Pub Date : 2022-04-19DOI: 10.1177/15356841221093698
Ida Nikou
found in the ethnic community of fruteros.” She explains that paisanaje (immigrants from the same hometown) grant new immigrants entry to the network of street vendors, but do not guarantee benevolence or upward mobility. Rosales avoids oversimplifying the lives of fruit vendors as either victims or villains. Instead, she showcases the complex immigrant narratives that reveal how social networks both build and bind the paisano community she studied. In Fruteros, Rosales provides rich vignettes that illustrate her arguments. Chapter 2 shows multiple paisano networks at play. She found that men who immigrated from Dos Mundos had a job as fruteros waiting for them in the United States, but these jobs have a hierarchical structure with new arrivals typically starting at the bottom as “vendor workers” (see figure 3 on page 23). The fruit vendor occupational hierarchy consists of five levels: employer, vendor-boss, independent vendor with truck, independent vendor without a truck, and a vendor worker. We can see how the “ethnic cage” both constrains and enables the movement within the vendor hierarchy, as we get to meet vendors occupying different positions. Chapter 3 shows the positive side of the paisano network by shedding light on how fruteros develop different strategies for protection. These strategies include “claiming space and building alliances; relying on paisano street patrols and alerts; building relationships with police officers to turn them from threats into resources; and performing personal, professional, and symbolic hygiene” (77). Throughout chapter 4, Rosales takes us on a journey where we witness romantic relationships, tragic accidents, fellowship and betrayal, philanthropic work through hometown associations, and informal lending practices based on “respectability” and trust. This chapter explores the private and intimate lives of the vendors living and working inside the ethnic cage. Manuel is the protagonist in chapter 5, whose arrest and deportation Rosales details to illustrate the fragility of the paisano network. We learn how Manuel’s paisano network turned against him after his arrest; in just a few months, he lost his truck, his pushcart, the respect of his paisanos, and was even kicked out of his room by his roommate and working partner. While the vignette offers a compelling argument, the reader is left wondering about less drastic signs of fragility of paisano networks. Finally, chapter 6 shows how class and status relationships in Dos Mundos are replicated in Los Angeles. Interviews with the street vendors’ relatives in Dos Mundos show that social positions occupied in the hometown are reproduced abroad, yielding new forms of inequality. This is an important contribution to the study of immigration and social networks because we can see how the life chances of immigrants embedded in social paisano networks are transnational and connected to the sending context in a dynamic manner. In other words, the premigration exp
{"title":"Book Review: Carwil Bjork-James, The Sovereign Street: Making Revolution in Urban Bolivia","authors":"Ida Nikou","doi":"10.1177/15356841221093698","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841221093698","url":null,"abstract":"found in the ethnic community of fruteros.” She explains that paisanaje (immigrants from the same hometown) grant new immigrants entry to the network of street vendors, but do not guarantee benevolence or upward mobility. Rosales avoids oversimplifying the lives of fruit vendors as either victims or villains. Instead, she showcases the complex immigrant narratives that reveal how social networks both build and bind the paisano community she studied. In Fruteros, Rosales provides rich vignettes that illustrate her arguments. Chapter 2 shows multiple paisano networks at play. She found that men who immigrated from Dos Mundos had a job as fruteros waiting for them in the United States, but these jobs have a hierarchical structure with new arrivals typically starting at the bottom as “vendor workers” (see figure 3 on page 23). The fruit vendor occupational hierarchy consists of five levels: employer, vendor-boss, independent vendor with truck, independent vendor without a truck, and a vendor worker. We can see how the “ethnic cage” both constrains and enables the movement within the vendor hierarchy, as we get to meet vendors occupying different positions. Chapter 3 shows the positive side of the paisano network by shedding light on how fruteros develop different strategies for protection. These strategies include “claiming space and building alliances; relying on paisano street patrols and alerts; building relationships with police officers to turn them from threats into resources; and performing personal, professional, and symbolic hygiene” (77). Throughout chapter 4, Rosales takes us on a journey where we witness romantic relationships, tragic accidents, fellowship and betrayal, philanthropic work through hometown associations, and informal lending practices based on “respectability” and