement models, four ensemble learning models have been created in this study: Bagging, Random Forest (RF), Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). The models are created utilizing a sizable database based on standard penetration tests (SPT). A variety of evaluation criteria, including R 2, RMSE, and MAE, were employed to rate the performance of the models. The analysis results showed that Bagging and XGBoost models demonstrate excellent performance with R 2 values of 0.901 and 0.915, respectively, surpassing other models studied here as well as other models from the literature. Consequently, Bagging and XGBoost can be effective methods for predicting settlement in shallow foundations on cohesionless soil.","PeriodicalId":47238,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"234 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45033612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1080/19386362.2023.2227505
T. D. Toan, S. Lam, Y. Wong, M. Meng
ABSTRACT In this research, a fuzzy rule–based decision support (FRBDS) tool is developed to assist selection of ground treatment techniques for road embankments. Using input variables such as embankment height, geological condition and soft soil thickness, the FRBDS evaluates the ground treatment level, based upon which the highway engineer determines a suitable treatment method taking into account project constraints. In the case study, the FRBDS is applied for a 10-km package of HaNoi–HaiPhong expressway construction project and is evaluated in comparison to expert judgements. The results show that the treatment methods provided by the two approaches are similar for 36 out of 52 sections of the package, but the FRBDS provides more consistent and rational solutions. In particular, the FRBDS significantly reduces technological fragmentation. It can be concluded that the FRBDS is a useful tool that establishes structured innovative solutions to improve the quality of decision-making for large transportation projects.
{"title":"Conceptual fuzzy-based decision support tool for soil improvement under highway embankment - a case study of HaNoi–HaiPhong expressway","authors":"T. D. Toan, S. Lam, Y. Wong, M. Meng","doi":"10.1080/19386362.2023.2227505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2023.2227505","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In this research, a fuzzy rule–based decision support (FRBDS) tool is developed to assist selection of ground treatment techniques for road embankments. Using input variables such as embankment height, geological condition and soft soil thickness, the FRBDS evaluates the ground treatment level, based upon which the highway engineer determines a suitable treatment method taking into account project constraints. In the case study, the FRBDS is applied for a 10-km package of HaNoi–HaiPhong expressway construction project and is evaluated in comparison to expert judgements. The results show that the treatment methods provided by the two approaches are similar for 36 out of 52 sections of the package, but the FRBDS provides more consistent and rational solutions. In particular, the FRBDS significantly reduces technological fragmentation. It can be concluded that the FRBDS is a useful tool that establishes structured innovative solutions to improve the quality of decision-making for large transportation projects.","PeriodicalId":47238,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"298 - 309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48324663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1080/19386362.2023.2227036
S. Mehra, A. Trivedi
ABSTRACT The progressive twist and displacement in the sand are investigated for a set of pile groups (1,2; 1,3; 2,2) corresponding to the application of the torsional loads. A novel numerical model supported by a set of experimental observations has been considered to capture pile-soil interaction for the pile groups subjected to torsional load. The torque mobilization, progressive twist, and displacement have been computed for a range of the initial shear modulus ratio for the entire set of pile groups. As a result of twisting, the torsional energy zones are set into the soil, and there is the formation of a heave and cavity around the pile group. The torsional energy and twist rigidity parameters were evaluated for a range of shear modulus ratios of the soil. It has been observed that the torsional energy of the pile group (1,2) is significantly higher than pile groups (1,3; 2,2). A classification for torsional energy zones associated with twist rigidity and displacement rigidity factor has been suggested to set the limits for twist and displacement of the pile groups relative to a single pile. A relationship of the torsional energy with progressive twist and displacement is obtained. The components of torsional energy associated with progressive twist and displacement were obtained in the range of 0.43–0.50 and 0.50–0.57 respectively Graphical abstract
{"title":"Progressive twist, displacement and torsional energy around pile groups","authors":"S. Mehra, A. Trivedi","doi":"10.1080/19386362.2023.2227036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2023.2227036","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The progressive twist and displacement in the sand are investigated for a set of pile groups (1,2; 1,3; 2,2) corresponding to the application of the torsional loads. A novel numerical model supported by a set of experimental observations has been considered to capture pile-soil interaction for the pile groups subjected to torsional load. The torque mobilization, progressive twist, and displacement have been computed for a range of the initial shear modulus ratio for the entire set of pile groups. As a result of twisting, the torsional energy zones are set into the soil, and there is the formation of a heave and cavity around the pile group. The torsional energy and twist rigidity parameters were evaluated for a range of shear modulus ratios of the soil. It has been observed that the torsional energy of the pile group (1,2) is significantly higher than pile groups (1,3; 2,2). A classification for torsional energy zones associated with twist rigidity and displacement rigidity factor has been suggested to set the limits for twist and displacement of the pile groups relative to a single pile. A relationship of the torsional energy with progressive twist and displacement is obtained. The components of torsional energy associated with progressive twist and displacement were obtained in the range of 0.43–0.50 and 0.50–0.57 respectively Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":47238,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"246 - 259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41934998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1080/19386362.2023.2227503
Jessica Leindorf de Almeida, Yeimy Muñoz Ordoñez, Paula Caroline Alves Pudell, Daniel Leal Brandão, Monigleicia Alcalde Orioli, R. Izzo
ABSTRACT Stabilized soils correspond to a change in their properties to improve mechanical and engineering performance. This research aims to improve a silty soil from Guabirotuba Formation with 5% lime and three different rice husk silica contents (5%, 10%, 15%) and reinforce these same mixtures with the 0.5% polypropylene fibre. Geotechnical and chemical characterization, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and the split tensile strength (STS) tests were performed in four different cure times (0, 30, 60, and 90 days). The results showed that the stabilized samples UCS and STS tests at 90 days of cure presented a resistance nine times bigger than the pure soil and the polypropylene fibre made the samples become more ductile. Finally, by simulating a pavement design applying these improved mixtures on the subgrade layer, a thickness reduction on the base layer was observed, going from 444.5 mm with pure soil to 203.2 when the mixtures were applied.
