Evolutionary Psychology最新文献

Across four experiments, participants were asked to process unrelated common nouns after listening to pleasantness processing instructions, survival processing instructions, or story processing instructions. In Experiment 1, participants were provided with a list of words and were asked to list various ways that the words were pleasant or unpleasant, list ways that the words could help them survive in an ancestral grasslands scenario, or use the words in the list to create a short story. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to perform similar tasks, but rather than being provided with a word list at the start of the experiment, words were presented one at a time at a fixed rate. In Experiment 3, participants were asked to rate words as they were presented one at a time regarding their perceived pleasantness, their relevance to an ancestral survival scenario, or the ease with which they could be included in a short story. In Experiment 4, a combined survival-story condition was included along with survival, story, and pleasantness processing instructions to determine whether combining story and survival processing produces an additive effect on recall performance. Across all four experiments, after a brief delay, the story processing condition produced either enhanced or comparable incidental recall performance to the survival processing scenario, and both of those conditions produced enhanced recall performance relative to the pleasantness processing scenario. These results suggest that processing information in the context of a story, like survival processing, may represent one of the best deep processing tasks identified to date.

Ornamentation is a widespread feature of human material culture, yet its preference varies across societies. We tested the hypothesis that variation in ornamentation preference correlates with socioecological factors, comparing 215 parent-child dyads from three societies differing in WEIRD characteristics: Scotland, Pakistan, and Papua New Guinea. We found that less WEIRD societies exhibit stronger preferences for ornamentation, consistent with adaptive socioecological influences on aesthetic valuation. Moreover, a decline in ornamentation preference with age was observed only in the Western sample, suggesting cultural suppression of ornamentation across development. These findings support the view that children's aesthetic preferences may more closely reflect evolved, foundational biases toward ornamentation, which are subsequently modulated by cultural context. Investigating such developmental trajectories is crucial to understanding the biological basis and evolutionary origins of human aesthetic preferences.

Lanthanides have emerged as important metal cofactors for biological processes. Lanthanide-associated metabolisms are well-studied in leaf symbiont methylotrophic bacteria, which utilize reduced one-carbon compounds such as methanol for growth. Yet, the importance of lanthanides in plant-microbe interactions and on microbial physiology and colonization in plants remains poorly understood. To investigate this, 344 pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs were isolated from soybean leaves by selecting for bacteria capable of methanol oxidation with lanthanide cofactors, but none were obligately lanthanide-dependent. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all strains were nearly identical to each other and are part of the extorquens clade of Methylobacterium, despite variability in genome and plasmid sizes. Strain-specific identification was enabled by the higher resolution provided with rpoB compared to 16S rRNA as marker genes. Despite the low strain-level diversity, the metabolic capabilities of the collection diverged greatly. Strains encoding identical lanthanide-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases displayed significantly different growth rates and/or final ODs from each other on alcohols in the presence and absence of lanthanides. Several strains also lacked well-characterized lanthanide-associated genes thought to be important for phyllosphere colonization. Additionally, 3% of our isolates were capable of growth on sugars and 23% were capable of growth on aromatic acids, substantially expanding the range of substrates utilized by Methylobacterium extorquens in the phyllosphere. Our findings suggest that the expansion of metabolic capabilities, as well as differential usage of lanthanides and their influence on metabolism, among closely related strains point to evolution of niche partitioning strategies to promote colonization of the phyllosphere.

Human life history (LH) variation stems from developmental phenotypic responses to childhood environments. As with other psychological constructs, LH variation can be assessed by asking questions that are statistically linked to the underlying LH traits. This study introduces the fast-slow scale (FSS), a 35-item questionnaire designed to measure fast-slow LH strategies in adults. The FSS asks questions about trade-offs involving energy, resources, and time, as well as trade-off questions concerning the life domains of sexuality, sociality, and cognitive style. Two validation studies based on community samples totaling 1,491 participants support the internal structural and the external nomological validity of the FSS.

Researchers have suggested that men with more masculine facial characteristics have stronger immune systems but are perceived to be less likely to invest resources in partners and offspring. How women resolve this putative trade-off between the costs and benefits of choosing a masculine mate have previously been reported to be associated with women's openness to uncommitted relationships (i.e., their sociosexuality) and self-perceived mate value. However, not all studies have reported these links and the methods used to assess masculinity preferences in studies reporting these patterns of results (forced-choice tests using stimuli in which masculinity was experimentally manipulated) have recently been criticized for having low ecological validity. Consequently, we tested whether sociosexuality or self-perceived mate value predicted women's masculinity preferences when masculinity preferences were assessed using ratings of individual natural (i.e., unmanipulated) male faces. Our analyses show no evidence that individual differences in women's sociosexuality or self-perceived mate value significantly predicted masculinity preferences. Thus, our results do not support the proposal that sociosexuality and/or self-perceived mate value are important sources of individual differences in women's preferences for male facial masculinity.