trust. This chapter explores the private and intimate lives of the vendors living and working inside the ethnic cage. Manuel is the protagonist in chapter 5, whose arrest and deportation Rosales details to illustrate the fragility of the paisano network. We learn how Manuel’s paisano network turned against him after his arrest; in just a few months, he lost his truck, his pushcart, the respect of his paisanos, and was even kicked out of his room by his roommate and working partner. While the vignette offers a compelling argument, the reader is left wondering about less drastic signs of fragility of paisano networks. Finally, chapter 6 shows how class and status relationships in Dos Mundos are replicated in Los Angeles. Interviews with the street vendors’ relatives in Dos Mundos show that social positions occupied in the hometown are reproduced abroad, yielding new forms of inequality. This is an important contribution to the study of immigration and social networks because we can see how the life chances of immigrants embedded in social paisano networks are transnational and connected to the sending context in a dynamic manner. In other words, the premigration exp","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44370640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-11DOI: 10.1177/15356841221087195
Lorena Melgaço, Luana Xavier Pinto Coelho
This article analyzes two planned cities—Belo Horizonte (Brazil) and Bloemfontein (South Africa)—to investigate connectivities across geographies and temporalities and reveal the role of urban planning in racial capitalism. Early works in urban sociology underscore the color line in producing differentiation in capitalist development. But color-blind analyses of capitalism have undermined the role of race in the urbanization process and formation of value—of places and people—and how the modern triad—colonial, racial, and capital—is deeply implicated in power modalities. Based on policy analysis, we historicize political choices discussing urban planning and national developmentalist schemes after redemocratization that produced racial-spatial inequalities. We argue that color-blind urban policies still neglect the role of race in the production of Brazilian and South African cities under the guise of “planning innocence.” This discussion expands our understanding of urbanization and capital accumulation as a dialectical process of Black dispossession and the protection of White property in the postcolony.
{"title":"Race and Space in the Postcolony: A Relational Study on Urban Planning Under Racial Capitalism in Brazil and South Africa","authors":"Lorena Melgaço, Luana Xavier Pinto Coelho","doi":"10.1177/15356841221087195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841221087195","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes two planned cities—Belo Horizonte (Brazil) and Bloemfontein (South Africa)—to investigate connectivities across geographies and temporalities and reveal the role of urban planning in racial capitalism. Early works in urban sociology underscore the color line in producing differentiation in capitalist development. But color-blind analyses of capitalism have undermined the role of race in the urbanization process and formation of value—of places and people—and how the modern triad—colonial, racial, and capital—is deeply implicated in power modalities. Based on policy analysis, we historicize political choices discussing urban planning and national developmentalist schemes after redemocratization that produced racial-spatial inequalities. We argue that color-blind urban policies still neglect the role of race in the production of Brazilian and South African cities under the guise of “planning innocence.” This discussion expands our understanding of urbanization and capital accumulation as a dialectical process of Black dispossession and the protection of White property in the postcolony.","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43682068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-05DOI: 10.1177/15356841221084263
Leah Binkovitz
Recent scholarship on Black placemaking challenges the deficit framework of urban sociology. At the same time, more sociologists are now pushing for the recovery of long marginalized Black thinkers. This article advances both efforts. It begins by extending Du Bois’ idea of “second sight” to illuminate the critical and creative practices of “second site” production, conceptualized here as a communal process that reimagines and celebrates the centrality of Black communities in the ongoing, contested production of urban spaces. It then demonstrates that process through a case study of Houston’s Black trail riders, using evidence from 21 interviews and observations of rides and gatherings to detail the material and nonmaterial dimensions of second site production through space, place, and time. Results show how, despite urban development that attempts to marginalize Black communities, the trail riders intentionally create a second site that challenges the dominant spatial regime in durable and flexible ways.