{"title":"Improvements in the mechanical behavior of a silty soil treated with rice husk silica, lime, and polypropylene fiber","authors":"Jessica Leindorf de Almeida, Yeimy Muñoz Ordoñez, Paula Caroline Alves Pudell, Daniel Leal Brandão, Monigleicia Alcalde Orioli, R. Izzo","doi":"10.1080/19386362.2023.2227503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2023.2227503","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Stabilized soils correspond to a change in their properties to improve mechanical and engineering performance. This research aims to improve a silty soil from Guabirotuba Formation with 5% lime and three different rice husk silica contents (5%, 10%, 15%) and reinforce these same mixtures with the 0.5% polypropylene fibre. Geotechnical and chemical characterization, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and the split tensile strength (STS) tests were performed in four different cure times (0, 30, 60, and 90 days). The results showed that the stabilized samples UCS and STS tests at 90 days of cure presented a resistance nine times bigger than the pure soil and the polypropylene fibre made the samples become more ductile. Finally, by simulating a pavement design applying these improved mixtures on the subgrade layer, a thickness reduction on the base layer was observed, going from 444.5 mm with pure soil to 203.2 when the mixtures were applied.","PeriodicalId":47238,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"283 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47971728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1080/19386362.2023.2227509
H. Jain, T. Sitharam, J. Kumar
ABSTRACT A semi-analytical elastic solution for predicting tunnelling-induced ground movements in clayey media is presented in this study. This study modelled the non-uniform ground movements (or non-uniform ground loss) around the tunnel cavity using the Gaussian distribution function. A new approach is proposed to model the tunnel peripheral displacements other than the simplistic trigonometric functions. It is shown that by modelling the ground loss in an elliptical fashion, (i) better prediction of ground surface settlements is obtained compared to the circular ground loss in some cases, while (ii) in other cases, circular ground loss gives better predictions. This indicates that both these approaches should be used to predict the ground surface settlements. Further, the ground displacements observed in East-West Metro, Kolkata, are discussed as a case study. The semi-analytically obtained displacements give good conformity with the observed field measurements in East-West Metro. This solution is much simpler to follow and can be easily employed in a code compared to the complex variable method or airy stress function method.
{"title":"An innovative and simple approach for predicting tunnelling-induced ground movements semi-analytically","authors":"H. Jain, T. Sitharam, J. Kumar","doi":"10.1080/19386362.2023.2227509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2023.2227509","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT A semi-analytical elastic solution for predicting tunnelling-induced ground movements in clayey media is presented in this study. This study modelled the non-uniform ground movements (or non-uniform ground loss) around the tunnel cavity using the Gaussian distribution function. A new approach is proposed to model the tunnel peripheral displacements other than the simplistic trigonometric functions. It is shown that by modelling the ground loss in an elliptical fashion, (i) better prediction of ground surface settlements is obtained compared to the circular ground loss in some cases, while (ii) in other cases, circular ground loss gives better predictions. This indicates that both these approaches should be used to predict the ground surface settlements. Further, the ground displacements observed in East-West Metro, Kolkata, are discussed as a case study. The semi-analytically obtained displacements give good conformity with the observed field measurements in East-West Metro. This solution is much simpler to follow and can be easily employed in a code compared to the complex variable method or airy stress function method.","PeriodicalId":47238,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"320 - 329"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46624875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-16DOI: 10.1080/19386362.2023.2227486
Y. Wang, J. Ni
ABSTRACT Biochar, a type of soil amendment, is widely used in heavy metal–polluted soil. It is also effective in enhancing plant performance. However, how biochar affects the soil heavy metal toxicity considering the plant–soil interactions is not well summarized. Therefore, this paper aims to review and summarize the effects of biochar on heavy metal availability in vegetated unsaturated soil. First, this review summarizes the effects of biochar on key parameters of unsaturated soil, including pore size distribution, water permeability, water retention curve, nutrient cycling and soil biota. Then, the mechanism of biochar for managing heavy metals in soil with vegetation is discussed, with a focus on both physical and biochemical aspects. Additionally, the impact of biochar-induced plant growth on the availability of heavy metals in the plant–soil system is explored. Finally, suggestions for future research and applications of biochar are provided. This paper supplies novel outlooks for further study and practice.
{"title":"Biochar application on heavy metal immobilization in unsaturated soil with vegetation: a review","authors":"Y. Wang, J. Ni","doi":"10.1080/19386362.2023.2227486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2023.2227486","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Biochar, a type of soil amendment, is widely used in heavy metal–polluted soil. It is also effective in enhancing plant performance. However, how biochar affects the soil heavy metal toxicity considering the plant–soil interactions is not well summarized. Therefore, this paper aims to review and summarize the effects of biochar on heavy metal availability in vegetated unsaturated soil. First, this review summarizes the effects of biochar on key parameters of unsaturated soil, including pore size distribution, water permeability, water retention curve, nutrient cycling and soil biota. Then, the mechanism of biochar for managing heavy metals in soil with vegetation is discussed, with a focus on both physical and biochemical aspects. Additionally, the impact of biochar-induced plant growth on the availability of heavy metals in the plant–soil system is explored. Finally, suggestions for future research and applications of biochar are provided. This paper supplies novel outlooks for further study and practice.","PeriodicalId":47238,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"260 - 270"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2023-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48257935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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