An increasing number of people are single, meaning that they do not have an intimate partner. Existing research has focused on identifying the difficulties that people face in attracting mates. In the present paper, we propose that another factor contributing to singlehood is experiencing difficulties in maintaining intimate relationships. By analyzing data collected from 1099 Greek-speaking participants, we found that individuals who experienced greater difficulties maintaining intimate relationships were more likely to be either between-relationships single or voluntarily single rather than in an intimate relationship. For women specifically, higher scores in this dimension were also associated with a greater probability of being in an intimate relationship than being involuntarily single. Additionally, we found that the association between difficulties in maintaining an intimate relationship and relationship status was linear for men-the relationship between the two variables can be pictured as straight line-but curvilinear-the relationship can be pictured as an inverted U-shaped curve-for women.

Frequently, people find themselves in a situation where an intimate relationship they wish to keep ends, creating emotional pain that requires coping strategies. The aim of the present study is to investigate the various strategies people employ for this purpose. Using a mixed-methods approach, we identified 84 distinct acts, which we classified into 16 strategies and subsequently classified into five main strategies for coping with the end of a desirable intimate relationship. The most likely to be used main strategy was "Transfer focus to different things," including strategies such as "Focus on myself" and "Keep myself busy." Other commonly chosen main strategies were "Seek support," involving reliance on friends, family, and professionals, and "Social withdrawal," characterized by isolation behaviors. Additionally, several participants indicated readiness to adopt the "Disassociation and positive reframing" main strategy, involving attempts to positively reframe the end of the relationship and disassociate from the former partner. The least frequently adopted main strategy was "Sex and substances," involving substance use (such as alcohol) and casual sex encounters to cope with the end of a relationship. Furthermore, significant main effects of sex and age were observed for several of the identified strategies.

Developmental environments shape attachment styles and life history (LH) patterns, both of which predict romantic relationship outcomes. However, the ways in which attachment styles interact with LH dimensions-specifically, mating effort and parenting effort-and how these relationships predict romantic relationship outcomes remain unclear. The current study investigated how these factors predict relationship satisfaction and conflict in a sample of Polish adults (N = 332, Mage = 39 years, SD = 9.10). We hypothesized that mating and parenting efforts would mediate the relationship between developmental environments and relationship outcomes independently from attachment style. Results supported this hypothesis for mating effort but not for parenting effort. Additionally, the current study found little support for a connection between mating/parenting effort and attachment styles and indicated that LH can be influenced by a broader range of early developmental experiences than attachment. The results imply that although both mating effort/parenting effort and attachment styles are affected by early environments and can predict the same relationship outcomes, the developmental processes through which they operate may differ. The implications of the obtained results are discussed.

We investigated how paternity uncertainty (PU) shapes perceptions of familial kindness. We predicted that relatives with lower PU would be rated as kinder than those with higher PU. A total of 9,128 participants rated the kindness of specific relatives in their families. Main analyses focused on parents and maternal/paternal grandparents, who differ in their typical levels of PU. Siblings were included for broader within-family comparisons, while step-relatives, all having identical (maximal) PU, served as negative controls. Controlling for sex, age, and random effects of raters and targets, results supported PU predictions: PU showed a negative correlation with rated kindness (β = -0.148, t_(31,910) = -6.23, p < 0.001, with the full model (including PU) significantly outperforming a reduced model (χ²₍₂₎ = 42.84, p < 0.001). Post-hoc tests revealed significant differences between adjacent PU levels (0 vs. 1: p < 0.001, d = 0.15; 1 vs. 2: p = 0.0002, d = 0.08). Mothers and maternal grandmothers (no PU) were rated the kindest, while the paternal grandfather (two PU) was rated lowest. Daughters consistently rated their biological parents higher than sons, possibly reflecting lower PU through female offspring. Maternal grandfathers were rated kinder than fathers, despite identical PU, perhaps due to redirected investment by non-reproducing elders. Furthermore, mothers were rated kinder than maternal grandmothers, possibly due to "insider knowledge" of their children's paternity. Step-relatives showed minimal variation, suggesting that observed differences among biological kin reflect genetic relatedness and PU, rather than non-genetic factors. Overall, our findings support kin selection theory and suggest that paternity uncertainty subtly yet systematically shapes perceptions of familial kindness.

Research suggests that physical attractiveness may be associated with more permissive moral norms, which can in turn lead to the adoption of a more liberal sexual strategy. However, different predictions arise from evolutionary Life History Theory and Moral Foundations Theory. We hypothesized that self-reported physical attractiveness and moral intuitions (innate morality) mediate the relationship between somatic-parental effort (SPE) and sociosexual desire - an indicator of mating orientation. The study involved 326 women aged 19-33 years. A sequential mediation analysis was conducted. As hypothesized, higher levels of SPE were associated with higher self-reported physical attractiveness. It was also shown that self-perceived physical attractiveness was a positive indicator of innate morality and that among all moral intuitions only Authority was a negative predictor of a preference for short-term relationships. Furthermore, in the studied women SPE was a direct positive predictor only of the intuition of Sanctity/Purity. However, the relationship between physical attractiveness in women following the slow reproductive strategy and sociosexual desire was characteristic of reproductive effort rather than somatic-parental effort. However, it was found that certain relationships between variables were in particular characteristic of women with a rural background. For this reason, the obtained results in the hypothesis context are significantly limited to this specific subpopulation of women.