{"title":"Circling the Herd: Houston’s Black Trail Riders, Placemaking, and the Liberatory Potential of Second Sites","authors":"Leah Binkovitz","doi":"10.1177/15356841221084263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841221084263","url":null,"abstract":"Recent scholarship on Black placemaking challenges the deficit framework of urban sociology. At the same time, more sociologists are now pushing for the recovery of long marginalized Black thinkers. This article advances both efforts. It begins by extending Du Bois’ idea of “second sight” to illuminate the critical and creative practices of “second site” production, conceptualized here as a communal process that reimagines and celebrates the centrality of Black communities in the ongoing, contested production of urban spaces. It then demonstrates that process through a case study of Houston’s Black trail riders, using evidence from 21 interviews and observations of rides and gatherings to detail the material and nonmaterial dimensions of second site production through space, place, and time. Results show how, despite urban development that attempts to marginalize Black communities, the trail riders intentionally create a second site that challenges the dominant spatial regime in durable and flexible ways.","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41600263","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-02DOI: 10.1177/15356841221077970
Daniel A. Shtob
Resilience remains central to disaster preparedness and planning regimes in our changing world. It has been condemned as a meaningless buzzword, yet also recognized as a tool of neoliberalism with meaningful consequences. To address this central contradiction in this approach to environmental risk reduction—and to better understand inequality formation—I propose an alternative conceptualization of resilience that synthesizes materialist approaches in the sociologies of urbanity, disaster, and the environment. Among other benefits, it illustrates how resilience manifests through the production of space, emphasizing that resilience projects are meaningful political economic artifacts that should be judged by their consequences, and highlights the formative effect of resilience initiatives across stages of the disaster cycle. Foregrounding the relationships between resilience, political influence, and outcomes facilitates an analytical turn toward traceable effects on housing and other needs before an intervening disaster, supporting integration of critical approaches with public policy as more communities initiate resilience planning.
{"title":"Remaking Resilience: A Material Approach to the Production of Disaster Space","authors":"Daniel A. Shtob","doi":"10.1177/15356841221077970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841221077970","url":null,"abstract":"Resilience remains central to disaster preparedness and planning regimes in our changing world. It has been condemned as a meaningless buzzword, yet also recognized as a tool of neoliberalism with meaningful consequences. To address this central contradiction in this approach to environmental risk reduction—and to better understand inequality formation—I propose an alternative conceptualization of resilience that synthesizes materialist approaches in the sociologies of urbanity, disaster, and the environment. Among other benefits, it illustrates how resilience manifests through the production of space, emphasizing that resilience projects are meaningful political economic artifacts that should be judged by their consequences, and highlights the formative effect of resilience initiatives across stages of the disaster cycle. Foregrounding the relationships between resilience, political influence, and outcomes facilitates an analytical turn toward traceable effects on housing and other needs before an intervening disaster, supporting integration of critical approaches with public policy as more communities initiate resilience planning.","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43550425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-16DOI: 10.1177/15356841211068521
Petter Törnberg, J. Uitermark
We are today increasingly experiencing the city through interfaces of platforms like Google Maps, Instagram, TripAdvisor, Airbnb, and Yelp. As our very sense of the city is shaped by these technological interfaces, the media are acquiring a constitutive role in reshaping contemporary urbanity. To conceptualize how media represent urban change, this paper draws on media studies and particularly the concept of “mediatization.” The paper studies the changing media representations of the gentrification of Rio de Janeiro’s favela Vidigal over fifteen years across different media. Using computational methods and interpretative analysis, we find that global media representations represented Vidigal as a site for adventure and investment. However, the media representations are far from monolithic. At one moment, they mobilize cosmopolitan fascination with the “other,” promoting slum tourism gentrification. At the next, they amplify critiques of gentrification and local protests against displacement. We argue that media representations are driven by their own variegated forces and cultures, which are increasingly coming to shape the dynamics of urban imaginaries.
{"title":"Urban Mediatization and Planetary Gentrification: The Rise and Fall of a Favela across Media Platforms","authors":"Petter Törnberg, J. Uitermark","doi":"10.1177/15356841211068521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841211068521","url":null,"abstract":"We are today increasingly experiencing the city through interfaces of platforms like Google Maps, Instagram, TripAdvisor, Airbnb, and Yelp. As our very sense of the city is shaped by these technological interfaces, the media are acquiring a constitutive role in reshaping contemporary urbanity. To conceptualize how media represent urban change, this paper draws on media studies and particularly the concept of “mediatization.” The paper studies the changing media representations of the gentrification of Rio de Janeiro’s favela Vidigal over fifteen years across different media. Using computational methods and interpretative analysis, we find that global media representations represented Vidigal as a site for adventure and investment. However, the media representations are far from monolithic. At one moment, they mobilize cosmopolitan fascination with the “other,” promoting slum tourism gentrification. At the next, they amplify critiques of gentrification and local protests against displacement. We argue that media representations are driven by their own variegated forces and cultures, which are increasingly coming to shape the dynamics of urban imaginaries.","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43944382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-16DOI: 10.1177/15356841211066931
A. Wolf
This article recasts the debate over the employment status of gig economy workers as a question about the power of municipal governance. Gig employers are challenging urban regulatory regimes through their disavowal of an employment relationship and their refusal to obtain taxi licenses. As the recent literature argues, there has been a resurgence of municipal power driven by a labor-antipoverty coalition. One might view the gig economy’s independent contractor model as an attempt to circumvent this power. Analyzing the case of gig taxi companies like Uber, this article tracks the response of U.S. cities to a business model predicated on ignoring their regulations. Utilizing original data, this study investigates urban regulatory responses to Uber through descriptive statistics and multivariate modeling. The findings show that almost half of cities failed to regulate. Those that took action had historically greater levels of regulation and faced driver protests—a sign of a stronger labor-antipoverty coalition. Additional evidence indicates a learning effect in which cities became more likely to regulate over time. The article ends with a discussion of how workers and unions are responding to this challenge.
{"title":"City Power in the Age of Silicon Valley: Evaluating Municipal Regulatory Response to the Entry of Uber to the American City","authors":"A. Wolf","doi":"10.1177/15356841211066931","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841211066931","url":null,"abstract":"This article recasts the debate over the employment status of gig economy workers as a question about the power of municipal governance. Gig employers are challenging urban regulatory regimes through their disavowal of an employment relationship and their refusal to obtain taxi licenses. As the recent literature argues, there has been a resurgence of municipal power driven by a labor-antipoverty coalition. One might view the gig economy’s independent contractor model as an attempt to circumvent this power. Analyzing the case of gig taxi companies like Uber, this article tracks the response of U.S. cities to a business model predicated on ignoring their regulations. Utilizing original data, this study investigates urban regulatory responses to Uber through descriptive statistics and multivariate modeling. The findings show that almost half of cities failed to regulate. Those that took action had historically greater levels of regulation and faced driver protests—a sign of a stronger labor-antipoverty coalition. Additional evidence indicates a learning effect in which cities became more likely to regulate over time. The article ends with a discussion of how workers and unions are responding to this challenge.","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65496291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-07DOI: 10.1177/15356841211060838
Gillespie Brian Joseph
This study draws on panel data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (N = 1,128) to examine whether and how family and friends living close-by are associated with individuals’ interneighborhood residential mobility. Additional analyses tap into why individuals’ proportion of nearby kin and friends are linked to their mobility. The results suggest that individuals’ perceptions of their neighborhood are patterned by whether or not they have family—and to a lesser extent friends—who live locally. The absence of nearby family is associated with leaving the neighborhood, but the direct effects do not hold for nearby friends. However, the role of friends does become important in the absence of family ties. The results also indicate that having nearby friends moderates the relationship between neighborhood satisfaction and moving away.
{"title":"Family and Friends Living Nearby, Neighborhood Satisfaction, and Residential Mobility","authors":"Gillespie Brian Joseph","doi":"10.1177/15356841211060838","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841211060838","url":null,"abstract":"This study draws on panel data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (N = 1,128) to examine whether and how family and friends living close-by are associated with individuals’ interneighborhood residential mobility. Additional analyses tap into why individuals’ proportion of nearby kin and friends are linked to their mobility. The results suggest that individuals’ perceptions of their neighborhood are patterned by whether or not they have family—and to a lesser extent friends—who live locally. The absence of nearby family is associated with leaving the neighborhood, but the direct effects do not hold for nearby friends. However, the role of friends does become important in the absence of family ties. The results also indicate that having nearby friends moderates the relationship between neighborhood satisfaction and moving away.","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74567613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-04DOI: 10.1177/15356841211072542
Bryant Crubaugh, Benjamin Le, M. Wood
City administrations often work hard to attract or retain college-educated residents. Research has consistently demonstrated that increased education in a city is associated with beneficial outcomes, making cities’ efforts to recruit and retain college-educated individuals logical. However, we challenge the notion that rising rates of education is a universal positive by investigating a potential downside of such efforts: poverty segregation. In this article, we ask, how does an increase in higher education rates affect poverty segregation and are all cities at equal risk of this harmful consequence? Using fixed-effects analyses of U.S. cities from 1990 to 2010 to test this relationship, our results show that an increase of college-educated residents is associated with increased poverty segregation. Yet, not all cities are affected equally. Cities with predominantly Black residents and more civil rights organizations have lower or reversed associations between higher education and poverty concentration, especially when the college-educated population is increasingly Black. Recruiting college-educated individuals may help some, while further worsening existing structural inequalities.
{"title":"A Downside of Increasing Human Capital: The Role of Higher Education in Poverty Segregation in U.S. Cities","authors":"Bryant Crubaugh, Benjamin Le, M. Wood","doi":"10.1177/15356841211072542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841211072542","url":null,"abstract":"City administrations often work hard to attract or retain college-educated residents. Research has consistently demonstrated that increased education in a city is associated with beneficial outcomes, making cities’ efforts to recruit and retain college-educated individuals logical. However, we challenge the notion that rising rates of education is a universal positive by investigating a potential downside of such efforts: poverty segregation. In this article, we ask, how does an increase in higher education rates affect poverty segregation and are all cities at equal risk of this harmful consequence? Using fixed-effects analyses of U.S. cities from 1990 to 2010 to test this relationship, our results show that an increase of college-educated residents is associated with increased poverty segregation. Yet, not all cities are affected equally. Cities with predominantly Black residents and more civil rights organizations have lower or reversed associations between higher education and poverty concentration, especially when the college-educated population is increasingly Black. Recruiting college-educated individuals may help some, while further worsening existing structural inequalities.","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45018303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1177/15356841211052534
Isabelle R Notter, John R Logan
We study the residential patterns of blacks and mulattoes in 10 Southern cities in 1880 and 1920. researchers have documented the salience of social differences among African Americans in this period, partly related to mulattoes' higher occupational status. Did these differences result in clustering of these two groups in different neighborhoods, and were mulattoes less separated from whites? If so, did the differences diminish in these decades after reconstruction due a Jim Crow system that did not distinguish between blacks and mulattoes? We use geocoded census microdata for 1880 and 1920 to address these questions. Segregation between whites and both blacks and mulattoes was already high in 1880, especially at a fine spatial scale, and it increased sharply by 1920. In this respect, whites did not distinguish between these two groups. However, blacks and mulattoes were quite segregated from one another in 1880, and even more so by 1920. this pattern did not result from mulattoes' moderately higher-class position. Hence, as the color line between whites and all non-whites was becoming harder, blacks and mulattoes were separating further from each other. understanding what led to this pattern remains a key question about racial identities and racialization in the early twentieth century.
{"title":"Residential Segregation under Jim Crow: Whites, Blacks, and Mulattoes in Southern Cities, 1880-1920.","authors":"Isabelle R Notter, John R Logan","doi":"10.1177/15356841211052534","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841211052534","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We study the residential patterns of blacks and mulattoes in 10 Southern cities in 1880 and 1920. researchers have documented the salience of social differences among African Americans in this period, partly related to mulattoes' higher occupational status. Did these differences result in clustering of these two groups in different neighborhoods, and were mulattoes less separated from whites? If so, did the differences diminish in these decades after reconstruction due a Jim Crow system that did not distinguish between blacks and mulattoes? We use geocoded census microdata for 1880 and 1920 to address these questions. Segregation between whites and both blacks and mulattoes was already high in 1880, especially at a fine spatial scale, and it increased sharply by 1920. In this respect, whites did not distinguish between these two groups. However, blacks and mulattoes were quite segregated from one another in 1880, and even more so by 1920. this pattern did not result from mulattoes' moderately higher-class position. Hence, as the color line between whites and all non-whites was becoming harder, blacks and mulattoes were separating further from each other. understanding what led to this pattern remains a key question about racial identities and racialization in the early twentieth century.</p>","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10296782/pdf/nihms-1856073.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10085430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1177/15356841221076662
Kevin Loughran
jeopardizing tax revenue, in general Airbnb avoids giving cities “the data they need to easily and efficiently monitor and enforce regulations or study impact” (p. 47). The second half of the book, which is focused on Australia and Germany, notes that Airbnb was “well-received in Australia where it encountered little resistance from housing advocates and local authorities,” soon making it “the most penetrated market in the world” (p. 81). However, as elsewhere, concerns about “quality of life and neighborhood amenities” (p. 88) soon fueled efforts to research the impact of Airbnb, although “regulation has been mild, primarily taking the form of codes of conduct” (p. 97). By comparison, in Germany, one of the “least penetrated markets” (p. 104), Airbnb and related short-term rentals (STRs) have been “met with a degree of skepticism and resistance” (p. 105). As Hoffman and Heisler note, “in a nation of renters facing a severe housing crisis, Airbnb and STRs have been perceived as extremely threatening because ‘every unit counts’” (p. 126). Looking at the United States, Germany, and Australia, the authors find similar patterns with listings concentrated in “inner-city, trendy and gentrifying neighborhoods” where their concentration leads to “rising rents, house prices and lack of availability” and the conversion to “tourist milieus” displaces locals. Not surprisingly, most cities discussed in the book have a problem with commercial hosts, Airbnb’s so-called “bad actors” who overwhelmingly secure the most rental nights, make the most money from the platform, and never seem to be in short supply, regardless of platform efforts. One can’t help but think that if all the barrels have bad apples, maybe it’s an issue with the orchard . . . Unlike many books on the gig economy, this is decidedly not a trade book. While the authors refer to “narratives,” this is less of a human interest story of what happens to neighbors when Airbnb comes to town and more of a sobering accounting of the reports written by each side. Although the book is an invaluable reference guide to the sheer magnitude of studies conducted to examine the impact of Airbnb and short-term rentals on the local housing market in the case study cities, I was disappointed that there wasn’t more on the actual impact on the ground. Learning that rents are up by a certain percentage in desirable communities is important, but what does that change actually mean for the residents? While unfortunately outside the scope of this book, it would also be fascinating to see the impact of the coronavirus pandemic—and related decrease in tourism—on Airbnb. Did hosts move their rental properties from shortterm back to long-term, enabling a re-seeding of neighborhoods with long-term residents? Or will eviction moratoriums eventually push more landlords into the short-term rental market in order to make up for earlier income shortfalls? With references listed after every chapter, I had great hopes that this coul
{"title":"Book Review: Hillary Angelo, How Green Became Good: Urbanized Nature and the Making of Cities and Citizens","authors":"Kevin Loughran","doi":"10.1177/15356841221076662","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15356841221076662","url":null,"abstract":"jeopardizing tax revenue, in general Airbnb avoids giving cities “the data they need to easily and efficiently monitor and enforce regulations or study impact” (p. 47). The second half of the book, which is focused on Australia and Germany, notes that Airbnb was “well-received in Australia where it encountered little resistance from housing advocates and local authorities,” soon making it “the most penetrated market in the world” (p. 81). However, as elsewhere, concerns about “quality of life and neighborhood amenities” (p. 88) soon fueled efforts to research the impact of Airbnb, although “regulation has been mild, primarily taking the form of codes of conduct” (p. 97). By comparison, in Germany, one of the “least penetrated markets” (p. 104), Airbnb and related short-term rentals (STRs) have been “met with a degree of skepticism and resistance” (p. 105). As Hoffman and Heisler note, “in a nation of renters facing a severe housing crisis, Airbnb and STRs have been perceived as extremely threatening because ‘every unit counts’” (p. 126). Looking at the United States, Germany, and Australia, the authors find similar patterns with listings concentrated in “inner-city, trendy and gentrifying neighborhoods” where their concentration leads to “rising rents, house prices and lack of availability” and the conversion to “tourist milieus” displaces locals. Not surprisingly, most cities discussed in the book have a problem with commercial hosts, Airbnb’s so-called “bad actors” who overwhelmingly secure the most rental nights, make the most money from the platform, and never seem to be in short supply, regardless of platform efforts. One can’t help but think that if all the barrels have bad apples, maybe it’s an issue with the orchard . . . Unlike many books on the gig economy, this is decidedly not a trade book. While the authors refer to “narratives,” this is less of a human interest story of what happens to neighbors when Airbnb comes to town and more of a sobering accounting of the reports written by each side. Although the book is an invaluable reference guide to the sheer magnitude of studies conducted to examine the impact of Airbnb and short-term rentals on the local housing market in the case study cities, I was disappointed that there wasn’t more on the actual impact on the ground. Learning that rents are up by a certain percentage in desirable communities is important, but what does that change actually mean for the residents? While unfortunately outside the scope of this book, it would also be fascinating to see the impact of the coronavirus pandemic—and related decrease in tourism—on Airbnb. Did hosts move their rental properties from shortterm back to long-term, enabling a re-seeding of neighborhoods with long-term residents? Or will eviction moratoriums eventually push more landlords into the short-term rental market in order to make up for earlier income shortfalls? With references listed after every chapter, I had great hopes that this coul","PeriodicalId":47486,"journal":{"name":"City & Community","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44182129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"社会学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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